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Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
DETERMINATION OF
INCOME, OUTPUT AND EMPLOY
MENT
There are two approaches for
the determination of
equilibrium level of output .
1) AS=AD Approach
2) S=I Approach
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
AD=AS Approach
AD refers to desired expenditure in the
economy during the accounting year.
AD = C+I (C=consumption expenditure)
( I=Investment expenditure)
AS refers to desired output during an
accounting year . Hence it is equal to
Y(income )
AS = C +S (c = consumption expenditure)
 (s = saving)
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
Equilibrium
• Equilibrium is attained when
• AD=AS
• The equilibrium can be attained
at
• Full employment
• Under employment &
• Over full employment
conditions.
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
• Schedule showing determination of
equilibrium level of income .
Y C I AD=C+I AS= Y
0 50 100 150 0
100 100 100 200 100
200 150 100 250 200
300 200 100 300 300
400 250 100 300 300
500 300 100 400 500
The above table shows the equilibrium level of income at Rs . 300
crores because at this level of income AD(300 ) =AS(300)
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
Diagram showing equilibrium level
of income.
AD=C+I
Y=AS=C+S
AD=AS300
300
150
NATIONAL INCOME
x
Y
0
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM
What happens when
AS> AD
 What happens when
AD> AS
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
DIAGRAM SHOWING AS>AD
(DEFICIENT DEMAND)
• AS> AD
AS>AD
Y=AS
C+I=AD
INCOME
AS, AD
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
DIAGRAM SHOWING AD>AS(EXCESS
DEMAND)
• AD> AS
AS>AD
Y=AS
C+I=AD
INCOME
AS,AD
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
Equilibrium when S=I
• Equilibrium level of income is determined at a
point where saving & investment are equal.
• i.e, S=I
Y C S=Y-C I
(INVESTMENT)
0 50 -50 100
100 100 0 100
200 150 50 100
300 200 100 100
400 250 150 100
The above table show the equilibrium level of income is
Rs.300crores & at this point S(100) = I (100)
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
Diagramatic presentation 0f s=i
100
National income
saving
investment
300
X
Y
S=I
The diagram shows the equilibrium level of S=I
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
THINK & ANSWER
• See the diagram & answer how equilibrium
will be brought about if S>I or I > S.
S
I
income
S>I
I>S
S,I
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
Questions for self-evaluation
• State the two approaches for the
determination of equilibrium level of output .
• Explain the meaning of equilibrium level of
national income with the help of a diagram.
• Explain what happen when
• (1) AD>AS
• (2) AD<AS
Prepared By:-
KVS, Delhi Region
Mrs. Anita Bhardwaj
KV, Vigyan Vihar
Mrs .Monika Bajaj KV, Tagore
Garden
Mrs. Leena Singh KV, AGCR
Mr. Sri Keshav KV, no.2 Delhi
Cantt
Mrs .Ritu Tanwar KV, AFS
Rajokri
Compiled by:-

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Determination of income and employ ment

  • 1. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region DETERMINATION OF INCOME, OUTPUT AND EMPLOY MENT There are two approaches for the determination of equilibrium level of output . 1) AS=AD Approach 2) S=I Approach
  • 2. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region AD=AS Approach AD refers to desired expenditure in the economy during the accounting year. AD = C+I (C=consumption expenditure) ( I=Investment expenditure) AS refers to desired output during an accounting year . Hence it is equal to Y(income ) AS = C +S (c = consumption expenditure)  (s = saving)
  • 3. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region Equilibrium • Equilibrium is attained when • AD=AS • The equilibrium can be attained at • Full employment • Under employment & • Over full employment conditions.
  • 4. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region • Schedule showing determination of equilibrium level of income . Y C I AD=C+I AS= Y 0 50 100 150 0 100 100 100 200 100 200 150 100 250 200 300 200 100 300 300 400 250 100 300 300 500 300 100 400 500 The above table shows the equilibrium level of income at Rs . 300 crores because at this level of income AD(300 ) =AS(300)
  • 5. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region Diagram showing equilibrium level of income. AD=C+I Y=AS=C+S AD=AS300 300 150 NATIONAL INCOME x Y 0
  • 6. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM What happens when AS> AD  What happens when AD> AS
  • 7. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region DIAGRAM SHOWING AS>AD (DEFICIENT DEMAND) • AS> AD AS>AD Y=AS C+I=AD INCOME AS, AD
  • 8. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region DIAGRAM SHOWING AD>AS(EXCESS DEMAND) • AD> AS AS>AD Y=AS C+I=AD INCOME AS,AD
  • 9. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region Equilibrium when S=I • Equilibrium level of income is determined at a point where saving & investment are equal. • i.e, S=I Y C S=Y-C I (INVESTMENT) 0 50 -50 100 100 100 0 100 200 150 50 100 300 200 100 100 400 250 150 100 The above table show the equilibrium level of income is Rs.300crores & at this point S(100) = I (100)
  • 10. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region Diagramatic presentation 0f s=i 100 National income saving investment 300 X Y S=I The diagram shows the equilibrium level of S=I
  • 11. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region THINK & ANSWER • See the diagram & answer how equilibrium will be brought about if S>I or I > S. S I income S>I I>S S,I
  • 12. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region Questions for self-evaluation • State the two approaches for the determination of equilibrium level of output . • Explain the meaning of equilibrium level of national income with the help of a diagram. • Explain what happen when • (1) AD>AS • (2) AD<AS
  • 13. Prepared By:- KVS, Delhi Region Mrs. Anita Bhardwaj KV, Vigyan Vihar Mrs .Monika Bajaj KV, Tagore Garden Mrs. Leena Singh KV, AGCR Mr. Sri Keshav KV, no.2 Delhi Cantt Mrs .Ritu Tanwar KV, AFS Rajokri Compiled by:-