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WHAT IS CONCRETE ? 
•Concrete is a composite 
material composed of 
water, coarse granular 
material (the fine and 
coarse aggregate or 
filler) embedded in a hard 
matrix of material (the 
cement or binder) that 
fills the space among the 
aggregate particles 
and glues them together.
MEASUREMENT OF WORKABILITY 
 Workability depends upon – 
 1.Water content 
 2.Mix proportions 
 3.Shape & Size of Aggregates 
 4.Surface Texture of Aggregates 
 5.Grading of Aggregates 
 6.Use of Admixtures 
 .Workability tests are commonly employed to measure 
 -1.Slump Test 
 2.Compacting Factor Test 
 3.Flow Test 
 4.Vee Bee ConsistometerTest 
 5.Kelly Ball Test
TEST OF 
CONCRETE
CONCRETE SLUMP TEST 
Theory and Scope:- 
The concrete slump test is an empirical test that 
measures the workability of fresh concrete. 
More specifically, it measures the consistency of 
the concrete in that specific batch. This test is 
performed to check the consistency of freshly 
made concrete. Consistency is a term very closely 
related to workability. It is a term which describes 
the state of fresh concrete. It refers to the ease 
with which the concrete flows. It is used to indicate 
the degree of wetness. Workability of concrete is 
mainly affected by consistency i.e. wetter mixes 
will be more workable than drier mixes, but 
concrete of the same consistency may vary in 
workability. It is also used to determine consistency 
between individual batches. 
The test is popular due to the simplicity of 
apparatus used and simple procedure. 
Unfortunately, the simplicity of the test often 
allows a wide variability in the manner that the 
test is performed. The slump test is used to ensure 
uniformity for different batches of similar concrete 
under field conditions, and to ascertain the effects 
of plasticizers on their introduction. In India this
PRINCIPLE OF SLUMP TEST 
The slump test result is a slump of 
the behaviour of a compacted 
inverted cone of concrete under the 
action of gravity. It measures the 
consistency or the wetness of 
concrete. 
Apparatus 
Metal mould, in the shape of the 
frustum of a cone, open at both 
ends, and provided with the handle, 
top internal diameter 4 in (102 mm), 
and bottom internal diameter 8 in 
(203 mm) with a height of 1 ft 
(305mm). A 2 ft (610 mm) long bullet 
nosed metal rod, 5/8 in (16 mm) in 
diameter.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 
The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the 
slump is termed as true slump, shear slump or collapse slump. If a shear or collapse slump is 
achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test repeated. A collapse slump is an indication 
of too wet a mix. Only a true slump is of any use in the test. A collapse slump will generally mean 
that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is not appropriate. 
Very dry mixes; having slump 0 – 25 mm are used in road making, low workability mixes; having 
Collapse Shear True 
In a collapse 
slump the 
concrete 
collapses 
completely. 
In a shear 
slump the top 
portion of the 
concrete 
shears off and 
slips sideways. 
In a true slump 
the concrete 
simply 
subsides, 
keeping more 
or less to 
shape. 
slump 10 – 40 mm are used for foundations with light reinforcement,
Compaction Factor Test 
 
Aim: To find out the compaction factor for the given 
fresh mix of concrete. 
 Theory:Work-ability of concrete is the ability/ease 
with which concrete can be mixed, transported and 
placed. This is a major factor which contributes to 
the other properties of concrete also. If concrete is 
workable enough then it can be compacted with 
less compacting effort. So there is a relation 
between the amount of work required to compact a 
given fresh concrete and the work-ability of the 
concrete. This relation is well suited for the concrete 
of the low water cement ratio. Slump cone test is 
also used to find out the work-ability of the 
concrete but only recommended for the concrete of 
higher work-ability. For less workable 
concrete(having less water cement ratio), 
compaction is standardized by various standards. 
 Apparatus: Compaction factor apparatus/machine, 
weighing balance, cow/mixing tray.
CALCULATIONS 
Let weight of the empty cylinder = W1 
Let weight of the cylinder with the partially compacted concrete = 
W2 
Let weight of the fully compacted(Using mechanical vibrator) 
concrete with cylinder = W3 
Compaction Factor = Weight of the partially compacted concrete/ 
Weight of the fully compacted concrete 
i.e., Compaction factor = (W2-W1)/(W3-W1) 
Result: The compaction factor of the given fresh concrete mix is ..... 
(concretNote: Relation between the compaction factor and work-ability 
is that higher the compaction factor higher is the work-ability. 
Theoretical maximum value of the compaction factor can be 0.96 to 
1.0 packted .
VEE BEE CONSISTOMETER TEST 
 Vee Bee ConsistometerTest:Vee Bee Consistometer 
test is done on concrete that is either too dry for 
slump test or compaction test. It is done to 
determine the consistency of low slump concrete. 
 Specifications : The equipment consists of : A 
Vibrating Table size 380mm long and 260mm wide, 
resting upon elastic support at a height of about 
305mm above the floor, complete with start/stop 
switch, cord and plug. A holder is fixed to the base 
into which a swivel arm is telescoped with funnel 
and guide sleeve. The swivel arm is also detachable 
from the Vibrating Table. A graduated rod is fixed on 
a swivel arm and at its end a plastic disc is screwed. 
The division of scale on the rod record the slump of 
the concrete in millimeters, supplied complete with 
a sheet metal container with lifting handles which 
can easily be fixed to the Vibrating Table. A slump 
cone open at both ends with lifting handles and a 
Tamping rod of size 16mm dia and 600mm long, 
rounded at one end.
USING A VEE-BEE CONSISTOMETER 
To use a Vee-Bee Consistometer, a conventional slump test is performed. For conducting the 
test, a slump cone is placed in the inside part of a Vee-Bee Consistometer. 
When the mixture is poured, a Glass Disc attached to the swivel arm turns and is placed on 
top of the concrete in the machine. This triggers an electric vibrator and initiates the stop-watch 
as well. 
Vibration continues till the conical shape of the concrete disappears and the concrete takes a 
cylindrical shape. 
When the mixture assumes a complete cylindrical shape, the stop watch switches off 
immediately. 
This time is recorded to understand the consistency of the mixture, which is generally 
expressed in VB Degrees, which is equal to the time recorded in seconds.
FLOW TEST 
 The flow table test or flow test is a method to 
determine the consistence of fresh concrete. 
 Application When fresh concrete is delivered to a site 
by a truck mixer it is sometimes necessary to check its 
consistence before pouring it into formwork. 
 If the consistence is not correct, the concrete will not 
have the desired qualities once it has set, particularly 
the desired strength. If the concrete is too pasty, it 
may result in cavities within the concrete which leads 
to corrosion of the rebar, eventually leading to the 
formation of cracks (as the rebar expands as it 
corrodes) which will accelerate the whole process, 
rather like insufficient concrete cover. Cavities will 
also lower the stress the concrete is able to support. 
Equipment 
Flow table with a grip and a hinge, 70 centimetres (28 in) square. 
Abrams cone, open at the top and at the bottom - 30 centimetres (12 in) high, 17 centimetres 
(6.7 in) top diameter, 25 centimetres (9.8 in) base diameter. 
Water bucket and broom for wetting the flow table. 
Tamping rod, 60 centimetres (24 in) long
CALCULATION 
The flow of the concrete is the percentage increase in 
diameter of spread concrete over the base diameter of 
the moulded concrete, calculated from the following 
formula. 
REPORT 
The flow measured is to be reported in terms of 
percentage. 
SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS 
Use hand gloves, shoes at the time of test. 
Keep the mould & flow table clean, dry & free from 
sticking concrete. 
Keep the vertical shaft lubricated with light oil. 
Keep the contact faces of the flow table top & 
supporting frame oiled. 
Keep the hand wheel, the adjustable shaft & 
universal joint.
KELLY BALL TEST 
 General description 
 
 This method is used to determine 
the penetration of a 
hemispherical metal weight into 
freshly mixed concrete, which is 
related to the workability of the 
concrete. 
The apparatus consists of a 
cylinder with one end having a 
hemispherical shape and the 
other end fit with a graduated 
handle. The weight assembly is 
lowered through a frame into the 
concrete and the penetration 
measured. Weight approx.: 15 kg
REBOUND HAMMER 
Rebound hammer test is done to find out the compressive strength of 
concrete by using rebound hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) – 1992. The 
underlying principle of the rebound hammer test is 
The rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface 
against which its mass strikes. When the plunger of the rebound hammer 
is pressed against the surface of the concrete, the pring-controlled mass 
rebounds and the extent of such a rebound depends upon the surface 
hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound 
is taken to be related to the compressive strength of the concrete. The 
rebound value is read from a graduated scale and is designated as the 
rebound number or rebound index. The compressive strength can be read 
directly from the graph provided on the body of the hammer.
PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE STRENGTH OF 
HARDENED CONCRETE BY REBOUND HAMMER 
i) Before commencement of a test, the rebound 
hammer should be tested against the test 
anvil, to get reliable results, for which the 
manufacturer of the rebound hammer indicates 
the range of readings on the anvil suitable for 
different types of rebound hammer. 
ii) Apply light pressure on the plunger – it will 
release it from the locked position and allow it 
to extend to the ready position for the test. 
iii) Press the plunger against the surface of the 
concrete, keeping the instrument 
perpendicular to the test surface. Apply a 
gradual increase in pressure until the hammer 
impacts. (Do not touch the button while 
depressing the plunger. Press the button after 
impact, in case it is not convenient to note the 
rebound reading in that position.) 
iv) Take the average of about 15 readings.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT 
The rebound reading on the indicator 
scale has been calibrated by the 
manufacturer of the rebound hammer for 
horizontal impact, that is, on a vertical 
surface, to indicate the compressive 
strength. When used in any other 
position, appropriate correction as given 
by the manufacturer is to be taken into 
account.
ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY 
This test is done to assess the quality of 
concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity 
method as per IS: 13311 (Part 1) – 1992. 
The underlying principle of this test is - 
The method consists of measuring the 
time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse 
passing through the concrete being 
tested. Comparatively higher velocity is 
obtained when concrete quality is good 
in terms of density, uniformity, 
homogeneity etc
PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE STRENGTH OF HARDENED 
CONCRETE BY ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY. 
i) Preparing for use: Before switching on the ‘V’ meter, the transducers should be connected to 
the sockets marked “TRAN” and ” REC”. 
The ‘V’ meter may be operated with either: 
a) the internal battery, 
b) an external battery or 
c) the A.C line. 
ii) Set reference: A reference bar is provided to check the instrument zero. The pulse time for 
the bar is engraved on it. Apply a smear of grease to the transducer faces before placing it on 
the opposite ends of the bar. Adjust the ‘SET REF’ control until the reference bar transit time is 
obtained on the instrument read-out. 
iii) Range selection: For maximum accuracy, it is recommended that the 0.1 microsecond range 
be selected for path length upto 400mm. 
iv) Pulse velocity: Having determined the most suitable test points on the material to be tested, 
make careful measurement of the path length ‘L’. Apply couplant to the surfaces of the 
transducers and press it hard onto the surface of the material. Do not move the transducers 
while a reading is being taken, as this can generate noise signals and errors in measurements. 
Continue holding the transducers onto the surface of the material until a consistent reading 
appears on the display, which is the time in microsecond for the ultrasonic pulse to travel the 
distance ‘L’. The mean value of the display readings should be taken when the units digit hunts 
between two values 
.
Pulse velocity=(Path length/Travel time) 
v) Separation of transducer leads: It is advisable to prevent the 
two transducer leads from coming into close contact with each 
other when the transit time measurements are being taken. If 
this is not done, the receiver lead might pick-up unwanted 
signals from the transmitter lead and this would result in an 
incorrect display of the transit time.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 
The quality of concrete in terms of 
uniformity, incidence or absence of 
internal flaws, cracks and segregation, 
etc,indicative of the level of workmanship 
employed, can thus be assessed using the 
guidelines given below, which have been 
evolved for characterizing the quality of 
concrete in structures in terms of the 
ultrasonic pulse velocity.
Test of concrete
CASE 
STUDY
Collapse of a reinforced 
concrete structure, 
This factory building included 
concrete columns and a 
steel truss for the roof.
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
Test of concrete
• Two people were killed 
• Design error. No consideration was given in the 
calculations of how forces were transmitted 
through the 
joint between the edge beam and column. 
• Detailing error. Inadequate connection between 
beam 
and column reinforcement. 
• Construction error. Column links were excluded for 
convenience 
SUMMARY
Civil A2 
Santu Dey 
Surajit Mondal 
Satyajit Roy 
Supriyo Sarkar 
Santunu Mondal 
Sumangal Kundu
THE 
END

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Test of concrete

  • 1. WHAT IS CONCRETE ? •Concrete is a composite material composed of water, coarse granular material (the fine and coarse aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together.
  • 2. MEASUREMENT OF WORKABILITY  Workability depends upon –  1.Water content  2.Mix proportions  3.Shape & Size of Aggregates  4.Surface Texture of Aggregates  5.Grading of Aggregates  6.Use of Admixtures  .Workability tests are commonly employed to measure  -1.Slump Test  2.Compacting Factor Test  3.Flow Test  4.Vee Bee ConsistometerTest  5.Kelly Ball Test
  • 4. CONCRETE SLUMP TEST Theory and Scope:- The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term very closely related to workability. It is a term which describes the state of fresh concrete. It refers to the ease with which the concrete flows. It is used to indicate the degree of wetness. Workability of concrete is mainly affected by consistency i.e. wetter mixes will be more workable than drier mixes, but concrete of the same consistency may vary in workability. It is also used to determine consistency between individual batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. Unfortunately, the simplicity of the test often allows a wide variability in the manner that the test is performed. The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete under field conditions, and to ascertain the effects of plasticizers on their introduction. In India this
  • 5. PRINCIPLE OF SLUMP TEST The slump test result is a slump of the behaviour of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete. Apparatus Metal mould, in the shape of the frustum of a cone, open at both ends, and provided with the handle, top internal diameter 4 in (102 mm), and bottom internal diameter 8 in (203 mm) with a height of 1 ft (305mm). A 2 ft (610 mm) long bullet nosed metal rod, 5/8 in (16 mm) in diameter.
  • 6. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the slump is termed as true slump, shear slump or collapse slump. If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test repeated. A collapse slump is an indication of too wet a mix. Only a true slump is of any use in the test. A collapse slump will generally mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is not appropriate. Very dry mixes; having slump 0 – 25 mm are used in road making, low workability mixes; having Collapse Shear True In a collapse slump the concrete collapses completely. In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways. In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape. slump 10 – 40 mm are used for foundations with light reinforcement,
  • 7. Compaction Factor Test  Aim: To find out the compaction factor for the given fresh mix of concrete.  Theory:Work-ability of concrete is the ability/ease with which concrete can be mixed, transported and placed. This is a major factor which contributes to the other properties of concrete also. If concrete is workable enough then it can be compacted with less compacting effort. So there is a relation between the amount of work required to compact a given fresh concrete and the work-ability of the concrete. This relation is well suited for the concrete of the low water cement ratio. Slump cone test is also used to find out the work-ability of the concrete but only recommended for the concrete of higher work-ability. For less workable concrete(having less water cement ratio), compaction is standardized by various standards.  Apparatus: Compaction factor apparatus/machine, weighing balance, cow/mixing tray.
  • 8. CALCULATIONS Let weight of the empty cylinder = W1 Let weight of the cylinder with the partially compacted concrete = W2 Let weight of the fully compacted(Using mechanical vibrator) concrete with cylinder = W3 Compaction Factor = Weight of the partially compacted concrete/ Weight of the fully compacted concrete i.e., Compaction factor = (W2-W1)/(W3-W1) Result: The compaction factor of the given fresh concrete mix is ..... (concretNote: Relation between the compaction factor and work-ability is that higher the compaction factor higher is the work-ability. Theoretical maximum value of the compaction factor can be 0.96 to 1.0 packted .
  • 9. VEE BEE CONSISTOMETER TEST  Vee Bee ConsistometerTest:Vee Bee Consistometer test is done on concrete that is either too dry for slump test or compaction test. It is done to determine the consistency of low slump concrete.  Specifications : The equipment consists of : A Vibrating Table size 380mm long and 260mm wide, resting upon elastic support at a height of about 305mm above the floor, complete with start/stop switch, cord and plug. A holder is fixed to the base into which a swivel arm is telescoped with funnel and guide sleeve. The swivel arm is also detachable from the Vibrating Table. A graduated rod is fixed on a swivel arm and at its end a plastic disc is screwed. The division of scale on the rod record the slump of the concrete in millimeters, supplied complete with a sheet metal container with lifting handles which can easily be fixed to the Vibrating Table. A slump cone open at both ends with lifting handles and a Tamping rod of size 16mm dia and 600mm long, rounded at one end.
  • 10. USING A VEE-BEE CONSISTOMETER To use a Vee-Bee Consistometer, a conventional slump test is performed. For conducting the test, a slump cone is placed in the inside part of a Vee-Bee Consistometer. When the mixture is poured, a Glass Disc attached to the swivel arm turns and is placed on top of the concrete in the machine. This triggers an electric vibrator and initiates the stop-watch as well. Vibration continues till the conical shape of the concrete disappears and the concrete takes a cylindrical shape. When the mixture assumes a complete cylindrical shape, the stop watch switches off immediately. This time is recorded to understand the consistency of the mixture, which is generally expressed in VB Degrees, which is equal to the time recorded in seconds.
  • 11. FLOW TEST  The flow table test or flow test is a method to determine the consistence of fresh concrete.  Application When fresh concrete is delivered to a site by a truck mixer it is sometimes necessary to check its consistence before pouring it into formwork.  If the consistence is not correct, the concrete will not have the desired qualities once it has set, particularly the desired strength. If the concrete is too pasty, it may result in cavities within the concrete which leads to corrosion of the rebar, eventually leading to the formation of cracks (as the rebar expands as it corrodes) which will accelerate the whole process, rather like insufficient concrete cover. Cavities will also lower the stress the concrete is able to support. Equipment Flow table with a grip and a hinge, 70 centimetres (28 in) square. Abrams cone, open at the top and at the bottom - 30 centimetres (12 in) high, 17 centimetres (6.7 in) top diameter, 25 centimetres (9.8 in) base diameter. Water bucket and broom for wetting the flow table. Tamping rod, 60 centimetres (24 in) long
  • 12. CALCULATION The flow of the concrete is the percentage increase in diameter of spread concrete over the base diameter of the moulded concrete, calculated from the following formula. REPORT The flow measured is to be reported in terms of percentage. SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS Use hand gloves, shoes at the time of test. Keep the mould & flow table clean, dry & free from sticking concrete. Keep the vertical shaft lubricated with light oil. Keep the contact faces of the flow table top & supporting frame oiled. Keep the hand wheel, the adjustable shaft & universal joint.
  • 13. KELLY BALL TEST  General description   This method is used to determine the penetration of a hemispherical metal weight into freshly mixed concrete, which is related to the workability of the concrete. The apparatus consists of a cylinder with one end having a hemispherical shape and the other end fit with a graduated handle. The weight assembly is lowered through a frame into the concrete and the penetration measured. Weight approx.: 15 kg
  • 14. REBOUND HAMMER Rebound hammer test is done to find out the compressive strength of concrete by using rebound hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) – 1992. The underlying principle of the rebound hammer test is The rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which its mass strikes. When the plunger of the rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete, the pring-controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such a rebound depends upon the surface hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound is taken to be related to the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound value is read from a graduated scale and is designated as the rebound number or rebound index. The compressive strength can be read directly from the graph provided on the body of the hammer.
  • 15. PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE STRENGTH OF HARDENED CONCRETE BY REBOUND HAMMER i) Before commencement of a test, the rebound hammer should be tested against the test anvil, to get reliable results, for which the manufacturer of the rebound hammer indicates the range of readings on the anvil suitable for different types of rebound hammer. ii) Apply light pressure on the plunger – it will release it from the locked position and allow it to extend to the ready position for the test. iii) Press the plunger against the surface of the concrete, keeping the instrument perpendicular to the test surface. Apply a gradual increase in pressure until the hammer impacts. (Do not touch the button while depressing the plunger. Press the button after impact, in case it is not convenient to note the rebound reading in that position.) iv) Take the average of about 15 readings.
  • 16. INTERPRETATION OF RESULT The rebound reading on the indicator scale has been calibrated by the manufacturer of the rebound hammer for horizontal impact, that is, on a vertical surface, to indicate the compressive strength. When used in any other position, appropriate correction as given by the manufacturer is to be taken into account.
  • 17. ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY This test is done to assess the quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity method as per IS: 13311 (Part 1) – 1992. The underlying principle of this test is - The method consists of measuring the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse passing through the concrete being tested. Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when concrete quality is good in terms of density, uniformity, homogeneity etc
  • 18. PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE STRENGTH OF HARDENED CONCRETE BY ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY. i) Preparing for use: Before switching on the ‘V’ meter, the transducers should be connected to the sockets marked “TRAN” and ” REC”. The ‘V’ meter may be operated with either: a) the internal battery, b) an external battery or c) the A.C line. ii) Set reference: A reference bar is provided to check the instrument zero. The pulse time for the bar is engraved on it. Apply a smear of grease to the transducer faces before placing it on the opposite ends of the bar. Adjust the ‘SET REF’ control until the reference bar transit time is obtained on the instrument read-out. iii) Range selection: For maximum accuracy, it is recommended that the 0.1 microsecond range be selected for path length upto 400mm. iv) Pulse velocity: Having determined the most suitable test points on the material to be tested, make careful measurement of the path length ‘L’. Apply couplant to the surfaces of the transducers and press it hard onto the surface of the material. Do not move the transducers while a reading is being taken, as this can generate noise signals and errors in measurements. Continue holding the transducers onto the surface of the material until a consistent reading appears on the display, which is the time in microsecond for the ultrasonic pulse to travel the distance ‘L’. The mean value of the display readings should be taken when the units digit hunts between two values .
  • 19. Pulse velocity=(Path length/Travel time) v) Separation of transducer leads: It is advisable to prevent the two transducer leads from coming into close contact with each other when the transit time measurements are being taken. If this is not done, the receiver lead might pick-up unwanted signals from the transmitter lead and this would result in an incorrect display of the transit time.
  • 20. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS The quality of concrete in terms of uniformity, incidence or absence of internal flaws, cracks and segregation, etc,indicative of the level of workmanship employed, can thus be assessed using the guidelines given below, which have been evolved for characterizing the quality of concrete in structures in terms of the ultrasonic pulse velocity.
  • 23. Collapse of a reinforced concrete structure, This factory building included concrete columns and a steel truss for the roof.
  • 35. • Two people were killed • Design error. No consideration was given in the calculations of how forces were transmitted through the joint between the edge beam and column. • Detailing error. Inadequate connection between beam and column reinforcement. • Construction error. Column links were excluded for convenience SUMMARY
  • 36. Civil A2 Santu Dey Surajit Mondal Satyajit Roy Supriyo Sarkar Santunu Mondal Sumangal Kundu