1. Fungus, Fungicides
Classification
& Activity
Krishan Motha B.Sc (hons) Sp
Technical Training by:

2. Fungus, Fungicides
Classification
& Activity
Fungus and Fungicide Basics
Fungicide Mode of action
Mobility in plant
Strobilurine Fungicides & Cabrio Top
Innovative fungicides in SL market & their features
comparison

3. What is a Plant
Disease?
A disorder in
 Structure or
 Physiological function
in a plant

4.  Photosynthesis
 Respiration
 Plant nutrition
 Plant hormone functions
 Photoperiodism & photomorphogenesis
 Environmental stress physiology
 Seed germination
 Dormancy
 Stomata function
 Transpiration………etc
What are plant Physiological functions?

5. Diseased Plant
Produce specific symptoms
or that affects a specific
location
Entering living or non living
pathogenic agents in to the
host plant can cause
diseases (except nutrient
deficiencies)

6. What is a pathogen / Pathogenic agent?
A living or unliving agent (infectious agent) that can cause a disease
to the host

7. ¾
What is Disease Triangle?
All three conditions should satisfy to cause the particular disease to the susceptible
host

8. What is a Fungus?
 A group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing
organisms feeding on organic matter due to that lack chlorophyll
 Attack crops above & below soil surface
 Spread by wind, rain, insects, birds, soil, machinery & contaminated
seed
 Including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, & toadstools

10. Life cycle known
Pathogenic Fungi
Myxomycetes Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deutromycetes
Leaf Spots,
Fruit spots
Vascular wilts.
Powdery Mildews, Alternaria
Sigatoka, Leaf Spots, Stem &
Twig Canker, Anthracnose,
Fruit diseases, Post harvest
disease, Fussarium
Order : Oomycetes
Pythium rot, Damping off,Root rot
Phytophthora Diseases Downy
Mildews
club root rot of crucifers
The Rust, the Smut,
Rizoctonia
Classification : Example
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Phycomycetes
Class: Oomycetes
Order : Peronosporales
Family : Peronosporaceae
Genus : Phytophthora
Species : infestans
Fungi Classification

11. Plant Pathology
 Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831 – 1888) known as “father of plant
pathology” (German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, & mycologist)
 Proved plant diseases caused by fungi not by bad weather condition
 Publishing the book “Research on the development of some parasitic
fungi” – trial , inoculated spores of P. infestans on healthy potato
 Plant pathology is the scientific study of
diseases in plants caused by pathogens &
environmental conditions

12. History of Fungicides
 Seed wheat salvaged from the sea was free of bunt. In
the middle of 17th Century the first use of brining of grain
with salt water followed by liming took place to control
bunt in seed wheat
 Tillet (1755) found, seed-borne fungi (Tilletia tritici, T.
laevis) caused bunt of wheat & could be controlled by
seed treatments of lime, or lime and salt

13. History of Fungicides
Year Fungicide Primary Use
1637 Brine Cereal seed treatment
1755 Arsenic Cereal seed treatment
1760 Copper sulfate Cereal seed treatment
1824 Sulfur (dust) Powdery mildew and other pathogens
1833 Lime + sulfur Broad spectrum foliar pathogens
1885 Bordeaux mixture Broad spectrum foliar pathogens
1891 Mercury chloride Turf fungicide
1900 CuOCl2 Especially Phytophthora infestans
1914 Phenylmercury chloride Cereal seed treatment
1932 Cu2O Seed and broad spectrum foliar diseases
1934 Dithiocarbamates patented Broad spectrum protectants
1940 Chloranil, Dichlone Broad spectrum seed treatment
Overview of Fungicide Development and Usage

14. Fungicide Classification
1.Mobility within plants- distribution
2.By chemical group – chemical structure
3.By MOA – site of action

15. Classification by mobility
Contact Fungicides
Adsorbed to the leaf surfaces
Protective/preventive fungicides must applied
before spores germinate
Fungicides include Chlorothalonil, Propineb,
Maneb, Metiram, Mancozeb, KHCO3

16. Systemic Fungicides
 Absorbed into plants
 Mobile in the plant upward & downward via xylem
& phloem
 New chemistries;
Strobilurins – Cabrio, Amista, Nativo
Triazoles- Tilt, Folicor, Razer…etc
Bensamidoles- Topsin
Phenylamides- Ridol
Carbamates- Previcor
CAA- Acrobat

17. Fungicide categories
Protectant Systemic

18. Penetrant
Translamina movement / semi
systemic

19. Contact vs Systemic Fungicides
Contact/Protectan
t
Systemic
Adsorbed Absorbed
Immobile Mobile
Preventive Preventive + Curative
Multi site of action Single site of action
Few problems with
resistance
Resistant fungi strains
could develop
Eg: Mancozeb,
Maneb, Sulfur,
copper,
Eg:-Metalxil,
Dimethomorph,
Thiphenate methyl,

20. Types of Fungicides

21. Classification by : Chemical Groups
Fungicide
Chemical Class
Action Action on
Plant
Examples
1.Copper fungicides Multisite Protectant CuO, Cu(OH)2
2. Inorganics Multisite Protectant Sulphur
3. Dithiocarbomates Multisite Protectant Maneb, Zineb,
Metiram,
Mancozeb, Thiram,
Propineb
4. Chloronitriles Multisite Protectant Chlorothalonil
5. Dicarboxamides Multisite Protectant and
Curatant
Captan
6. Carbamates Single site Protectant and
Curatant
Propamocarb
(Previcor)
7. Benzimidazole Single site Protectant and
Curatant
Thiophenate
methyl (Topsin)
Thiobendazole
8. Carboxamides Single site Protectant and
Curatant
Flutolanil (Moncut)
Fluxapyroxad (not
registerd yet)

22. Fungicide Chemical
Class
Action Action on Plant Examples
9. Phenylamides Single site Protectant and
Curatant
Metalaxyl,
Benalaxyl
10.*Azoles/Triazoles
(1973)
Single Site Curatant Propiconazole,
Hexaconazole,
etc…
11.*Strobilurins
(1996)
Single Site Protectant and
Curatant
Pyraclostrobin,
Azoxystrobin,
Trifloxystrobin
12.*CAA fungidices
(2003)
Single Site Protectant and
Curatant
Dimethomorph
Fungicide Chemical Classes available in Sri Lanka

23. Dithiocarbamates
Mancozeb Maneb
Propineb Metiram

25. Classification : by Mode of action
MOA = How fungicide kills the target fungus
Fungicides are metabolic inhibitors
MOA can be classified into 04 broad groups
1. Inhibitors of electron transport chain
2. Inhibitors of enzymes
3. Inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism & protein synthesis
4. Inhibitors of sterol synthesis

26. Nuclear division
- Thiophanate methyl
Nucleic acid synthesis
- Metalaxyl
Plasma membrane
- KHCO3 (Kaligreen)
Cell wall function
Dimethomorph
Mitochondrial
function
Strobilurins
Sulfur
Proteins
Amino acid & Enzymes
Chlorothalonil,
Dithiocarbamates
Copper
Sterol biosynthesis
All Triazoles

27. Multi-site inhibitor

28. Protectants cannot penetrate plant tissue
Cuticle

29. Systemics penetrate plant tissue as well as fungus
Cuticle

31. FRAC
Code Chemical Class Mode of action / inhibition
Resistance
risk
1 Benzimidazoles Beta-tubulin biosynthesis high
2 Dicarboximides NADH cytochrome c reductase in lipids high
3 Azoles, Pyrimidines C-14 demethylation in sterol biosynthesis medium
4 Phenylamides RNA polymerase high
5 Morpholines ^8 and ^7 isomerase and ^14 reductase in sterol biosynthesis low-medium
7 Carboxamides Succinic acid oxidation medium
9 Anilinopyrimidine Methionine biosynthesis medium
11 Strobilurins Mitochondrial synthesis in cytochrome bc1 high
16 Various chemistry Melanin biosynthesis (two sites) medium
40 Carboxylic acid amides Cell wall formation in Oomycetes low-medium
M1 Inorganics Multisite contact low
M3 Dithiocarbamates Multisite contact low
M5 Phthalimides Multisite contact low
Common Fungicide Classes and Mode of Actions

32. 1
1
2

33. Why Fungicide Pre – mixtures???

34. Protective Curative Eradicative

35. Important hints for Fungicide
recommendation
Common Oomycetes fungi Generas
 Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato and Potato
 Phythium – Damping off in seedling
 Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco, lettuce
 Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce
 Haloperonospora
 Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew in Corn
 Plasmopara - Downey mildew in Grapes
 Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew in cucurbits
 Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum
 Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum & Sugar
cane
Propamocarb
Dimethomorph
Metalaxyl
Pyraclostrobin
Thiphenate methy
Captan
Thiram

36. Common Ascomycetes fungi
 Powdery Mildews
 Alternaria
 Sigatoka
 Leaf Spots
 Stem & Twig Canker
 Anthracnose
 Fruit diseases
 Post harvest disease
Mancozeb..etc
Pyraclostrobin
Carbendazim
Thio-phenate metyl
 Alternaria
 Septoria
 Magneporathe (Blast)
 Rhizoctonia solani- (sheath blight)
All triazoles

38.  Chemical Family- Strobilurin
 Natural fungicides help the fungus to defend itself from competition
by microbes present in rotting wood
 Less risk - to human & the environment compared to alternatives
Discovery of Strobilurin Fungicides
 Many of the newest & most
important disease-control
agents
 Isolated from wood-rotting mushroom
fungi

40. Strobilurin Fungicides
Pyraclostrobin Azoxystrobin & Picoxystrobin
Fluoxastrobin Trifloxystrobin
FamoxadoneMetominostrobin
Fenamidone

41. The QoI fungicides control a broad spectrum
of fungal diseases
 Downy mildews
 Powdery mildews
 Leaf spotting
 Blighting fungi
 Fruit rotters
 Rusts
Spectrum of Activity

42. Compatible Crops
Field crops/VegetablesCereals
OrnamentalsFruits
Turf

43.  Fungicide can be found on both leaf
surfaces even if only one leaf surface
was treated
 Translaminar movement can take one
to several days to be fully effective
 Fungicides such as Pyraclostobin,
kresoxim methyl and trifloxystrobin-
which are not true systemics
(mesostemics / surface systemics)
 The fungicide azoxystrobin moves
translaminarly as well
as systemically (in the plant's vascular
system)
Mobility

44. Importance of Mobility
 Translaminar movement help to compensate for incomplete spray
coverage
 Vapor phase redistribution help to compensate for poor crop
coverage
 Several days may be required for adequate protection
 Concerns curative disease control
 Excellent as preventive fungicides - effectively kill germinating
spores
 Best use of QoI fungicides is to apply them before fungus
development infection takes place.

45. Protection stages of fungal growth

46. Strobilurin fungicide MOA
Inhibit mitochondrial respiration in fungi
Bind at the Qo-centre on cytochrome b & block
electron transfer between cytochrome b &
cytochrome c1
This disrupts the energy cycle within the fungus by
halting the production of ATP

47. Resistance Management
Limit the number of applications
Limit the number of consecutive applications
Pre-mixtures are preferable
Use them at early stages of disease development
(Preventive/Protective action)
Tank mix with other fungicides

48. Effects on Plant Health
• Several QoI fungicides are known to
cause growth-promoting effects
• In certain plants Pyraclostrobin has been
shown to cause changes
• Growth enhancement
• Delayed leaf senescence
• Greater stress tolerance
• Quality improvement

52. Cabrio Top Cabrio Top Cabrio Top

58. Powerful Innovative Fungicides
in SL Market
1. Cabrio Top
2. Amista
3. Nativo
4. Acrobat

59. Strobilurine Fungicides in SL
Cabrio Top Amista Nativo
Active Ingrediant
& Formulation
Cabrio Top 60%
WG
Metiram 55 % +
Pyraclostrobin 5%
Amista 250SC
Azoxystrobin
250g/l
Nativo 75% WG
Tebuconazole
500g/Kg +
Triflocxystrobin
250g/Kg
Recommendation 600g / acre
AI - 30g
120ml/acre
AI- 37.5g
76g-96 g/ acre
Farmer Practice 60g * 10 tanks 15ml * 10 tanks 10g* 10 tanks
AI per acre 30g 37.5g 50g + 25g
Price 600g- 3050/= 100ml-1500/= 100g-3050/=

60. Cabrio Top Amista Nativo
Active Ingredient
& Formulation
Cabrio Top 60%
WG
Metiram 55 % +
Pyraclostrobin 5%
Amista 250SC
Azoxystrobin
250g/l
Nativo 75% WG
Tebuconazole
500g/Kg +
Triflocxystrobin
250g/Kg
Mobility Exellent
Translamina
activity
Xylem immobile
Exellent
Translamina
activity
Xylem mobile
Exellent
Translamina
activity
Xylem mobile
Soil activity Not uptake by
roots
Uptake by
immerging shoots
Not uptake by
roots
Uptake by
immerging shoots
Not uptake by
roots
Uptake by
immerging shoots
Activity on
leaves
Only translamina Translamina &
actively move to
xylems
Translamina &
actively move to
xylems
Plant Health
Effect
Not moves in to
leaflets, unless
direct contact
Moves in to
leaflets
Moves in to
leaflets

61. Cabrio Top Amista Nativo
Plant Health Effect Very high Low Medium
Curative and
Protective action
Protectant –
Primary means of
control.
Curative activity
on selected fungi
and crops.
Protectant –
Primary means of
control.
Curative activity
on selected fungi
and crops.
Protectant –
Primary means of
control.
Curative activity
on selected fungi
and crops.
Toxicity Moderately toxic
(Blue label)
Slightly toxic
(Green Label)
Moderately toxic
(Blue Label)
Re entry interval 12hrs 4hrs 12hrs
Interval 7-14days 7-14days 7-14days
Label
Recommendation
s in SL
 Onion- Purple
blotch
 Curcurbits-
Powdery
Mildew
 Cucurbitacea
family- Downey
Mildew
 Banana-
Sigatoka
• Cucurbitacea
family-
Powdery
Mildew
• Onion- Purple
blotch,
Anthracnose
• Capsicum-
Anthracnose

62. Cabrio Top & AcrobatCabrio Top Acrobat
Active
Ingredients
Cabrio Top 60% WG
Metiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin
5%
Acrobat MZ 690WP
Dimethomorpg 90g/Kg
Mancozeb 600g/Kg
Controlling
Diseases
 Best suited for Ascomycetes &
Basidiomycetes
1. Powdery Mildews
2. Alternaria
3. Sigatoka
4. Leaf Spots
5. Stem & Twig Canker
6. Anthracnose
7. Fruit diseases
8. Post harvest disease
 Not much suited to control
oomycetes
 Best suited for
Oomycetes
1. Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato
and Potato
2. Peronospora- Downy mildew in
tobacco, lettuce
3. Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce
4. Haloperonospora
5. Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew
in Corn
6. Plasmopara - Downey mildew in
Grapes
7. Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew
in cucurbits
8. Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in
corn Sorghum
9. Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn
Sorghum & Sugar cane
 Not much suited to
control ascomycetes
& basidiomycetes

63. Cabrio Top Acrobat
Recommendation 600g/ac 800g/ac
Application time Best suited as a preventive
fungicide/ Apply before
infection
Not suited for high disease
intencity time
Best suited as curative
fungicide , for some
fungus works in Eradicative
stage also
Could apply at the high
disease intensity time
Mobility Translamina Systemic, Xylem mobile
Plant Health/Agcelence Improve the quality and
yield parameters
Increase the life cycle of
the crop
Increase the productivity
Increase the time take
perish……….etc
No such effect
Cabrio Top and Acrobat

64. Effective use of CT and AT/Ridol
 Identify the critical stages of the crop life cycle, which is possible
to expose diseases
 Decide the most appropriate fungicide accordingly

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67. Thank You