1. ARTS
LESSON 1: Periods of Indian Art
Ancient Period (3900BCE-1200CE)
Some evidences oftheearly civilization are bronze and copper statuettes and steatiteseals, which showvigor andconcern for surface texture
as constantly characterized in
Indian art.
The Ajanta Caves ofMaharashtra, India are30rock-cutcavemonuments that date back from the 2nd century BCEto the600 CE, including
paintings andsculptures considered tobe masterpieces ofBuddhistreligious art, as wellas frescos thatarereminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings
in Sri Lanka.
ClassicalPeriod ( 5thto 6th centuries)
The image of Shiva,thedestroyerdevelop into Shiva theCosmic-dancethefour armfigure, where onehand holds thefirewith whichhe
destroys, another holds a drum, whichis thefirst sound heard in theworldatbirth, thethird arm points up in a reassuring gestureand a fourth
points down to thedwarfin which hedances.
Islamic Ascendancy (1192-1757) or TransitionalPeriod
This was the periodofevolutionfrom Vedisminto Hinduismor Brahmanism. Thetwo great Indianepics: the Mahabharata andthe Ramayana
emerged inthis period.
Mogul period ( 16th Century)
Moguls contributed totheenrichment ofIndian culture,in painting andin architecture. The most splendid exampleis theTaj Majalbuilt in
1632 by ShahJahanin memory ofhis wife.
Another great Buddhist monumentis theBorobudur inJava builtin the8thcentury afterthedeclineofBuddhismin India.
Diwali lamps for saleinthemarketAsk the students toreporton thedifferentperiods ofIndianart featuring its contributions to Worldart and
festivals. Discuss to the class aboutRangoli and its uses as one ofthe most beautifulandmostpleasing artforms ofIndia. Diwaliis celebrated
by Hindus inIndia and allaroundtheworldin October or November.It is theHinduNew Yearandis either a 3-day or5-day holiday depending
on where you comefrom.It is a very exciting and colorfulholiday, wherehomes arecleanedto welcomethe New Year andwindows areopened
so that theHindugoddess ofwealth,Lakshmi, canenter. Hindus believed that shecannot enter a housewhichis not litup, so everyhousehold
burns special Diwaliclay lamps (diyas) to lighttheway for thegoddess, which is why theholiday is also known as the'FestivalofLights'.
LESSON 2: RANGOLI
Rangoli is oneofthemost beautifuland most pleasing art forms ofIndia. Itis comprisedoftwo words: 'rang'meaning 'color'and 'aavalli'
meaning 'coloredcreepers'or 'row ofcolors'. Rangoli,theart ofmaking designs or patterns onthewalls orthefloorofthe house, uses finely
ground whitepowder along with different colors. Numerous households intheIndian subcontinentmake useofRangoli designs for decorating
the courtyardoftheir house.Thetraditional formofRangolimadeuse ofdesigns andmotifs based onnature,such as mangoes, creepers,
flowers, swans, peacocks,etc. Eventhecolors inthetraditional art formwereextractedfrom naturaldyes,likebarks oftrees,leaves,indigo
plant, etc. These days,syntheticdyes havemore orless replaced the naturaldyes oftheearliertimes.
The materials used in theRangoli patterns oftodaygiveeither a veryflatappearance ora 3-D effect. Rangolidesigns includegeometric
patterns,theswastika,lotus, trident, fish,conch,creepers, leaves,trees,flowers, animals,etc.
LESSON 3: PAKISTAN
Pakistani architectureis divided intofour recognized periods:Pre-Islamic , Islamic, Colonialand Post-Colonial

2. Mohenjo Daro
Around the middle ofthe 3rd millenniumBCE, anadvancedurbanculture developed for the firsttimein theregion, withlarge buildings,some
of which still surviveto this day likeMohenjo Daro, Harappa andKotDiji which are among the pre-Islamicsettlements thatarenowtourist
attractions.
Kot Diji
Across Pakistan, brightly colored flamboyant trucks paintedwithimages ofidealizedlandscapes, famouspersonalities, flowers andtrees turned
village lanes,city streets andlong-distancehighways intoa national gallery without walls, a free-form, kaleidoscopic exhibition in perpetual
motion.
Truck Art of Pakistan11
Other arts of Pakistanincludes paintedchests and jars
LESSON 4: UZBEKISTAN, KAZAKHSTAN, TAJIKISTAN
People who inhabited the region ofpresent Uzbekistan was verypopular in making printedcloth.Printedtable-cloths, curtains, bed-spreads,
shawls and various coverlets performed utilitarianfunction and served as a daily-round ornament.Uzbekistan ceramics hold a prominent place
among the numerous forms ofpopular applied art. Appliedarts in ancientKazakhstan werepartoflife‟s daily routine. Clothing, utility tools,
yurts, andhorses‟ saddles werealways decorated using nomadic patterns anddesign. Kazakhstan‟s visual arts arerelatively young. Inancient
times, nomads used todraw on rocks and,today, these petroglyphs canbefound throughout
Kazakhstan.
Fine art in Kazakhstan varies instyle, direction and genre. Themost captivating work by Kazakhstanartists in different periods can beseenin
museums across the country.
Tajiks have been making fabrics, utensils, musicalinstruments, carpets, furniture, 12jewelry and many otherthings for many centuries. The art
of decorativecarving is very importantfor local residents. Carving is mostlypresentin architecturalmonuments, household structures and
objects, musicalinstruments, andsouvenirs.When Islamcame, Tajik‟s carving gradually changedto Arabian inscriptionsusing images ofpeople
and animals whilesomecarvers prefer “vegetative”, geometrical patterns.In architecture, ornaments intheform oflotus,tulips and other
flowers are morecommon.
The Boulder Dushanbe Teahouse
LESSON 5: TURKMENISTAN AND KYRGYZSTAN
The most uniqueand beautifulcarpets in theworldareproduced by Turkmenistan anddepends upon its shape andpurpose. Carpet weaving is
an ancientart, and eachtribe developed its owndistinctivepattern. The traditionalarts includefeltmanufacture,jewelry making, woodwork,
ceramics, and silverwork.Turkmencarpets havebeentraditionally woven out ofwool, cotton,and silk by women, using horizontal looms. The
method of weaving has beenmodernized, but the beauty and quality ofthefabrics remains.Turkmenistanis alsothesource of keteni, a
homespun silkthat is used for the beautifuldresses worn by Turkmen womenon special occasions. Theembroideryuses different patterns that
are as uniqueas a family seal. 13
"KETENI" CLOTH IS AN OBJECTOF ONEOF THEWONDERFUL
TRADITIONS OF THETURKMEN PEOPLE
Kyrgyz women produce a wide range oftextiles, mostly from the felt oftheir sheep. Nowadays
ancientpatterns areadaptedto the tourist and exportmarket, but itis still a living tradition andthat allyurts andmost houses containhand-
made carpets or rugs called shirdaks.Largeelaborately embroideredwallhangings called Tush kyiz,aretraditionally madeinKyrgyzstanand
Kazakhstan, byelderwomento commemorate the marriageofa son ordaughter.Colors anddesigns arechosen tosymbolize Kyrgyz traditions
and rurallife. Flowers, plants,animals, stylized horns, national designs, and emblems ofKyrgyz life areoftenfoundin theseornate andcolorful
embroideries.Flat cushions called xxx, areusually made inshadow-pairs.Theseareseen onevery chair,padding the seat

3. HEALTH
1) Environmental Factors. Sanitation and sanitation facilities can affect the
transmission of diseases where food and water can become contaminated because of poor
sanitation. Pollution also plays a major role in disease transmission as evidenced by floods
during the rainy season. These floods were the culprits in the spread of Leptospirosis.Climate
also takes its role as an environmental factor. In our country we only have the dry and wet
seasons where various microorganisms that can cause morbidity can thrive on each of these
seasons.
2) Socio-economic Factors. Culturalpractices influence disease transmission. For
instance, there are some places in the Cordilleras where people drink wine after a tiring day of
planting and when they drink they use one glass to show unity. I also experience one practice
among the Ilocanos, in a barrio where I had my medical practice, that all the members of the
family are to wash their hands in one basin of water before they eat. Living arrangements in
some cultures where people tend to live near their livestock without knowing that these can be
sources of diseases. Prostitution due to economic factors where the poor tend to engage
themselves into this activity is one avenue for the transmission of communicable diseases as
well.
There are three levels of preventing diseases:
primary,secondary,and tertiary.
In primary prevention, activities are done to prevent one from having the disease. This
includes getting immunized, eating a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep.
The secondary prevention activities are done to prevent further damages when the
disease has already started. This includes diagnosis and treatment.
For the tertiary prevention, the focus is on rehabilitating the sick person so as to prevent
long-term complications of the diseas