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1. Developmental disorders
DR.K.V.S.SAI PRASAD
M.B.B.S.D.CH.,PGCCA.

2. DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
ADHD(attention deficit hyperactive
disorder)
2%-5.7%
ODD(opposition defiant disorder) 4%-16%
CONDUCT DISORDER 0-4%
DEPRESSION 0-2.1%
ANXIETY DISORDERS 0%-9.4%

3. MOST COMMON DISORDERS
IN 0-3YRS
pica (2%),
behaviour disorder 1.8%
expressive speech disorder 1.4%
mental retardation 1.4%
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2%-5.7%),
Opposition defiant disorder (4%-16.8%),
conduct disorder (0%-4.6%),
depression (0%-2.1%),

4. NORMAL
BEHAVIOUR
ABNORMAL BEHAVOIUR

5. NORMAL BEHAVIOUR BEHAVIOUR THAT CAUSES
CONCERN
Normal Teen Behavior Teen Behavior that Causes Concern
Wanting to spend more time with peers and less time with family Not wanting to spend time with either family or friends, i.e.
shunning all social activity
Reluctance to get up early for school Absolute refusal to attend school—especially if this behavior
happens suddenly and accompanies other signs of distress or
depression
Needing more sleep or developing a larger appetite during
growth spurts
Sudden changes in energy levels, i.e. sleeping abnormally long or
not being able to sleep at all; sudden changes in appetite, i.e.
consistent overeating or undereating accompanied by quick
fluctuations in weight
Sadness and anxiety following fights with friends or a breakup
with a boy/girlfriend
Sadness and anxiety that doesn’t correct itself or decrease in
intensity after a few days to a couple weeks.
Some light risk-taking or experimenting with sex, alcohol, drugs,
or self-harming behaviors such as cutting
Extremely risky behavior and/or delinquent behavior, including
disregard for house rules, parents’ concerns, or laws of society;
turning to cutting as a form of emotional and physical release
Turning to a beloved pet for comfort instead of a parent or friend Deliberately harming family pets or torturing or killing any
animal
Worrying about physical appearance and trying to fit in Sudden and significant changes in eating behaviors, over-
exercising, and other indications of eating disorders

6. ssssss
Wanting to spend more time with peers and
less time with family
Reluctance to get up early for school
Needing more sleep or developing a larger
appetite during growth spurts
Sadness and anxiety following fights with
friends or a breakup with a boy/girlfriend
Some light risk-taking or experimenting with
sex, alcohol, drugs, or self-harming
behaviors such as cutting
Turning to a beloved pet for comfort instead
of a parent or friend
Worrying about physical appearance and
trying to fit in
Not wanting to spend time with either family
or friends, i.e. shunning all social activity
Absolute refusal to attend school—
especially if this behavior happens suddenly
and accompanies other signs of distress or
depression
Sudden changes in energy levels, i.e.
sleeping abnormally long or not being able
to sleep at all; sudden changes in appetite,
i.e. consistent overeating or under eating
accompanied by quick fluctuations in weight
Sadness and anxiety that doesn’t correct
itself or decrease in intensity after a few
days to a couple weeks.
Extremely risky behavior and/or delinquent
behavior, including disregard for house
rules, parents’ concerns, or laws of society;
turning to cutting as a form of emotional and
physical release.
Deliberately harming family pets or torturing
or killing any animal.
Sudden and significant changes in eating
behaviors, over-exercising, and other
indications of eating disorders

7. Behavioral and Emotional Disorders
• Rarely will a child under 5 years old receive a
diagnosis of a serious behavioral disorder.
However, they may begin displaying symptoms of
a disorder that could be diagnosed later in
childhood. These may include:
• attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
• anxiety disorder
• learning disorders
• conduct disorders
• autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• depression
• bipolar disorder

8. ADHD

9. ADHD
• Based on the presenting symptom ADHD can be divided into three
subtypes:
• A) predominantly inattentive,
• B) predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
• C) and combined type
• An individual with inattention may have some or all of the following
symptoms
• Be easily distracted, miss details, forget things, and frequently switch from
one activity to another
• Have difficulty maintaining focus on one task
• Become bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless doing something
enjoyable
• Have difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task or
learning something new
• Have trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing
things (e.g., pencils, toys, assignments) needed to complete tasks or
activities
• Not seem to listen when spoken to
• Daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly
• Have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others
• Struggle to follow instructions

10. An individual with
hyperactivity
may have some or all of the following symptoms-
• Fidget and squirm in their seats
• Talk nonstop Dash around, touching or playing
with anything and everything in sight
• Have trouble sitting still during dinner, school,
doing homework, and story time
• Be constantly in motion
• Have difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities

11. An individual with
impulsivity
• may have some or all of the following
symptoms:
• Be very impatient
• Blurt out inappropriate comments, show their
emotions without restraint, and act without
regard for consequences
• Have difficulty waiting for things they want or
waiting their turns in games
• Often interrupt conversations or others'
activities

12. Temper tantrums
Temper tantrums are a
normal part of growing up
• Why do tantrums happen?
• A tantrum is the expression of a
young child's frustration with the
challenges of the moment.
• Perhaps the child is having trouble
figuring something out or
completing a specific task.
• Maybe the child doesn't have the
vocabulary or can't find the words to
express his or her feelings.
Frustration might trigger anger —
resulting in a temper tantrum.
• If the child is thirsty, hungry or tired,
his or her threshold for frustration is
likely to be lower — and a tantrum
more likely.
Can tantrums be prevented?
• Be consistent.
• Plan ahead. .
• Encourage the child to
use words.
• Praise good behavior.
• Avoid situations likely
to trigger tantrums.

13. Temper tantrums
What about tantrums in
public?
• If the child has a tantrum
in public, ignore the
behavior if possible. If the
child becomes too
disruptive, take him or her
to a private spot for a
timeout. After the timeout
return to the activity — or
else the child will learn
that a tantrum is an
effective way to escape a
given situation.
•
When is professional help
needed?
• As the child's self-control
improves, tantrums should
become less common.
• Most children begin to have
fewer tantrums by age 3 and a
half.
• If the child is having trouble-
speaking at an age-appropriate
level,
• is causing harm to himself or
herself or others,
• holds his or her breath during
tantrums to the point of fainting
• if tantrums get worse after age
of4 years

14. oppositional defiant disorder
ODD ODD

15. oppositional defiant disorder
• ODD, for instance, includes angry outbursts,
typically directed at people in authority.
• But a diagnosis is dependent on the behaviors
lasting continuously for more than six months
and disrupting a child’s functioning.
• Conduct disorder is a far more serious diagnosis
and involves behavior one would consider cruel,
to both other people as well as to animals. This
can include physical violence and even criminal
activity — behaviors that are very uncommon in
preschool-age children.

16. Behavior and Emotional Problems
• Behavior and Emotional Problems
• Far more likely than one of the above clinical
disorders is that an young child is experiencing a
temporary behavioral and/or emotional
problem. Many of these pass with time, and
require a parent’s patience and understanding.
• In some cases, outside counseling is warranted
and may be effective in helping children cope with
stressors effectively. A professional could help the
child learn how to control their anger, how to work
through their emotions, and how to communicate
their needs more effectively.
• medicating children at this age is controversial.

17. Tension-reducing habit disorders
Thumb sucking
Repetitive
vocalisations
Tics
Nail biting Hair pulling Breath holding
Air swallowing Head banging
Manipulating
parts of the
body
Body rocking
Hitting or biting
themselves

18. A short list of famous people who
have learning disabilities
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Pablo Picasso.
• Muhammad Ali,
World Heavyweight
Champion Boxer
• Alexander Graham
Bell
• Thomas Edison
• Albert Einstein
• George Washington

19. LEARNING DISORDERS
READING
WRITNG
MATHS

20. Types of Learning Disorders
most common types:
• Dyslexia affects reading
ability.
• Dysgraphia affects writing ability.
• Dyscalculia affects math ability.

21. Learning disorders
• What Causes Learning Disorders?
• cannot always be identified.
• Structural differences in the brain may cause some of them in
• some cases seem to be inherited (NICHD).
• Drug and alcohol use during pregnancy can affect a fetus and
lead to learning disorders.
• Poor nutrition in early childhood may cause.
• Being exposed to certain chemicals or substances, such as lead,.
• Cancer treatment (for instance, for leukemia) may also increase
risk.
• A traumatic brain injury may lead
• Who Is at Risk for a Learning Disorder?
• The most common risk factor is a family history of learning disorders
(Cleveland Clinic).

22. What Are the Symptoms of a
Learning Disorder?
• many possible symptoms.
• Typical symptoms in a school-age child
1.include difficulty following directions,
2.reversing numbers or letters in writing,
3. poor social skills.
4.Trouble reading,
5.understanding speech, or speaking at an age-
appropriate level is also a sign.
• Having an average or above-average IQ but
nonetheless having problems with schoolwork
may be a sign of a learning disorder.

23. How Is a Learning Disorder
Diagnosed?
• Problems are frequently noticed in early
childhood.
• An evaluation for a learning disorder often
includes a medical exam to rule out problems
such as hearing, vision, or developmental
disabilities.
• It will include a discussion of family history.
• A psychological assessment and academic
testing are also part of an accurate diagnosis.
• A specialist may also give the child an IQ test.

24. How Is a Learning
Disorder Treated?
• Treatment for learning disorders involves education.
ensures that schools offer specialized instruction to
children with learning disorders.
• students may videotape lectures instead of taking
notes.
• special memorization techniques.
• more time to complete work.
• Learning disorders are not treated with
medication. If additional issues exist, such as
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
medication may be recommended. Therapy may
include counseling for related issues, such as low self-
esteem.

25. OUT LOOK& PREVENTION
• What Is the Outlook for Learning Disorders?
• People do not outgrow learning disorders. But
specialized learning techniques and strategies can
help a child overcome obstacles and frustration with
schoolwork. Early intervention is best, so educational
plans can be put in place. With these tools, children
can overcome learning disorders and have successful
academic and social lives.
• Can Learning Orders Be Prevented?
• The cause of learning disorders is often unknown, so
prevention is not always possible. Avoiding drugs and
alcohol during pregnancy may reduce the risk of
learning disorders in children.

26. Anxiety disorders
• Anxiety and fearfulness are part of normal
development; however, when they persist and
become generalised they can develop into socially
disabling conditions and require intervention.
• Approximately 6-7% of children may develop
anxiety disorders and, of these, 1/3 may be over-
anxious while 1/3 may have some phobia.
• [Generalised anxiety disorder, childhood-onset
social phobia, separation anxiety disorder,
obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobia are
demonstrated by a diffuse or specific anxiety
predictably caused by certain situations.

27. School phobia
• occurs in 1-5% of children and there is a
strong association with anxiety and
depression.
• Management is by treating the underlying
psychiatric condition, family therapy, parental
training and liaison with the school in order to
investigate possible reasons for refusal and
negotiate re-entry.
• Behavioural and cognitive treatments show
promise, although most evidence-based trials
involve children with mental health problems
rather than the general population of school
refusers per se.
• More research needs to be done in this area.

28. Disruptive behaviour
• Many behaviours, which are probably undesirable but a normal
occurrence at an early stage of development, can be considered
pathological when they present at a later age.
• In the young child, many behaviours such as breath holding or
temper tantrums are probably the result of anger and frustration at
their inability to control their own environment.
• For some of these situations it is wise for parents to avoid a punitive
response and, if possible, to remove themselves from the room.
• It is quite likely that the child will be frightened by the intensity of their
own behaviour and will need comfort and reassurance.
• While some isolated incidents of stealing or lying are normal
occurrences of early development, they may warrant intervention if
they persist.
• Truancy, arson, antisocial behaviour and aggression should not
be considered as normal developmental features.

29. ANXIETY
• Anxiety is body’s natural response to stress. It
is a feeling of fear and apprehension about
what’s to come. We all feel it at times; the first
day of school, going to a job interview, or giving
a speech cause most people to feel fearful and
nervous.
• But if the feelings of anxiety are extreme, last
for longer than six months, and are interfering
with life, you may have an anxiety disorder...

30. Who Gets Anxiety
Disorders?
• Anxiety disorders can affect anyone at any age.
• Anxiety disorders are the most common form of
emotional disorder.
• (APA) Approximately 40 million American adults (18
percent of the population) are affected by an anxiety
disorder in any given year. (NIMH)
• If you have an anxiety disorder, you may also be
depressed. Some people with anxiety disorders abuse
alcohol or other drugs in an effort to feel better.
• This may provide temporary relief, but can ultimately
make the condition worse. It may be necessary to treat
an alcohol or drug problem before the anxiety can be
addressed.

31. What Does Anxiety
Feel Like?
• Anxiety is hard to describe. You might feel like you’re
standing in the middle of a crumbling building with
nothing but an umbrella to protect you.
• Or you might feel like you’re holding onto a merry-go-
round going 65 mph and can’t do anything to slow it
down.
• You might feel butterflies in your stomach, or your heart
might be racing.
• You could experience nightmares, panic, or painful
thoughts or memories that you can’t control.
• You may have a general feeling of fear and worry, or you
may fear a specific place or event.
?

32. What Is the Difference
Between Anxiety and
an Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety
• It is a feeling of fear you have
when you must do something
stressful.
• It’s normal to feel anxious
about moving to a new place,
starting a new job, or taking a
test.
• Normal anxiety is unpleasant,
but it may motivate you to work
harder and do a better job.
• Normal anxiety is a feeling that
comes and goes, but does not
interfere with your everyday life.
anxiety disorder
• In the case of an anxiety
disorder, the feeling of fear
may be with you all the
time.
• It is intense and sometimes
debilitating.
• This type of anxiety may
cause you to stop doing
things you enjoy.
• In extreme cases, it may
prevent you from entering
an elevator or crossing the
street or even leaving your
home.
• If left untreated, the anxiety
will keep getting worse.

33. What Are the Types of
Anxiety Disorders?
panic disorder:
characterized by bouts of intense fear or terror that develop quickly and
unexpectedly
phobia:
excessive fear of a specific object, situation, or activity
social anxiety disorder:
extreme fear of being judged by others in social situations
obsessive-compulsive disorder:
recurring irrational thoughts that lead you to perform specific, repeated
behavior
separation anxiety disorder:
fear of being away from home or loved ones
hypochondriasis:
anxiety about your health
post-traumatic stress disorder:
anxiety following a traumatic event, such as the death of a loved one, war, or
being the victim of a crime

34. What Is the Outlook for
an Anxiety Disorder?
• Anxiety disorders can be treated with medication,
psychotherapy, or a combination of the two.
• Some people who have a mild anxiety disorder or
a fear of something they can easily avoid decide to
live with the condition and to not seek treatment.
• It is important to understand that anxiety disorder
is an illness and can be treated, even in severe
cases.
• Treatment may not result in a complete cure, but in
most cases, the symptoms can be controlled so to
live a normal life.

35. CONDUCT
DISORDERS

38. What Is Conduct
Disorder?
• Conduct disorder is a group of behavioral and
emotional problems that usually begins during
childhood or adolescence.
• Children and adolescents with the disorder
have a difficult time following rules and
behaving in a socially acceptable way.
• They may display aggressive, destructive, and
deceitful behaviors that can violate the rights
of others.
• Adults and other children may perceive them
as “bad” or delinquent, rather than as having a
mental illness.

39. conduct disorder
• they may appear tough and confident.
• In reality, however, children who have
conduct disorder are often insecure
and inaccurately believe that people are
being aggressive or threatening toward
them

40. Types of Conduct
Disorder
• Childhood onset - signs of conduct disorder
appear before age 10.
• Adolescent onset - signs of conduct
disorder appear during the teenage years.
• Unspecified onset - the age at which
conduct disorder first occurs is unknown.

41. Symptoms of
conduct disorder
• often hard to control and unwilling to
follow rules.
• They act impulsively without
considering the consequences of their
actions.
• They also don’t take other people’s
feelings into consideration

42. child may persistently display one or
more of the following behaviors:
• aggressive conduct
• deceitful behavior
• destructive behavior
• violation of rules

43. Aggressive
conduct&decietful behaviour
Aggressive conduct
• intimidating or bullying
others
• physically harming
people or animals on
purpose
• committing rape
• using a weapon
Deceitful behavior
• Lying
• breaking and entering
• stealing
• forgery

45. DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVOIUR
&VIOLATION OF RULES
• Destructive Behavior
• Destructive conduct may include arson
and other intentional destruction of
property.
• Violation of Rules
may include:
• skipping school
• running away from home
• drug and alcohol use
• sexual behavior at a very young age

46. What Causes Conduct Disorder?
• Genetic and environmental factors may
contribute
• The impairment of the frontal lobe may
be genetic, or inherited, or it may be
caused by brain damage due to an
injury.
• A child may also inherit personality
traits that are commonly seen in
conduct disorder.

47. Environmental Factors
include:
• child abuse
• a dysfunctional family
• parents who abuse drugs or alcohol
• poverty

48. Restless leg syndrome
• have uncomfortable sensation in their legs and
sometimes in arms & upper part of the body .
• an irresistible urge to move the legs to relieve the
sensations .
• The condition causes an un-comfortable,,”itchy,pin
& needles,creepy crawly feeling in the legs.
• Sensations are usually worse at rest, especially
when lying/sitting.
• Worse in the evening &night.
• Causes sleep disturbances
• Predominant in woman

49. Treatment of restless leg syndrome
• Stay away from :
alcohol,
caffeine,
nicotine
• Treat underlying medical conditions:
anemia,
diabetes,
renal disease,
thyroid disease,
correction of nutritional deficiencies

50. Language delay(alalia)
• Delay in the development
of language or use of
knowledge.
• children diagnosed with
speech delay are prone
for emotional & social
impairments.
• Causes: physical
disruption in the mouth
such deformed
frenulum,lips,palate.
• Oral-motor dysfunction-
lack of /delay in the area
of the brain that speech is
formed, created
&communicated to the
mouth & tongue

51. Auditory processing disorder
• Also known as
• central auditory processing disorder.
• Most of the tests of APD REQUIRE THE CHILD TO
BE 7-8 YRS OLD.

52. autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Autism, meanwhile, is actually a broad range
of disorders that can affect children in a
variety of ways, including behaviorally,
socially, and cognitively. They are considered
a neurological disorder and, unlike other
behavioral disorders, the symptoms may
begin as early as infanthood. According to the
American Psychiatric Association, about one
in 68 children are diagnosed with an autism
spectrum disorder.

53. THANQ U
Dr.sai prasad