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THE AGE OF THE EARTH
 the central claim of young earth creationism
1557
LEONARDO DA VINCI

     Surveyor for Duke of Milan, 1482 - 1499

     Marine shells in mountain strata over 300
     miles inland.

     “[I]f the shells had been carried by the
     muddy deluge they would have been
     mixed up, and separated from each other
     amidst the mud, and not in regular steps
     and layers - as we see them now in our
     time.”
Age of the Earth
Age of the Earth
Age of the Earth
Agostino Scillia, 1670

Vain Speculation Undeceived by Sense

“I have no idea how the sea could
reach so far into the land; I do not
know whether this happened during
the universal Deluge or during other
special floods. ... I do not know, neither
do I know the way to find out. Nor do I
care. What I do know is that the corals,
the shells, the sharks' teeth, the dogfish
teeth, the echinoids, etc., are real corals,
real shells, real teeth; shells and bones
that have indeed been petrified.
Nils Stensen (“Steno”) 1669, Preliminary
discourse to a dissertation on a solid body
naturally contained within a solid [i.e. on
fossils]

Superimposition: Layers of rock are arranged
in a time sequence, with the oldest on the
bottom and the youngest on the top, unless
later processes disturb this arrangement.

Original Horizontality: most sediments, when
originally formed, were laid down
horizontally.

Original Lateral Continuity: the sediment will
not only be deposited in a flat layer, it will be
a layer that extends for a considerable
distance in all directions. In other words, the
layer is laterally continuous.
Age of the Earth
Thomas Burnett 1680
Age of the Earth
William Whiston 1698
JAMES USSHER

Annals of the Old Covenant
from the First Origin of the
World (1650)

Creation on the evening
preceding Sunday, 23rd
October 4004 BCE

6,014 year old versus
4,550,000,000 year old
OTHER BIBLICAL ESTIMATES

             Theophilus – 7,519

             Eusebius – 7,167

             St. Basil – 5,994

             St Augustine – 6,321

             Alphonso X – 8,952

             Lightfoot - 5,918
EDMUND HALLEY 1715

       Proposed that the age of the Earth
       could be estimated from the salt
       content of the ocean.

       The experiment “is chiefly intended
       to refute the ancient notion, some
       have of late entertained, of the
       eternity of all things; though perhaps
       by it the world may be found much
       older than many have hitherto
       imagined.”
JOHN JOLLY 1899

    “The quantity of sodium now in the
    sea, and the annual rate of its supply
    by the rivers, lead, it will be seen, to
    the deduction that the age of the
    Earth is 99 million years.”

    By 1909 he had revised his estimate
    to 150 million years.
Na          68,000,000   Cu   50,000
Mg          45,000,000   Bi   45,000
Li          20,000,000   Hg   42,000
Sr          19,000,000   Co   18,000
Sediments   14,000,000   Ni   9,000
K           11,000,000   Si   8,000
Ag          2,100,000    Pb   2,000
Au          560,000      Mn   1,400
Mo          500,000      W    1,000
Sb          350,000      Cr   350
Rb          270,000      Th   350
Zn          180,000      Ti   160
Sn          100,000      Fe   140
Ba          84,000       Al   100
PROBLEMS

Assumption of constant rate of influx across geologic time
known to be wrong.

Poorly estimated parameters: rates of erosion and solution,
rainfall, runoff, continental area, average exposed rock
composition over time.

Ignores movement of elements out of oceans, movement
which occurs at approximately the same rate as influx.
Therefore confuses residence time with accumulation time
GEORGES LECLERC (BUFFON)

         1778

         Examined cooling of metal spheres
         of various diameters

         Estimated 96,670 years for Earth
         to cool to current temperature.

         Privately believed 3 billion years.
JAMES HUTTON
JAMES HUTTON 1785
The Earth had a long history and
that this history could be
interpreted in terms of processes
currently observed.

“Here are three distinct
successive periods of existence,
and each of these is, in our
measurement of time, a thing of
infinite duration. ...The result,
therefore, of this physical inquiry
is, that we find no vestige of a
beginning, no prospect of an end.”
CHARLES LYELL 1830 - ’33

       Principles of Geology: An attempt to explain the
       former changes of the Earth's surface by
       reference to causes now in operation

       Basic laws of nature had not changed over time

       No causes other than those we can see
       operating now can be employed in
       explanations (actualism)

       The intensity of these causes does not change
       over time (uniformitarianism)
WILLIAM THOMPSON
  (LORD KELVIN)

     Kelvin scale (1848)

     Second Law of Thermodynamics
     (1851)

     Thermodynamic argument that the
     age of the Earth was 24 million years.
Age of the Earth
Assumption: The earth is a
warm, chemically inert planet
that is cooling.

Assumption: It can be modeled
as an infinite plane of infinite
 thickness.

Assumption: Heat loss is
through conduction from the
center.
T.C. CHAMBERLIN 1899

“The fascinating impressiveness of
rigorous mathematical analyses, within
its atmosphere of precision and
elegance, should not blind us to the
defects of the premises that condition
the whole process. There is perhaps
no beguilement more insidious and
dangerous than an elaborate and
elegant mathematical process built
upon unfortified premises.”
PROBLEMS

Parameters are poorly known (conductivity of rocks; thermal gradient;
initial temperature of the Earth; heat released upon crystallization;
exact composition and structure of the Earth).

Considers conduction but not convection, when the latter is a more
important source of heat loss.

Ignores other sources of heat: Heat left over from the formation of
the Earth, e.g. gravitational energy from compaction, mechanical
energy from meteor impacts, chemical energy from the formation of
the Fe-Ni core; Energy from contraction due to cooling; Energy from
ongoing core expansion; Radioactivity
BY 1900

Theologians had rejected a literal reading of the Bible and the implied
young age of the earth

Physicists seemed to be limiting the age of the Earth to circa 25 million
years.

For biologists, this wasn’t a problem as they generally didn’t subscribe to
an evolutionary process that required long periods of time and instead
allowed for directed evolution.

This was, however, a problem for the geologists who felt that long periods
of time were needed for formation of the Earth as we see it today.
Age of the Earth
RADIOMETRIC DATING
How geologists used physics to show physicists
           that they were wrong
DATING THE EARTH

Methods for the identification of strata came from religiously
orthodox individuals such as Niels Stensen.

There is no assumption of evolution in either stratigraphy or
radiometric methods for aging strata.

These require merely the application of known physical and
chemical processes
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Age of the Earth
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ERNEST RUTHERFORD 1906

         “The helium observed in the radioactive
         minerals is almost certainly due to its
         production from the radium and other
         radioactive substances contained therein. If
         the rate of production of helium from
         known weights of the different
         radioelements were experimentally known,
         it should thus be possible to determine the
         interval required for the production of the
         amount of helium observed in radioactive
         minerals, or, in other words, to determine
         the age of the mineral.”
ARTHUR HOLMES 1911




“The association of lead with uranium in rock-minerals and its application to the
measurement of geological time.” Transactions of the Royal Society
ASSUMPTIONS
SCOTT HUSE 1997


    “Dates obtained from these techniques
    are merely circumstantial and are
    necessarily based on numerous
    assumptions, which may or may not be
    true … none of these assumptions are
    found to be valid!” [p 65]
Age of the Earth
Age of the Earth
ROCK TYPES

Metamorphic – Unsuitable as rocks of this type form with
incomplete melting (usually)

Sedimentary – Unsuitable as these are composed to debris of
older rocks.

Igneous – Useable if they haven’t been significantly heated
since formation. Can test for this using various methods.
Age of the Earth
CHOOSE YOUR ISOTOPES
AGE-DIAGNOSTIC DIAGRAMS
             Isochrons: Rb-Sr, K-Ar

             Argon Spectrum: 40Ar-39Ar

             Concordia and Discordia: U-Pb



           • Estimate of the amount of daughter initially
             present

           • Examination of whether the system was
             closed

           • Determination of whether dating is even
             possible
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HOLMES’ CLOSED SYSTEM

Daughter leakage would yield younger ages than the actual
one.

Parent leakage – which would give older ages – does not
occur in the types of rock used

Known (and detectable) effects of weathering and thermal
stress.
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ANDREW SNELLING

  Ph.D. in Geology (1982).

  Lecturer with Answers in Genesis (Editor of
  Creation Ex Nihilo and Creation Journal)

  Associate Professor of Geology at the
  Institute for Creation Research

  Developed much of their approach to
  radiometric dating
ANDREW SNELLING

  “Creationist geologists need to completely
  abandon the evolutionist's geological column
  and associated terminology. It is necessary to
  start again, using the presence of fossils or
  organic matter as a classification criterion in
  the task of rebuilding our understanding of
  geological history within the Biblical
  framework.” (1983)
1983 - 1987
Giblin, A.M., and A.A. Snelling, Application of hydrogeochemistry to uranium exploration in the Pine
Creek Geosyncline, Northern Territory, Australia, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 19, pp. 33-55.

Snelling, A.A., A soil geochemistry orientation survey for uranium at Koongarra, Northern Territory,
Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 22, pp. 83-99.

Dickson, B.L., B.L. Gulson, and A.A. Snelling, Evaluation of lead isotopic methods for uranium exploration,
Koongarra area, Northern Territory, Australia, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 24, pp. 81-102.

Gole, M.J., C.R.M. Butt, and A.A. Snelling, A groundwater helium survey of the Koongarra uranium
deposits, Pine Creek Geosyncline, Northern Territory, Uranium, 2, pp. 343-360.

Dickson, B.L., B.L. Gulson, and A.A. Snelling, Further assessment of stable lead isotope measurements for
uranium exploration, Pine Creek Geosyncline, Northern Territory, Australia, Journal of Geochemical
Exploration, 27, pp. 63-75.

Dickson, B.L., A.M. Giblin, and A.A. Snelling, The source of radium in anomalous accumulations near
sandstone escarpments, Australia, Applied Geochemistry, 2, 385-398.
1987 - 2009
Age of the Earth
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“Accelerated
decay in my
creation?”
Age of the Earth
EVIDENCE FOR CONSTANT
          RATES
The radioactive decay rates of nuclides used in radiometric dating have not
been observed to vary since their rates were directly measurable, at least
within limits of accuracy..

Only a single variation in decay rate has been reproduced (that of 7Be) and that
was a variation of only 0.18%, not enough to alter any clock (if there was one
using 7Be)

There is insufficient energy in geological processes to affect the decay rate.

The half-lives of radioisotopes can be predicted from first principles through
quantum mechanics. Any variation would have to come from changes to
fundamental constants.
MARK ISAAK


“Producing a billion years of radioactive decay in a ‘Creation
week’ or year-long flood would have produced a billion years
worth of heat from radioactive decay as well. This would
pretty much vaporize the earth. Since the earth apparently has
not been vaporized recently, we can be confident that the
accelerated decay did not occur.”


                                 http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CD/CD015.html
OLDEST OUTCROPPINGS
Age of the Earth
HOW OLD?


  Oldest rocks: 3.85 billion years

 Oldest mineral: 4.40 billion years

Oldest meteorite: 4.55 billion years
4.54 × 109 years ± 1%
Age of the Earth
Age of the Earth
THE STORY SO FAR ...

• Radiometric   dating offers an accurate means by which to date
 rocks.

• Creationistclaims regarding the accuracy of dating are bogus
 and in particular, there is no evidence that decay rates have
 varied in the past.

• The   age of the earth is held to be 4.54 × 109 years ± 1%
IS THERE A POSITIVE CASE
  FOR A YOUNG EARTH?
Age of the Earth
Age of the Earth
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HENRY MORRIS

    68 methods presented

    5 give age of zero (~7%)

    5 give age under 500 years (~7%)

    9 give age under 5,000 years (~13%)

    7 give age between 8 and 15,000 years
    (~10%)

    Rest give older (~63%) with median of
    1,000,000
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SOME CLAIM ...

    Magnetic field is decreasing over
    time

    Would have a enormous value
    approximately 10,000 years ago

    Therefore, this is the maximum age
    of the Earth
Age of the Earth
Age of the Earth
THOMAS G. BARNES

“If we went back about 10 thousand years, the Earth’s
magnetic field would have been as strong as the field in a
magnetic star. A magnetic star is like our sun; it has a nuclear
power source. Surely our Earth never had a nuclear source
like the Sun. Surely, the Earth never had a magnetic field
stronger than that of a star. That would limit the age of the
Earth to ten thousand years.”

The Earth, A Young Planet? (1983)
Age of the Earth
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Age of the Earth
D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS

      “The earth's magnetic field is decaying at a certain
      rate right now, it would take about 1400 years to
      decay down to half its present strength, and we
      know from archaeomagnetic data that it has been
      decaying at that rate for about 1000 years. …
      But before that it did complicated things, and we
      think the complicated things are the result of
      reversals of the earth's magnetic field that
      happened during the Genesis flood.  … In other
      words, one week, during the Genesis flood, the
      magnetic field was pointing north and the next
      week the magnetic field was pointing south.” 


                                         Creation Matters, Dec 2001
D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS

      “[My theory] is straightforward, based
      on sound physics, and explains many
      features of the field: its creation, rapid
      reversals during the Genesis Flood,
      intensity fluctuations (up and down)
      until about the time of Christ, and a
      steady decay since then. This theory
      matches paleomagnetic, historic, and
      present data.” 

                                    Creation Matters, Dec 2001
Age of the Earth
PROBLEM OF SPEED OF LIGHT




      Andromeda Galaxy (M31) - 2,520,000 light years
BARRY SETTERFIELD
Ole Rømer’s measurement (1667)




                                 0.43%




                 Omitted
FITTING A CURVE


       “However, most properties of
       this complex formula for c are
       reproduced by a simpler
       polynomial, c = a + bT2 +
       dT8, where a = 299792, b =
       0.01866 and d = 3.8 x 10-19,
       where T = (1961 - t).”
Change in Speed of Light
2250000


                                    Creation
2000000




1750000




1500000


                                        Flood
1250000




1000000


                    Christ
750000




500000




250000




     0
          0          2,000      4,000           6,000


      Records
CREATIONIST HISTORY
140000




122500




105000




 87500




 70000




 52500




 35000




 17500




    0
         0       2,000   4,000
EINSTEIN LAUGHS AT YOUR PUNY CLAIMS !!
Age of the Earth
PROBLEMS

•   Cherry-picking of data

•   Invalid extrapolation

•   Unfalsifiable due to no change in modern values

•   Implications for other physical constants and fine-tuning of universe

       Setterfield: “Light speed is one of the elements of all radio decay
       rate equations, which means that when the speed of light was
       faster, so was the decay rate.” 
D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS

      “Because its historical research and
      statistical analyses have no depth, [the
      work] fails to prove that the speed of
      light has decreased over the past three
      centuries. Its theoretical interpretations
      are flawed, and in some parts do not
      make sense.” (CSRQ, 1988)


                                    Creation Matters, Dec 2001
GERALD E. AARDSMA


Professor, Geophysics Department, Institute for Creation
Research Graduate School (1987 – ‘94)

“At the present time, it appears that general support by the
creationist community of the decay of the speed of light
hypothesis is not warranted by the data upon which the
hypothesis rests” (ICR Impact #179, 1988)
KURT WISE

  “The Earth is young because of
  biblical statements. Scientifically, there
  is not enough evidence to indicate
  the Earth is young.”

  “If all the evidence in the universe
  turns against creationism ... I would
  still be a creationist because that is
  what the Word of God seems to
  indicate.”
PAUL NELSON &
JOHN MARK REYNOLDS



Young Earth Creationists "should
humbly agree that their view is, at the
moment, implausible on purely scientific
grounds."
PAUL NELSON &
JOHN MARK REYNOLDS


"There are, however, two very good
reasons to maintain a young earth
position during the struggle [against
theistic and secular naturalism]. First,
recent creationism is intellectually
interesting … Second, a coherent
recent creationism would be a great
boon to religious belief."
WOULD THIS LEAD YOU TO
 ACCEPT EVOLUTION?

       "There are, however, two very good
       reasons to maintain an evolutionary
       position during the struggle [against
       religious belief]. First, evolution is
       intellectually interesting … Second, a
       coherent evolutionism would be a great
       boon to atheism."
3 REASONS TO TAKE
  YEC SERIOUSLY
1. Young earth creationism has grown and
   developed intellectually over time

2. Young earth creationism has been the
   overwhelming view of the traditional church

3. Young earth creationism is intellectually
   exciting

We believe these reasons alone are sufficient
to allow a reasonable person to call himself
provisionally 'young earth'
PHILLIP E. JOHNSON 2004

         “I have consistently said that I take
         no position on the age of the earth,
         and that I regard the issue as not
         ripe for debate yet. I have also
         rejected all suggestions that I should
         denounce the YECs and instead have
         said that I regard high-quality YECs
         like Andrew Snelling as respected
         allies.”
Tour of the United Kingdom,
October 26th to November 13th 2004
PHILLIP E. JOHNSON 1999

         “[W]e're the ones that stand for
         good science, objective reasoning,
         assumptions on the table, a high
         level of education, and freedom of
         conscience to think as we are
         capable of thinking.”

         Reclaiming America for Christ
PHILLIP E. JOHNSON 2005

         “I'm on the religious side myself as a
         believer in divine creation but on the
         other hand many errors come out
         of our camp as well as out of the
         other one. And it's good that they
         should be challenged.

         The Monkey Trial, PBS, 2005
Age of the Earth
BECOMING A FOSSIL
FOSSILIZATION

    Quick burial in ...

    Depositional area which …

    Becomes erosional and where …

    Someone finds the specimen
    before …

    It erodes.
Age of the Earth
Age of the Earth
Age of the Earth
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Age of the Earth
Age of the Earth
LINEAL ANCESTORS
COLLATERAL ANCESTORS




        Parents         Aunts
                        Uncles


         You      Cousins
ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE IS
NOT EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE

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Age of the Earth

  • 1. THE AGE OF THE EARTH the central claim of young earth creationism
  • 3. LEONARDO DA VINCI Surveyor for Duke of Milan, 1482 - 1499 Marine shells in mountain strata over 300 miles inland. “[I]f the shells had been carried by the muddy deluge they would have been mixed up, and separated from each other amidst the mud, and not in regular steps and layers - as we see them now in our time.”
  • 7. Agostino Scillia, 1670 Vain Speculation Undeceived by Sense “I have no idea how the sea could reach so far into the land; I do not know whether this happened during the universal Deluge or during other special floods. ... I do not know, neither do I know the way to find out. Nor do I care. What I do know is that the corals, the shells, the sharks' teeth, the dogfish teeth, the echinoids, etc., are real corals, real shells, real teeth; shells and bones that have indeed been petrified.
  • 8. Nils Stensen (“Steno”) 1669, Preliminary discourse to a dissertation on a solid body naturally contained within a solid [i.e. on fossils] Superimposition: Layers of rock are arranged in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top, unless later processes disturb this arrangement. Original Horizontality: most sediments, when originally formed, were laid down horizontally. Original Lateral Continuity: the sediment will not only be deposited in a flat layer, it will be a layer that extends for a considerable distance in all directions. In other words, the layer is laterally continuous.
  • 13. JAMES USSHER Annals of the Old Covenant from the First Origin of the World (1650) Creation on the evening preceding Sunday, 23rd October 4004 BCE 6,014 year old versus 4,550,000,000 year old
  • 14. OTHER BIBLICAL ESTIMATES Theophilus – 7,519 Eusebius – 7,167 St. Basil – 5,994 St Augustine – 6,321 Alphonso X – 8,952 Lightfoot - 5,918
  • 15. EDMUND HALLEY 1715 Proposed that the age of the Earth could be estimated from the salt content of the ocean. The experiment “is chiefly intended to refute the ancient notion, some have of late entertained, of the eternity of all things; though perhaps by it the world may be found much older than many have hitherto imagined.”
  • 16. JOHN JOLLY 1899 “The quantity of sodium now in the sea, and the annual rate of its supply by the rivers, lead, it will be seen, to the deduction that the age of the Earth is 99 million years.” By 1909 he had revised his estimate to 150 million years.
  • 17. Na 68,000,000 Cu 50,000 Mg 45,000,000 Bi 45,000 Li 20,000,000 Hg 42,000 Sr 19,000,000 Co 18,000 Sediments 14,000,000 Ni 9,000 K 11,000,000 Si 8,000 Ag 2,100,000 Pb 2,000 Au 560,000 Mn 1,400 Mo 500,000 W 1,000 Sb 350,000 Cr 350 Rb 270,000 Th 350 Zn 180,000 Ti 160 Sn 100,000 Fe 140 Ba 84,000 Al 100
  • 18. PROBLEMS Assumption of constant rate of influx across geologic time known to be wrong. Poorly estimated parameters: rates of erosion and solution, rainfall, runoff, continental area, average exposed rock composition over time. Ignores movement of elements out of oceans, movement which occurs at approximately the same rate as influx. Therefore confuses residence time with accumulation time
  • 19. GEORGES LECLERC (BUFFON) 1778 Examined cooling of metal spheres of various diameters Estimated 96,670 years for Earth to cool to current temperature. Privately believed 3 billion years.
  • 21. JAMES HUTTON 1785 The Earth had a long history and that this history could be interpreted in terms of processes currently observed. “Here are three distinct successive periods of existence, and each of these is, in our measurement of time, a thing of infinite duration. ...The result, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end.”
  • 22. CHARLES LYELL 1830 - ’33 Principles of Geology: An attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation Basic laws of nature had not changed over time No causes other than those we can see operating now can be employed in explanations (actualism) The intensity of these causes does not change over time (uniformitarianism)
  • 23. WILLIAM THOMPSON (LORD KELVIN) Kelvin scale (1848) Second Law of Thermodynamics (1851) Thermodynamic argument that the age of the Earth was 24 million years.
  • 25. Assumption: The earth is a warm, chemically inert planet that is cooling. Assumption: It can be modeled as an infinite plane of infinite thickness. Assumption: Heat loss is through conduction from the center.
  • 26. T.C. CHAMBERLIN 1899 “The fascinating impressiveness of rigorous mathematical analyses, within its atmosphere of precision and elegance, should not blind us to the defects of the premises that condition the whole process. There is perhaps no beguilement more insidious and dangerous than an elaborate and elegant mathematical process built upon unfortified premises.”
  • 27. PROBLEMS Parameters are poorly known (conductivity of rocks; thermal gradient; initial temperature of the Earth; heat released upon crystallization; exact composition and structure of the Earth). Considers conduction but not convection, when the latter is a more important source of heat loss. Ignores other sources of heat: Heat left over from the formation of the Earth, e.g. gravitational energy from compaction, mechanical energy from meteor impacts, chemical energy from the formation of the Fe-Ni core; Energy from contraction due to cooling; Energy from ongoing core expansion; Radioactivity
  • 28. BY 1900 Theologians had rejected a literal reading of the Bible and the implied young age of the earth Physicists seemed to be limiting the age of the Earth to circa 25 million years. For biologists, this wasn’t a problem as they generally didn’t subscribe to an evolutionary process that required long periods of time and instead allowed for directed evolution. This was, however, a problem for the geologists who felt that long periods of time were needed for formation of the Earth as we see it today.
  • 30. RADIOMETRIC DATING How geologists used physics to show physicists that they were wrong
  • 31. DATING THE EARTH Methods for the identification of strata came from religiously orthodox individuals such as Niels Stensen. There is no assumption of evolution in either stratigraphy or radiometric methods for aging strata. These require merely the application of known physical and chemical processes
  • 36. ERNEST RUTHERFORD 1906 “The helium observed in the radioactive minerals is almost certainly due to its production from the radium and other radioactive substances contained therein. If the rate of production of helium from known weights of the different radioelements were experimentally known, it should thus be possible to determine the interval required for the production of the amount of helium observed in radioactive minerals, or, in other words, to determine the age of the mineral.”
  • 37. ARTHUR HOLMES 1911 “The association of lead with uranium in rock-minerals and its application to the measurement of geological time.” Transactions of the Royal Society
  • 39. SCOTT HUSE 1997 “Dates obtained from these techniques are merely circumstantial and are necessarily based on numerous assumptions, which may or may not be true … none of these assumptions are found to be valid!” [p 65]
  • 42. ROCK TYPES Metamorphic – Unsuitable as rocks of this type form with incomplete melting (usually) Sedimentary – Unsuitable as these are composed to debris of older rocks. Igneous – Useable if they haven’t been significantly heated since formation. Can test for this using various methods.
  • 45. AGE-DIAGNOSTIC DIAGRAMS Isochrons: Rb-Sr, K-Ar Argon Spectrum: 40Ar-39Ar Concordia and Discordia: U-Pb • Estimate of the amount of daughter initially present • Examination of whether the system was closed • Determination of whether dating is even possible
  • 52. HOLMES’ CLOSED SYSTEM Daughter leakage would yield younger ages than the actual one. Parent leakage – which would give older ages – does not occur in the types of rock used Known (and detectable) effects of weathering and thermal stress.
  • 64. ANDREW SNELLING Ph.D. in Geology (1982). Lecturer with Answers in Genesis (Editor of Creation Ex Nihilo and Creation Journal) Associate Professor of Geology at the Institute for Creation Research Developed much of their approach to radiometric dating
  • 65. ANDREW SNELLING “Creationist geologists need to completely abandon the evolutionist's geological column and associated terminology. It is necessary to start again, using the presence of fossils or organic matter as a classification criterion in the task of rebuilding our understanding of geological history within the Biblical framework.” (1983)
  • 66. 1983 - 1987 Giblin, A.M., and A.A. Snelling, Application of hydrogeochemistry to uranium exploration in the Pine Creek Geosyncline, Northern Territory, Australia, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 19, pp. 33-55. Snelling, A.A., A soil geochemistry orientation survey for uranium at Koongarra, Northern Territory, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 22, pp. 83-99. Dickson, B.L., B.L. Gulson, and A.A. Snelling, Evaluation of lead isotopic methods for uranium exploration, Koongarra area, Northern Territory, Australia, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 24, pp. 81-102. Gole, M.J., C.R.M. Butt, and A.A. Snelling, A groundwater helium survey of the Koongarra uranium deposits, Pine Creek Geosyncline, Northern Territory, Uranium, 2, pp. 343-360. Dickson, B.L., B.L. Gulson, and A.A. Snelling, Further assessment of stable lead isotope measurements for uranium exploration, Pine Creek Geosyncline, Northern Territory, Australia, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 27, pp. 63-75. Dickson, B.L., A.M. Giblin, and A.A. Snelling, The source of radium in anomalous accumulations near sandstone escarpments, Australia, Applied Geochemistry, 2, 385-398.
  • 75. EVIDENCE FOR CONSTANT RATES The radioactive decay rates of nuclides used in radiometric dating have not been observed to vary since their rates were directly measurable, at least within limits of accuracy.. Only a single variation in decay rate has been reproduced (that of 7Be) and that was a variation of only 0.18%, not enough to alter any clock (if there was one using 7Be) There is insufficient energy in geological processes to affect the decay rate. The half-lives of radioisotopes can be predicted from first principles through quantum mechanics. Any variation would have to come from changes to fundamental constants.
  • 76. MARK ISAAK “Producing a billion years of radioactive decay in a ‘Creation week’ or year-long flood would have produced a billion years worth of heat from radioactive decay as well. This would pretty much vaporize the earth. Since the earth apparently has not been vaporized recently, we can be confident that the accelerated decay did not occur.” http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CD/CD015.html
  • 79. HOW OLD? Oldest rocks: 3.85 billion years Oldest mineral: 4.40 billion years Oldest meteorite: 4.55 billion years
  • 80. 4.54 × 109 years ± 1%
  • 83. THE STORY SO FAR ... • Radiometric dating offers an accurate means by which to date rocks. • Creationistclaims regarding the accuracy of dating are bogus and in particular, there is no evidence that decay rates have varied in the past. • The age of the earth is held to be 4.54 × 109 years ± 1%
  • 84. IS THERE A POSITIVE CASE FOR A YOUNG EARTH?
  • 90. HENRY MORRIS 68 methods presented 5 give age of zero (~7%) 5 give age under 500 years (~7%) 9 give age under 5,000 years (~13%) 7 give age between 8 and 15,000 years (~10%) Rest give older (~63%) with median of 1,000,000
  • 95. SOME CLAIM ... Magnetic field is decreasing over time Would have a enormous value approximately 10,000 years ago Therefore, this is the maximum age of the Earth
  • 98. THOMAS G. BARNES “If we went back about 10 thousand years, the Earth’s magnetic field would have been as strong as the field in a magnetic star. A magnetic star is like our sun; it has a nuclear power source. Surely our Earth never had a nuclear source like the Sun. Surely, the Earth never had a magnetic field stronger than that of a star. That would limit the age of the Earth to ten thousand years.” The Earth, A Young Planet? (1983)
  • 104. D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS “The earth's magnetic field is decaying at a certain rate right now, it would take about 1400 years to decay down to half its present strength, and we know from archaeomagnetic data that it has been decaying at that rate for about 1000 years. … But before that it did complicated things, and we think the complicated things are the result of reversals of the earth's magnetic field that happened during the Genesis flood.  … In other words, one week, during the Genesis flood, the magnetic field was pointing north and the next week the magnetic field was pointing south.”  Creation Matters, Dec 2001
  • 105. D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS “[My theory] is straightforward, based on sound physics, and explains many features of the field: its creation, rapid reversals during the Genesis Flood, intensity fluctuations (up and down) until about the time of Christ, and a steady decay since then. This theory matches paleomagnetic, historic, and present data.”  Creation Matters, Dec 2001
  • 107. PROBLEM OF SPEED OF LIGHT Andromeda Galaxy (M31) - 2,520,000 light years
  • 109. Ole Rømer’s measurement (1667) 0.43% Omitted
  • 110. FITTING A CURVE “However, most properties of this complex formula for c are reproduced by a simpler polynomial, c = a + bT2 + dT8, where a = 299792, b = 0.01866 and d = 3.8 x 10-19, where T = (1961 - t).”
  • 111. Change in Speed of Light 2250000 Creation 2000000 1750000 1500000 Flood 1250000 1000000 Christ 750000 500000 250000 0 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 Records
  • 112. CREATIONIST HISTORY 140000 122500 105000 87500 70000 52500 35000 17500 0 0 2,000 4,000
  • 113. EINSTEIN LAUGHS AT YOUR PUNY CLAIMS !!
  • 115. PROBLEMS • Cherry-picking of data • Invalid extrapolation • Unfalsifiable due to no change in modern values • Implications for other physical constants and fine-tuning of universe Setterfield: “Light speed is one of the elements of all radio decay rate equations, which means that when the speed of light was faster, so was the decay rate.” 
  • 116. D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS “Because its historical research and statistical analyses have no depth, [the work] fails to prove that the speed of light has decreased over the past three centuries. Its theoretical interpretations are flawed, and in some parts do not make sense.” (CSRQ, 1988) Creation Matters, Dec 2001
  • 117. GERALD E. AARDSMA Professor, Geophysics Department, Institute for Creation Research Graduate School (1987 – ‘94) “At the present time, it appears that general support by the creationist community of the decay of the speed of light hypothesis is not warranted by the data upon which the hypothesis rests” (ICR Impact #179, 1988)
  • 118. KURT WISE “The Earth is young because of biblical statements. Scientifically, there is not enough evidence to indicate the Earth is young.” “If all the evidence in the universe turns against creationism ... I would still be a creationist because that is what the Word of God seems to indicate.”
  • 119. PAUL NELSON & JOHN MARK REYNOLDS Young Earth Creationists "should humbly agree that their view is, at the moment, implausible on purely scientific grounds."
  • 120. PAUL NELSON & JOHN MARK REYNOLDS "There are, however, two very good reasons to maintain a young earth position during the struggle [against theistic and secular naturalism]. First, recent creationism is intellectually interesting … Second, a coherent recent creationism would be a great boon to religious belief."
  • 121. WOULD THIS LEAD YOU TO ACCEPT EVOLUTION? "There are, however, two very good reasons to maintain an evolutionary position during the struggle [against religious belief]. First, evolution is intellectually interesting … Second, a coherent evolutionism would be a great boon to atheism."
  • 122. 3 REASONS TO TAKE YEC SERIOUSLY 1. Young earth creationism has grown and developed intellectually over time 2. Young earth creationism has been the overwhelming view of the traditional church 3. Young earth creationism is intellectually exciting We believe these reasons alone are sufficient to allow a reasonable person to call himself provisionally 'young earth'
  • 123. PHILLIP E. JOHNSON 2004 “I have consistently said that I take no position on the age of the earth, and that I regard the issue as not ripe for debate yet. I have also rejected all suggestions that I should denounce the YECs and instead have said that I regard high-quality YECs like Andrew Snelling as respected allies.”
  • 124. Tour of the United Kingdom, October 26th to November 13th 2004
  • 125. PHILLIP E. JOHNSON 1999 “[W]e're the ones that stand for good science, objective reasoning, assumptions on the table, a high level of education, and freedom of conscience to think as we are capable of thinking.” Reclaiming America for Christ
  • 126. PHILLIP E. JOHNSON 2005 “I'm on the religious side myself as a believer in divine creation but on the other hand many errors come out of our camp as well as out of the other one. And it's good that they should be challenged. The Monkey Trial, PBS, 2005
  • 129. FOSSILIZATION Quick burial in ... Depositional area which … Becomes erosional and where … Someone finds the specimen before … It erodes.
  • 137. COLLATERAL ANCESTORS Parents Aunts Uncles You Cousins
  • 138. ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE IS NOT EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE

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