The standard deviation is a measure of the spread of scores within a set of data. Usually, we are interested in the standard deviation of a population.
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Standard deviation
1. Seminar on
Standard Deviation
Presented by:
Jiban Ku. Singh
M. Sc Part-I (2015-16)
P. G. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
BERHAMPUR UNIVERSITY
BHANJA BIHAR, BERHAMPUR- 760007
GANJAM, ODISHA, INDIA
E-mail- jibansingh9@gmail.com
3. Standard Deviation
• While looking at the earlier measures of dispersion all of them suffer
from one or the other demerit i.e.
• Range –it suffer from a serious drawback considers only 2 values and
neglects all the other values of the series.
• Quartile deviation considers only 50% of the item and ignores the
other 50% of items in the series.
• Mean deviation no doubt an improved measure but ignores negative
signs without any basis.
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4. Standard Deviation
• The concept of standard deviation was first introduced by Karl Pearson in
1893.
• Karl Pearson after observing all these things has given us a more scientific
formula for calculating or measuring dispersion. While calculating SD we
take deviations of individual observations from their AM and then
each squares. The sum of the squares is divided by the Total number of
observations. The square root of this sum is knows as standard
deviation.
• The standard deviation is the most useful and the most popular measure of
dispersion.
• It is always calculated from the arithmetic mean, median and mode is not
considered.
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5. Definition:
• Standard Deviation is the positive square root of the average of squared
deviation taken from arithmetic mean.
• The standard deviation is represented by the Greek letter 𝝈(sigma).
• Formula.
• Standard deviation = 𝜎=
𝑥− 𝑥 2
𝑛
7. CALCULATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION-
INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATION
Two Methods:-
By taking deviation of the items from the actual mean.
By taking deviation of the items from an assumed mean.
8. CASE-I. When the deviation are taken from the actual mean.
DIRECT METHOD
Standard deviation = 𝜎=
𝑥 𝑖 − 𝑥 2
𝑛
or =
𝑑2
𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥
𝑥𝑖=value of the variable of observation,
𝑥= arithmetic mean
𝑛= total number of observations.
9. Example : Find the mean respiration rate per minute and its standard deviation when in 4
cases the rate was found to be : 16, 13, 17 and 22.
• Solution:
Here Mean = 𝒙 =
𝒙
𝒏
=
𝟏𝟔+𝟏𝟑+𝟏𝟕+𝟐𝟐
𝟒
=
𝟔𝟖
𝟒
= 𝟏𝟕
𝑥
16
13
17
22
𝒙 = 𝟔𝟖
Standard deviation = 𝜎=
𝑥 𝑖 − 𝑥 2
𝑛
=
𝑑2
𝑛
=
42
4
= 3.2
-1
-4
0
5
1
16
0
25
𝒅 𝟐
= 𝟒𝟐
10. Short-Cut Method
Standard deviation = 𝜎=
𝑑2
𝑛
−
𝑑
𝑛
2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝐴, 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛,
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
CASE-II. When the deviation are taken from the Assumed mean.
12. CALCULATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION- DISCERETE SERIES OR
GROUPED DATA
Three Methods
a)Actual Mean Method or Direct Method
b)Assumed Mean Method or Short-cut Method
c)Step Deviation Method
13. a) Actual Mean Method or Direct Method
• The S.D. for the discrete series is given by the formula.
𝜎=
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑛
Where 𝑥 is the arithmetic mean,
𝑥 is the size of items,
𝑓 is the corresponding frequency
and 𝑛 = 𝑓
14. b) Assumed Mean Method or Short-cut Method
Standard deviation=𝜎 =
𝑓𝑑2
𝑛
− 𝑓𝑑
𝑛
2
Where 𝐴 is the assumed mean,
𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝐴
𝑓 is the corresponding frequency
and 𝑛 = 𝑓
16. c) Step Deviation Method
• We divide the deviation by a common class interval and use the
following formula
Standard deviation=𝜎 =
𝑓𝑑2
𝑛
− 𝑓𝑑
𝑛
2
× 𝑖
Where 𝑖 = common class interval,
𝑑 = 𝒙−𝑨
𝒊 ,
𝐴 = is assumed mean
𝑓 = f is the respective frequency.
18. S.D. of Continues Series can be calculated by any one of the methods discussed
for discrete frequency distribution But Step Deviation Method is mostly used.
Standard deviation=𝜎 =
𝑓𝑑2
𝑛
− 𝑓𝑑
𝑛
2
× 𝑖
Where𝑖 = common class interval,
𝑑 = 𝒙−𝑨
𝒊
,
𝐴 = is assumed mean
𝑓 = f is the respective frequency.
20. It is possible to compute combined mean of two or more than two groups.
Combined Standard Deviation is denoted by 𝝈 𝟏𝟐
𝝈 𝟏𝟐=
𝑛1 𝜎1
2+𝑛2 𝜎2
2+𝑛1 𝑑1
2
+𝑛2 𝑑2
2
𝑛1+𝑛2
Where𝜎12 =combined standard deviation ,
𝜎1 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝜎2
= 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑑1 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥12
𝑑2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥12
21. a) Combined S.D. 𝝈 𝟏𝟐=
𝑛1 𝜎1
2+𝑛2 𝜎2
2+𝑛1 𝑑1
2
+𝑛2 𝑑2
2
𝑛1+𝑛2
combined Mean 𝑥12=
𝑛1 𝑥1+𝑛2 𝑥2
𝑛1+𝑛2
=
100 60 +50 45
100+50
=
6000+2250
150
= 55
𝑛1 = 100, 𝜎1
2 = 9, 𝑛2 = 50, 𝜎2
2 = 4,
𝑑1 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥12 = 60 − 55 = 5
𝑑2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥12 = 45 − 55 = 10
The following are some of the particulars of the
distribution of weight of boys and girls in a class:
a) Find the standard deviation of the combined data
b) which of the two distributions is more variable
Boys Girls
Numbers 100 50
Mean weight 60 kg 45 kg
Variance(𝜎2
) 9 4
𝝈 𝟏𝟐=
100(9)+50(4)+100 5 2+50 10 2
100+50
=
900+200+2500+5000
150
= =
8600
150
= 7.57
b)
C.V (Boys)=
𝜎
𝑥1
× 100 =
3
60
× 100 = 5.00
C.V (Girls)=
𝜎
𝑥2
× 100 =
2
45
× 100 = 4.44
22. MERITS OF STANDARD DEVIATION
Very popular scientific measure of dispersion
From SD we can calculate Skewness, Correlation etc
It considers all the items of the series
The squaring of deviations make them positive and the
difficulty about algebraic signs which was expressed in case of
mean deviation is not found here.
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23. DEMERITS OF STANDARD DEVIATION
• Calculation is difficult not as easier as Range and QD
• It always depends on AM
• Extreme items gain great importance
The formula of SD is =
𝑑2
𝑛
Problem: Calculate Standard Deviation of the following series
X – 40, 44, 54, 60, 62, 64, 70, 80, 90, 96
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24. USES OF STANDARD DEVIATION
It is widely used in biological studies .
It is used in fitting a normal curve to a frequency distribution.
It is most widely used measure of dispersion.
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