1. EARTHWORK
Masterplan, Design and Authority’s Requirement
Ir. Abdul Aziz Abas P.Eng, C.Eng, Int.PE
1

2. PREFACE EARTHWORK
Preparation for life…
• As a module of the Integrated Design Project course for the Bachelor of
Civil Engineering programme, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, Shah
Alam
This program will provide basic overview of all aspects of Earthwork
planning and design, guidelines, legislative and regulatory requirements
Feb 2010 2

3. PREFACE EARTHWORK
Benefit
• UNDERSTANDING the subject of Civil Engineering in wider perspective,
inter-relation with other subjects influencing the performance of Engineering
works and challenges.
• ACQUIRRING cutting edge practical design knowledge & skills that last
forever in the world of ever-changing infrastructural engineering.
• DEVELOPING your engineering knowledge significantly and permanently.
• PROVIDING your dashing factor (distinguish factor) for better chance of
employment upon graduation.
• EXPAND your employment versatility in an ever-changing marketplace.
• WINNING at the office and in daily job with the power of practical skill.
• ADVANCING your career as an Engineer.
• GAINING LEVERAGE by demonstrating knowledge of engineering in a
multi-disciplinary context.
Feb 2010 3

4. EARTHWORK
1. Introduction • Definition & General
Understanding
2. Masterplan & Design • Planning of Earthwork & Early
Guiding Principle Scoping of Design
Consideration
• Guidelines & Preliminary
3. Preliminary Design Design
• Design Criteria & Detail
4. Detail Design Design
5. Authorities • Compliance & Authority
Approval
6. Construction • Control of Earthworks
7. Post - Construction • Certificate of Completion And
Compliance
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Feb 2010 4

5. EARTHWORK
1 INTRODUCTION
5
Feb 2010 5

6. 1 INTRODUCTION EARTHWORK
Definition of Earthwork
Earthworks are engineering works created through
the moving of massive quantities of soil or unformed
rock.
Feb 2010 6

7. 1 INTRODUCTION EARTHWORK
Typical Earthwork Development
Typical earthworks include Platforms, roads, dams, dikes, cannal, bunding, and berms ("noise mounds").
Roadwork Football field Agriculture
Recreation Tourism / Housing Landscape
Feb 2010 7

8. 1 INTRODUCTION EARTHWORK
Problems Associated With Earthwork
Sinkhole
High tide
8
Slope Failure
Feb 2010 8

9. EARTHWORK
2 Masterplan & Design
Guiding Principle
Feb 2010 9

10. 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK
Objectives
To establish the overall earthworks for the viability of the project
and to assist on planning of landuse, compliance with prevailing
guidelines and laws.
• Enhance Early Scoping
• Minimize Scope Changes
• Provide base platforms & Layout Plan
• Reduce Conflicts/ Disputes
• Costs Plan
2 Masterplan & Design
Feb 2010 10

11. 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK
• Coastal Development Typical Development Condition
Influence by high & low tides
• Soft Ground Development
Influence by poor soil condition
• Low Land Development
Influence by Highest Flood Level
• High Land Development
Influence by slopes’ risk
Low risk, slopes < 25 deg
11 High risk, slopes > 25 deg 11
Feb 2010 11

12. 1 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK
Typical Earthwork Development – Compliance
Controlled Earthwork
Centralised facility
Slopes turfed
Silt trap / rubbish trap
Feb 2010 12

13. 1 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK
Typical Earthwork Development – Non-Compliance
Uncontrolled Earthwork
No sediment / silt trap
Earth not graded
Feb 2010 13

14. 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK
Planning & Design Benchmarks
A. Client’s Requirement
• Development Master Plan
• Terms Of Reference
B. Authority’s Requirement
• Compliance to local council conditions &
requirements
(Development Order)
• Design Guidelines
• Statutory Requirement
2
14
Feb 2010 14

15. N 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK
Development Masterplan
• Development Landuse determined
by Masterplanner
• Engineer to advise on platform &
drainage pattern and other aspects
of engineering
• Engineer to balance cut & fill
design (wherever possible)
• Engineer to minimise import earth
• Engineer to establish
Term Of Reference
• Engineer to establish Specification
• Engineer to obtain approvals
• Engineer to supervise construction
Commercial
Existing Development
Ggreen / Forest
Institution
15 Industrial
Typical Development Masterplan
Residential Feb 2010 15
Layout

16. 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK
Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork Design
Source: MSMA
Drainage System Detention Pond
Drainage System – Main Stream
Feb 2010 16

17. 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK
Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork Design
- Generally flat area with only
prominent highest ground
-Gravity Flow Water Supply
is most possible
Water Supply System
Feb 2010 17

18. EARTHWORK
3 Preliminary Design
Feb 2010 18

19. 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK
Confirm Site Location
Identification
of correct site &
Project Boundary
“CRUCIAL”
• Obtain CP
from Survey
Dept.
• Check lot
numbers
• Check
boundaries
Typical Cadestral Plan – Obtained from Land Survey Department
Feb 2010 19

20. 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK
Obtaining Confirmed Requirements & Data
• Approved Development Layout Masterplan Architect or Town Planner / JPBD
• Development Order Local Council
• Topographical Survey Land Surveyor
• Highest Flood Level DID
• Soil Investigation Geotechnical Engineer
• Local Guidelines Local Council / Authority / Agency
Feb 2010 20

21. 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK
Site Reconnaissance
• Mandatory site visit
• To confirm site location and development
boundaries
• To familiarize with the site geographical
condition
• To identify adjacent development, Access,
etc.
• To observe & assess site constraints
• To have general idea of existing & future
design system
• To gather information about flooding
history
Feb 2010 21

22. 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK
Assess Site Constraints / Issues
Swampy area
Soft soil
Main river system
No pollution permitted
Control flows from development
Low laying areas &
Sg. Balok atFlooding issue
Coastal Road
Raise platform or bunding?
Tidal influence
Feb 2010 22

23. 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK
Objectives
SOIL INVESTIGATION
• To identify general sub-soil profile i.e. suitability
• To provide detail picture of soil stratigraphy & geological
settings i.e. extend of soft & hard underlayings, ground water
Sg. Balok at Coastal Road
• To obtaining representative geotechnical parameters of
various sub-soil strata for engineering design i.e. N-Values
Feb 2010 23

24. EARTHWORK
4 Detail Design
Feb 2010 24

25. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Guiding Principles
• Integrate the design platform levels with existing developments.
• Design platform levels shall tie in with the roads.
• All Slope formations shall be kept within the plot boundaries.
• Achieve an almost balanced cut and fill volume within the development
• Establishing preliminary platform levels based on development
scheme requirements, infrastructure and utilities. Sg. Balok at Coastal Road
Feb 2010 25

26. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
Feb 2010 26

27. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
Feb 2010 27

28. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Criteria
• Clearing, grubbing, stripping top soil, cut & fill,
compact, trimming, turfing, soil test for FGL
• Embankment in swamp or soft ground, Height
≥ 1.5m, cross-slopes ≤ 1V : 3H 1
3
• Gradient for cut slope, 1 : 1.2
1
1.2
Sg. Balok at Coastal Road
• Gradient for fill slope, 1 : 2
1
2
• Height of slopes, 3m intervals with toe, berm &
intercepting drains
Inteceptor
• Layers of 300mm intervals, compacted to 95%
(Cohesive soil) or Berm 3m
100% (Cohesionless soil) of max Dry Density.
Ref BS1377 – 4.5kg rammer method
3m
Toe
Feb 2010 28

29. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Criteria
• All slopes closed turf
Tg Gelang
• Min Formation Platform Level, 1m above
Highest Flood Level or EHW (Coastal)
Sg. Balok at Coastal Road
• Temporary drains to main drain shall pass Silt
Trap (Sediment trap)
• Wash Through before public road
• Temporary drains, design for 1 in 5 years,
checked for 1 in 10 years
• Min 1 no Temporary Bench Mark established
Feb 2010 29

30. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Criteria
Sg. Balok at Coastal Road
Feb 2010 30

31. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Options For Cut Slopes
Feb 2010 31

32. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Options For Fill Slopes
Feb 2010 32

33. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Balancing Cut & Fill Volume
Feb 2010 33

34. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
Feb 2010 34

35. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Assessment of Available Survey Information
Slopes direction
Slopes direction
Swampy
+2m to 3m
Potential high
Ground for Water
Hilly 80m Supply Tank
Existing Existing
+5m to 9m +5.5m
Existing
+3m
Slopes direction
Feb 2010 35

36. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In
Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
Feb 2010 36

37. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Assessment of Available Survey Information
Slopes direction
Fill Slopes direction
Swampy
+2m to 3m
Cut Potential high
Ground for Water
Hilly 80m Supply Tank
Existing Existing
+5m to 9m +5.5m
Existing
+3m
Slopes direction
Feb 2010 37

38. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Propose Retaining Structure
• Balancing Cut & Fill Volume
Feb 2010 38

39. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Assessment of Minimum Platform Level
• HFL = 2.2 m ODL
• Freeboard = 1.0m
• Drainage Gradient = 1.5m
• Recommended Min. Platform Level = 4.7m ODL
Existing Platform Level at Project Site Varies from PL+5m to PL+9m
Swampy and Low Lying Level at Upstream = PL+2m to PL3m
Highest Flood Level (JPS record or ever known)
Max.
Proposed Platform Level Formation
Min.
Freeboard = +1m
Highest Flood Level = +2.2m ODL
Water body
Feb 2010 39

40. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Conceptual Platform
Platform Level to
be above Highest Flood Level
Feb 2010 40

41. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Proposed Platform Levels
Cut area
Fill area
Follow drainage
pattern
• Min Platform Level = 4.7m
Highest Platform Level
Determined by Cut & Balance
Analysis
Notes:
1. All levels are in meter O.D.L
Feb 2010 41

42. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Proposed Platform Levels
Typical Cross-Sections
Notes:
1. All levels are in meter O.D.L
Feb 2010 42

43. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Proposed Platform Levels
Typical Building Platforms
Feb 2010 43

44. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
Feb 2010 44

45. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
Principle
• To obtain balance cut & Fill (If possible)
• Too much access cut material – Difficult to dispose
• Too much fill material - Difficult to obtain borrow source & Cost
Feb 2010 45

46. Methods
4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
• Grid System Method
• Large area or excavation
• Using area method calculation
• Land development
• Computer software – triangulation
interpolation (more accurate &
ease of modeling)
• Require spot levels survey
• Cross-section Method
• Longitudinal “strip” profile
• Used for road, pipeline, drainage
constructions
• Require strip survey
Feb 2010 46

47. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Proposed Platform Levels
Volume of Cut & Fill
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GRID SYSTEM METHOD
A
B • To obtain large area of excavation
C • Square rectangular and levels at
each cross-sections established
D
• Establish datum
E
• Calculate volume of existing ground
F
• Calculate volume of proposed platform
• Difference s constitute cut or fill volume
Feb 2010 47

48. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Proposed Platform Levels
Methodology Volume of Cut & Fill
Average areas of column grids 1 & 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
A
B
C
D
E
X F
Average areas of row grids A & B
X <> 10m to for accuracy (undulating areas) X
X = 5m gives accurate figures (undulating areas) Existing levels
X > 10m for flat areas & proposed levels
X = 50m for large area / Masterplan purposes Based on spots &
interpolation Feb 2010 48

49. 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6
4 10
DETAIL DESIGN
7 10 8 10 9 10 10
EARTHWORK
A E 10 10 10 88 55 33 33 22 22 33 3 Grid System
P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 66 55 55 55 55 5
10 C 250 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 -212.5 -275 -275 -300 -250 -200
P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
B E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
10 C 325 300 212.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 -25 -250 -250 -247.5 -245 -195
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 Legend
E 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4
C E 10 10 19 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 E Existing
10 C 325 500 225 50 0 0 0 0 0 P Proposed
F 0 0 0 0 -150 -150 -115 -105 -80
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
C Cut
E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 F Fill
D E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
10 C 250 162.5 137.5 75 25 0 0 30 30
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10 0 0
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
E E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
10 C 225 162.5 137.5 137.5 162.5 100 15 30 30
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 6 66 66 66 5.5 5.5 55 55 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
F E8 88 77 77 77 77 55 55 55 5
All dimensions are in meters Total Area = 50.02 Acres
Total Cut = 4,072.50 CuM
Spoil @ 20% = 814.50 CuM
Proposed Platform Levels Available Fill = 3,258.00 CuM
Total Fill = 3,335.00 CuM
Volume of Cut & Fill To import Fill = 77.00 CuM
Access Cut = Nil CuM
Feb 2010 49

50. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
Feb 2010 50

51. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Design Procedure
Earth Retaining Structure
Standards Used in Design
Feb 2010 51

52. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Split Levels
Feb 2010 52

53. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Earth Retaining Structure
Feb 2010 53

54. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Earth Retaining Structure
Feb 2010 54

55. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Earth Retaining Structure
Feb 2010 55

56. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Earth Retaining Structure
Feb 2010 56

57. 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK
Earth Retaining Structure – Typical Detail
Feb 2010 57

58. EARTHWORK
5 Authority
Compliance & Approvals
Feb 2010 58

59. 5 AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals EARTHWORK
Governing Law
Earthworks regulation and approval is under the jurisdiction of Local Council.
Feb 2010 59

60. 5 AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals EARTHWORK
Submission Checklist
√ Copy of Letter of Appointment As Consulting Engineer
√ Copy of D.O. Letter from Planning Dept.
√ Copy of Land Title / S & P Agreement
√ Earthwork Plan (duly endorsed by PE)
√ Copy of Approved D.O. Plan / Development Layout by Architect
√ Copy of Quit Rent of Current Year
√ Site Photos of present condition
Copy of Approval Letter From JKR For Road System
√ Or Prove Of Submission
Copy of Approval Letter From JPS For Drainage System
√
Or Prove Of Submission
√ Copy of Approval Letter of Main Infra / Main Earthwork (if app.)
√ Copy of Geological Mapping (for hill dev) & Erosion Control Plan
Report
Feb 2010 60

61. 5 AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals EARTHWORK
Submission Process Flow
SUBMITTING
PERSON
No
JPS
Yes
JKR
Approval
PTG
OSC One Stop Centre
LC
Feb 2010 61

62. EARTHWORK
6 Construction
Feb 2010 62

63. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Earthwork Construction
• Identification of project site
• Planning of temporary drainage system
• Access and wash through location
• Detention ponds / silt traps
• Project office & facility
• Construction of Hoarding
• Observe all laws pertaining to construction
• Plan, design, manage all temporary works
• Earthwork construction & supervision
Feb 2010 63

64. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Earthwork Construction
• Review costruction
programme
• Control & Monitor
Feb 2010 64

65. 6 CONSTRUCTION
GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
EARTHWORK
1
2
3
4
5
6
Feb 2010 65

66. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Site Supervision to comply ; Quality Control
• General Instruction
• Construction Drawings
• Specifications Contract Document
• Bills of Quantities
• Compliance to Authority’s requirement
• Compaction 95% max of dry density @ BS 1377
Building footprints, roads & services corridor, runways, etc
• Compaction 75%
Building footprints but to allow Suspended Floor slab design
Area not subject to buildings construction i.e fields, landscape, etc
• Each layer ≤ 200mm thick
• For road sub-base, soaked CBR value ≥ 30 for 95% consolidation
Feb 2010 66

67. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Soil Compaction
Selection of types of compaction machinery Vs types of soil
Grid roller
Smooth wheeled roller Sheepsfoot roller
Feb 2010 67

68. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Site Clearing Work
July 2009 68
Feb 2010 68

69. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
In-land Development
Feb 2010 69

70. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Low Land Earthwork Platforming
Feb 2010 70

71. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Mandatory Hoarding
Feb 2010 71

72. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Installation of Mandatory Paver Blocks at Entrance of Construction Site
Feb 2010 72

73. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Mandatory Wash Through
Feb 2010 73

74. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Installation of Geosynthetic Materials For Earthwork in Soft Ground
Feb 2010 74

75. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Cut Slopes Formation With Closed Turf
Feb 2010 75

76. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Installation of Geomembrane to prevent ground contamination @ solid waste disposal
76
Feb 2010 76

77. 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Urban Construction - Completed Earthwork Being CloseTurfed – Final Stage
Feb 2010 77

78. EARTHWORK
7 Post - Construction
Feb 2010 78

79. 7 POST - CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Inspection & As-Built Documents
• Engineer to carry out confirmatory Soil Investigation to verify full
compliance i.e. Compaction, Soil Stabilization, etc.
• Land Surveyor to survey As-Built earthworks platforms to verify full
compliance pertaining to FGL or PL.
• Land Surveyor & Engineer to certify As-Built survey drawings
• Engineer Review Construction Drawings & Correct to As-Built Drawings
• Engineer updating As-Built information not covered i.e. Authority’s
requirement not spelt out in Construction Drawings, V.O.
• Engineer to ensure all mandatory dues to Authority are complied
• Engineer arranged mandatory inspections with JPS, JKR, LC, etc
to facilitate handing over works & recommendation for CCC
Feb 2010 79

80. 7 POST - CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
CCC Process Flow
SUBMITTING
PERSON (SP)
No
JPS
Yes
JKR
Recommendation
PTG
LC PSP Principal Submitting Person
PSP Issue CCC
Feb 2010 80

81. 7 POST - CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK
Post - CCC
• Issue Certificate Of Completion & Compliance
• Defects Liability Period. Generally 1 to 1.5 years
• Issue Certificate of Completion After Defects
• Final Account
• Total Completion of Project
Feb 2010 81

82. Thank You
Terima Kasih
July 2009 82

83. Questions & Answers
July 2009 83