This document discusses vector-borne diseases in animals. It defines a vector as an organism that transmits a pathogen from one host to another. Various types of vectors are described including insects, arachnids, and microorganisms. Many vector-borne diseases of animals are discussed such as anthrax, bluetongue, babesiosis, West Nile virus, and equine infectious anemia. Equine infectious anemia, transmitted by biting flies, is a persistent viral disease of horses that is incurable but has a limiting nature within outbreaks. Diagnosis involves serological tests and confirmation at the national reference laboratory. Control relies on insecticides and acaricides as well as obligatory biannual testing of horses

1. SIMPOZIONULSIMPOZIONUL
““INFECTIILE TRANSMISE PRIN VECTORI ÎNINFECTIILE TRANSMISE PRIN VECTORI ÎN
CONTEXTUL GLOBALIZARII SI AL SCHIMBARILORCONTEXTUL GLOBALIZARII SI AL SCHIMBARILOR
CLIMATICE”CLIMATICE”
INCDMI CANTACUZINOINCDMI CANTACUZINO
CENTRUL DE ÎNVATAMÂNT SI DOCUMENTARE “JACQUES MONOD”CENTRUL DE ÎNVATAMÂNT SI DOCUMENTARE “JACQUES MONOD”
BucuBucurrestiesti 2727 iunieiunie 20120144
ASPECTE ALE BOLILORASPECTE ALE BOLILOR
TRANSMISE PRIN VECTORITRANSMISE PRIN VECTORI
LA ANIMALELA ANIMALE
Mihai DANESMihai DANES11
, Virgilia POPA, Virgilia POPA11
, Doina DANES, Doina DANES22
, Daniela BOTUS, Daniela BOTUS11
,,
Stelian BARAITAREANUStelian BARAITAREANU22
,Rodica OTELEA,Rodica OTELEA22
,, Dumitru MILITARUDumitru MILITARU1,31,3
11
SN Institutul Pasteur SA,SN Institutul Pasteur SA, 22
FMV Bucuresti,FMV Bucuresti,
33
Academia de Stiinte Agricole si Silvice “Gheorghe Ionescu – Sisesti”Academia de Stiinte Agricole si Silvice “Gheorghe Ionescu – Sisesti”

2. VECTORVECTOR
 ORGANISM CARE POARTA SI DISEMINEAZA UN AGENT PATOGEN DEORGANISM CARE POARTA SI DISEMINEAZA UN AGENT PATOGEN DE
LA O GAZDA LA ALTALA O GAZDA LA ALTA
““Vector means an insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual to aVector means an insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual to a
susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings.susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings. The organism may or may not pass through aThe organism may or may not pass through a
development cycle within the vectordevelopment cycle within the vector”” ((Manual OIE 2013Manual OIE 2013))
 MECANISM DE TRANSMITERE ORIZONTALA A UNEI BOLI INFECTIOASEMECANISM DE TRANSMITERE ORIZONTALA A UNEI BOLI INFECTIOASE
 VECTORVECTOR ≠≠ PURTATORPURTATOR
 TIPURI:TIPURI:
• VERTEBRATEVERTEBRATE
• NEVERTEBRATE (hematofage)NEVERTEBRATE (hematofage)
• MICROORGANISMEMICROORGANISME
 BOLIBOLI

SPECIE-SPECIFICESPECIE-SPECIFICE

ZOONOTICE / “MEDICINA URBANA / COMUNITARA”ZOONOTICE / “MEDICINA URBANA / COMUNITARA”

EMERGENTE / RE-EMERGENTEEMERGENTE / RE-EMERGENTE
• APARITIE NOUAAPARITIE NOUA
• INCIDENTA CRESCUTAINCIDENTA CRESCUTA
• DISTRIBUTIE GEOGRAFICA NOUADISTRIBUTIE GEOGRAFICA NOUA
CALATORI SI COMERT INTERNATIONALCALATORI SI COMERT INTERNATIONAL
MISCAREA ANIMALELORMISCAREA ANIMALELOR
PASARI MIGRATOAREPASARI MIGRATOARE
SCHIMBARI ALE PRACTICILOR AGRICOLESCHIMBARI ALE PRACTICILOR AGRICOLE
VANTULVANTUL
SCHIMBARI CLIMATICESCHIMBARI CLIMATICE

3. VECTORVECTOR
 REGN ANIMALIAREGN ANIMALIA

INCRENGATURA ARTHROPODAINCRENGATURA ARTHROPODA
• SUBINCRENGATURA HEXAPODASUBINCRENGATURA HEXAPODA

CLASA INSECTACLASA INSECTA
• ORDINUL PHTHIRAPTERA (ORDINUL PHTHIRAPTERA (PADUCHIPADUCHI))
• ORDINUL SIPHONAPTERA (ORDINUL SIPHONAPTERA (PURICIPURICI))
• ORDINUL DIPTERA (ORDINUL DIPTERA (MUSTE, TANTARIMUSTE, TANTARI))
• SUBINCRENGATURA CHELICERATASUBINCRENGATURA CHELICERATA

CLASA ARACHNIDACLASA ARACHNIDA
• ORDINUL IXODIDA (ORDINUL IXODIDA (CAPUSECAPUSE))
• ORDINUL SARCOPTIFORMES (ORDINUL SARCOPTIFORMES (ACARIENIACARIENI))

4. VECTORVECTOR
 CICLUL DE VIATACICLUL DE VIATA
 CATEVA ZILE / 1 AN INTRE STADIICATEVA ZILE / 1 AN INTRE STADII
 STADII INFECTIOASE / NON-INFECTIOASESTADII INFECTIOASE / NON-INFECTIOASE
 GAZDE DIFERITE / UNICEGAZDE DIFERITE / UNICE
 MODIFICARI DE COMPORTAMENTMODIFICARI DE COMPORTAMENT
 METAMORFOZA COMPLETAMETAMORFOZA COMPLETA
o OUOU
o LARVALARVA (DIVERSE STADII, I-III)(DIVERSE STADII, I-III)
o NIMFANIMFA (STADII I-III, paduchi;(STADII I-III, paduchi; PRONIMFA I-III, tantarPRONIMFA I-III, tantar))
o PUPAPUPA
o ADULTADULT
 METAMORFOZA INCOMPLETAMETAMORFOZA INCOMPLETA

5. BOLI TRANSMISE PRIN VECTORIBOLI TRANSMISE PRIN VECTORI
LA ANIMALELA ANIMALE
 Antrax –Antrax – Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis –– mustemuste (Ord.(Ord. DipteraDiptera))
 Gripa aviara –Gripa aviara – Influenza virusInfluenza virus –– mustemuste (Ord.(Ord. DipteraDiptera))
 Bluetongue –Bluetongue – BTV (Orbivirus)BTV (Orbivirus) –– CulicoidesCulicoides (Ord.(Ord. DipteraDiptera))
 Babesioza –Babesioza – B.bovis, B. canis, B. bigeminaB.bovis, B. canis, B. bigemina –– capusecapuse (Ord.(Ord. IxodidaIxodida))
 Infectii cuInfectii cu BartonellaBartonella (“zgarieturi de pisica”) –(“zgarieturi de pisica”) – BartonellaBartonella sppspp –– puricipurici
(Ord.(Ord. SyphonapteraSyphonaptera))
 Febra hemoragica Congo-Crimeea –Febra hemoragica Congo-Crimeea – Nairovirus, BunyiaviridaeNairovirus, Bunyiaviridae –– capusecapuse
(Hyalomma spp, Ord.(Hyalomma spp, Ord. IxodidaIxodida))
 Encefalitele ecvine (E, W, V) –Encefalitele ecvine (E, W, V) – Alphavirus, TogaviridaeAlphavirus, Togaviridae –– tantaritantari (Ord.(Ord.
DipteraDiptera))
 Infectia cu virusul West-Nile –Infectia cu virusul West-Nile – FlavivirusFlavivirus -- tantaritantari (Ord.(Ord. DipteraDiptera))
 Toxoplasmoza –Toxoplasmoza – T. gondiiT. gondii –– mustemuste (Ord.(Ord. DipteraDiptera))
 Scrapie –Scrapie – prioniprioni de origine ovina –de origine ovina – acarieniacarieni (Ord.(Ord. SarcoptiformesSarcoptiformes))
 Variolele animale –Variolele animale – PoxviridaePoxviridae –– paduchipaduchi (Ord.(Ord. PhthirapteraPhthiraptera),), tantaritantari,,
mustemuste (Ord.(Ord. DipteraDiptera))

6. GAZDE REZERVORGAZDE REZERVOR ::
• SPECII DE SOPARLESPECII DE SOPARLE
• PASARI (GRAURUL, PITIGOIUL, CRISTEIUL DE CAMP, MIERLA,PASARI (GRAURUL, PITIGOIUL, CRISTEIUL DE CAMP, MIERLA,
STURZUL)STURZUL)
• MAMIFEREMAMIFERE
• ROZATOARE (VEVERITA),ROZATOARE (VEVERITA),
• INSECTIVORE (ARICIUL),INSECTIVORE (ARICIUL),
• CARNIVORE (SACALUL AURIU, CAINELE, LUPUL, PISICA,CARNIVORE (SACALUL AURIU, CAINELE, LUPUL, PISICA,
VULPEA),VULPEA),
• UNGULATE (CAPRA DOMESTICA, CAPRIOARA, CALUL,UNGULATE (CAPRA DOMESTICA, CAPRIOARA, CALUL,
MISTRETUL),MISTRETUL),
• LILIECILILIECI
GENOTIPULGENOTIPUL (GENOMOSPECIE)(GENOMOSPECIE) DOMINANTDOMINANT:: BORRELIA AFZELIIBORRELIA AFZELII
VECTORVECTOR PREDOMINANTPREDOMINANT:: IXODES RICINUSIXODES RICINUS
BORELIOZA LA ANIMALE IN ROMANIABORELIOZA LA ANIMALE IN ROMANIA

7. SerologicSerologic,, prevalenta deprevalenta de ::
-- 6.52%6.52% in populatia de caini utilitariin populatia de caini utilitari
-- 11.92%11.92% inin populatiapopulatia de cabalinede cabaline
BORELIOZA LA ANIMALE IN ROMANIABORELIOZA LA ANIMALE IN ROMANIA

9. ANEMIA INFECTIOASA AANEMIA INFECTIOASA A
CALULUI (AIE)CALULUI (AIE)
 588.099,00 cabaline (MADR 31.03.2014):588.099,00 cabaline (MADR 31.03.2014):

99,63% in sector privat99,63% in sector privat

30,83% in judetele din Moldova30,83% in judetele din Moldova
 AIE - inclusa in Programul strategic national de supraveghere, prevenire,AIE - inclusa in Programul strategic national de supraveghere, prevenire,
control si eradicare a bolilor la animalecontrol si eradicare a bolilor la animale

Control obligatoriuControl obligatoriu
• toate ecvideele mai mari de 6 luni varsta,toate ecvideele mai mari de 6 luni varsta,
• de 2x / an (februarie – martie si la 6 luni)de 2x / an (februarie – martie si la 6 luni)

Laborator National de Referinta (Laborator National de Referinta (LNR-LNR-IDSA)IDSA)
 AIE – inclusa in codul si manualul OIE privind comertulAIE – inclusa in codul si manualul OIE privind comertul
international de animalinternational de animalee

10. ANEMIA INFECTIOASA AANEMIA INFECTIOASA A
CALULUI (AIE)CALULUI (AIE)
 Viroza persistenta (cal,Viroza persistenta (cal, ponei,ponei, mai rar magar, catar, bardou),mai rar magar, catar, bardou),
incurabilaincurabila
 Porc – purtator, eliminatorPorc – purtator, eliminator
 Zoonoza minora (?)Zoonoza minora (?)
 Clinic: hipertermie atipica, tulburari cardio-vasculare, subicter,Clinic: hipertermie atipica, tulburari cardio-vasculare, subicter,
anemie, slabireanemie, slabire
 Anatomo-patologic: diateza hemoragica, hiperplazia tesutuluiAnatomo-patologic: diateza hemoragica, hiperplazia tesutului
reticulo-histiocitarreticulo-histiocitar
 Evolutie in focar – caracter limitativEvolutie in focar – caracter limitativ
 Lentivirus: familiaLentivirus: familia RetroviridaeRetroviridae, subfam., subfam. OrthoretrovirinaeOrthoretrovirinae (inrudit cu(inrudit cu
virusul imunodeficientei umane)virusul imunodeficientei umane)

11. ANEMIA INFECTIOASA AANEMIA INFECTIOASA A
CALULUI (AIE)CALULUI (AIE)
 Vectori:Vectori:

transmitere mecanicatransmitere mecanica

forme adulteforme adulte

active mai – septembrie, varf iulie - augustactive mai – septembrie, varf iulie - august
• Fam.Fam. TabanidaeTabanidae (tauni):(tauni):

Tabanus bovinus / T. autumnalisTabanus bovinus / T. autumnalis

HybomitraHybomitra spp.spp.

ChrysopsChrysops spp.spp.
• Fam.Fam. MuscidaeMuscidae

Stomoxis calcitransStomoxis calcitrans ))

12. ANEMIA INFECTIOASA AANEMIA INFECTIOASA A
CALULUI (AIE)CALULUI (AIE)
 DiagnosticDiagnostic::

metode serologicemetode serologice

testul Cogginstestul Coggins (imunodifuzie),(imunodifuzie), test detest de
confirmare, cu antigen p26confirmare, cu antigen p26

13. ANEMIA INFECTIOASA AANEMIA INFECTIOASA A
CALULUI (AIE)CALULUI (AIE)
• CultivareCultivare pepe linie celularalinie celulara -- derm ecvinderm ecvin
• Extractie cu eterExtractie cu eter
• Filtrare, concentrareFiltrare, concentrare
• Confirmare LNR - valoare diagnosticaConfirmare LNR - valoare diagnostica
la fiecare seriela fiecare serie

14. CONTROLCONTROL
INSECTICIDE / ACARICIDEINSECTICIDE / ACARICIDE
 NATURALENATURALE
o
PIRETRINE (PIRETRINE (ZACHERLINZACHERLIN;; PYRETHRUMPYRETHRUM DE DALMATIA /DE DALMATIA /
CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIAEFOLIUMCHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIAEFOLIUM))
o
AVERMECTINE (AVERMECTINE (STREPTOMYCES AVERMITILISSTREPTOMYCES AVERMITILIS::
IVERMECTINA)IVERMECTINA)
 SINTEZASINTEZA

PIRETROIZIPIRETROIZI
• PERMETRINPERMETRIN
• CYPERMETRINCYPERMETRIN

ORGANOFOSFORICEORGANOFOSFORICE
• FENTHION (TIGUVON)FENTHION (TIGUVON)
• TRICLORFON (NEGUVON)TRICLORFON (NEGUVON)

AMITRAZAMITRAZ

15. CONTROLCONTROL
INSECTICIDE / ACARICIDEINSECTICIDE / ACARICIDE