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Spring Protection:
Safe & Sustainable Drinking
Water in the Western Ghats
Dr. Jared Buono
Mr Dhananjay Ambrale
World Water Day, 2014
IIT Mumbai
Outline
• Hydrogeology
• Social importance
• Ecological status
• Grassroots restoration efforts
Western Ghats
Focus Area:
Satara District
Monsoon, Patchputewadi Village
Dry Season, Patchputewadi
Water is #1 issue:
• Degraded watersheds
• Over pumping
• Natural conditions
Basalt:
• Fine grained
• Groundwater flow
limited to cracks, vesicles
Deccan traps
• 66M year old lava
• 500K km2 area
• ~2000m thick
Present day Iceland
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Generalized
Geology
Massive Basalt
Compound
Flows
Talus & Soil
Typical Groundwater
Flow Paths
- At contacts
- Occasional fractures
Spring
Formation
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Spring recharge
zone
Discharge zone
Well recharge zone
Springs
Spring
Formation
Laterite Cap
Typical Groundwater
Flow Paths
- At contacts
- Occasional fractures
- Laterite plateaus
Laterite tableland formations in Satara
District
• Up to 1,00,000 liters per day
• 50 to 1400m above sea level
• Geology: basalt, laterite or talus
• Spring type: contact or fracture
General Spring Characteristics
Water quality of springs
• Water quality very good; min & max values
– Temp: 17 – 22 °C (winter)
– Ph: 7.3 – 8.3
– TDS: 35 – 160 mg/l
– EC: 70 – 320 mmho/cm
– Hardness (CaCO3): 30 – 140 mg/l
– Na: 2 – 25 mg/l
– K: 0 – 2 mg/l
– Ca2: 10 – 36 mg/l
– Mg2: 1 – 12 mg/l
– HCO3: 31 – 177 mg/l
– Cl: 7 – 14 mg/l
– Fe2: 0.4 – 0.7 mg/l *****
From Naik et al. 2000
• Only iron shows marginal excess
• Pathogens are rare at source (e.g. no fecals)
Laterite
Basalt
Villages Accessing
Spring Water
Potential Spring
Locations
Socioeconomic value
– Uses: drinking, irrigation, temples, animals
– Safe and sustainable source of drinking water
• Gravity-fed = no pumping cost
• Year round supply
• Water quality very high
Cultural value
Credit: Rohit Gowaikar, Wikipedia/Flickr
Historic value
Current State of Springs
Typical spring box
• Installed in 1970s as drought
response
• Poor design & maintenance =
leaks, contamination
• Declining flow due to adjacent
pumping, ecological
degradation
The Rush for More
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Ecological Degradation
• Anthropogenic fire
• Over grazing
• Fuel wood collection
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Almost all springs
under threat
Declining flow due to:
• Deforestation
• Groundwater
exploitation
• How many springs
are there?
• How many people
affected?
Karjat Area:
Elevation – 50 m
Flow – ~7 l/m
Use – irrigation
Status – disuse,
loss to bore wells
Pune Area:
Elevation – 700 m
Flow – ~10 l/m
Use – drinking
Status – loss to
bores, wells
Koyna Area:
Elev – 800 m
Flow – ~30 l/m
Use – drinking
Status – healthy in
unpopulated area
Panchgani Area:
Elev – 1200 m
Flow – ~9 l/m
Use – drinking
Status – loss to
bores, wells
Satara
District
Maharashtra
Location Map
SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGS
Legend
District Boundary
Taluka Boundary
Spring Locations (Subsample)
Laterite Tableland Formations
• Our growing map of springs
• For every point there are probably
100 more
Detailed survey:
• >20 spring systems
• 10 dependent villages
• >10000 people
• All springs threatened
Western Ghats
Modified from Molur et al. 2011
National Importance
of the Western Ghats
Western Ghats Watersheds
- Cover 9 states
- Direct water supply for
120 million people
- Indirect, >400 million
*Molur et al. 2011
Modified from Molur et al. 2011
Western Ghats
Laterite tableland formations in Satara
District
Source: Wikimedia Commons; Hillebrand, Steve
Precipitation
Time
Discharge
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Springshed Restoration &
Recharge
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Standard Spring Box
Nalla-box (sand dam)
With livestock or wildlife guzzler
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Empowerment
Spring recharge
zone
Discharge zone
Well recharge zone
Springs
Piryachiwadi Village:
Recharge & Discharge Zones
April 2013
Godavalli Aquifer
Contour
Feb 2014
Wells
Spring
*
Wells
Spring
Flow Vectors
*
Godavalli Aquifer
Feb 2014
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils
Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky
Plateau
RECHARGE ZONE
SPRING – DISCHARGE
ZONE
Godavalli Village:
Recharge & Discharge
Zones
Feb 2014
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils
Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky
Plateau
Recharge Zone
Feb 2014
Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala
Management – Reforestation
Management – Roof Water Harvest &
Limited Pumping
Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour
N
Management Recommendations
Feb 2014
Map Credit: wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
• Part of initiative
by Arghyam to
make springs
national priority
•We are partners
for Western
Ghats
• Expand to more villages
• Create a knowledge base in area
• Applied research to better understand springs
• Hydrologic importance of laterite plateaus
• Quantify land-use effects on spring flow
• Provide spring-specific policy recommendations
Future Activities
THANKS!
Now come work with us…
jared.buono@gmail.com | +91 966 537 4629
dhanuambrale.7@gmail.com | +91 997 579 9311
grampari.org
facebook/grampari.org
REFERENCES:
Molur, S., Smith, K.G., Daniel, B.A. and Darwall, W.R.T. (Compilers). 2011. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in
the Western Ghats, India. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, and Coimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation.
Naik, P.K., · A.K. Awasthi, P.C. Mohan. 2002. Springs in a Headwater Basin in the Deccan Trap Country of the Western Ghats, India.
Hydrogeology Journal (2002) 10:553–565.
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014
GRAMPARI
MISSION:
- Empower rural India
through thoughtful,
community-led
programs
CORE AREAS:
- Livelihoods
- Governance
- Health &
Environment
Reviving Springs in Western Ghats_Dr. Jared Buono_2014

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