A power point for all your settlement revision needs!

1. Site Settlement Situation & Growth

2. First for some definitions Settlement These are places where People live. Site The physical land on which the settlement was built on Situation The settlement in relation to its surroundings

3. What factors made people decide on a site to locate their settlement?

4. Settlements were built in sheltered areas such as valleys or in bays on coastal locations. Aspect (the direction in which a settlement faces) was also an important consideration. Settlements would be more ideally located on south-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere and on north-facing slopes in the Southern Hemisphere . For example, in Britain, it was an advantage to be sheltered from cold winds blowing from the north, and to be facing south which meant more sunlight. Aspect and shelter Northern Hemisphere sun is in the south settlements on south-facing slopes receive more heat and sunlight S N

5. Aspect and shelter The town of Bradford-Upon-Avon in Wiltshire is located on a steep, south-facing slope.

6. Some settlement sites had specific advantages Settlement sites Where a river was shallow enough to be crossed (a ford) or narrow enough to easily build a bridge (e.g. Oxford). Where natural routes meet, such as several valleys (e.g. York) or at the confluence of two rivers (e.g. St Louis on the Mississippi). In especially wet areas, settlements were built on slightly raised land to avoid flooding or the unhealthy marshland (e.g. Ely in Cambridgeshire). Bridging Point Dry-Point Route Focus

7. Some settlement sites had specific advantages. Settlement sites These settlements were built at a source of water in an otherwise dry area. For example, in lowland Britain, many settlements were built at springs at the foot of chalk escarpments, e.g. Kemsingat near the North Downs. In order to protect themselves from attack, settlements were built within a river meander, with the river giving protection on three sides, e.g. Shrewsbury, or on a hill with good views, or in a gap on a ridge e.g. Corfe Castle. defensive wet-point

8. Resources Fertile Soil : needed for growing crops to support the settlements population. There is a higher density of rural settlements where there are fertile soils Early settlements relied upon timbre for fuel and building materials so nearby woodland was an advantage.

9. Resources Clay soils would have been used to make clay pots for cooking with Coal seams or oil fields would also be an advantage as they could also be mined as a source of fuel.

10. Resources Iron Ore or Tin for making tools Supply of easily quarried stone to build houses

18. What are the different functions of settlements? Remember: a function is the work that is done in the settlement

20. Spot the difference:

22. Urban models

25. The Hoyt Model AKA the “Sector model”

29. Urban Land Use Patterns: LEDCs 1. The Central Business District; same as in MEDCs 2. High status housing surrounds the CBD. This includes high-rise expensive modern apartment blocks, many with their own security guards. This pattern is the opposite to that of cities in MEDCs. 3. Poor to medium quality housing which started out as a shanty town. It has now been provided with some basic amenities (the periferia). 4. Shanty towns are found on the steep hillsides, swamps or waste land surrounding the city. 5. Modern factories are found along main roads, sometimes with favelas in between.

30. Land use in Taunton

35. New Industrial Area Industrial estates and business parks built since 1970, close to main roads They are located close to main roads so that there is easy access for goods and employees Examples in Taunton: Blackbrook business park off of the M5

41. Bid rent theory

43. The core: Intensively used High rise buildings Multi storey shops, offices The frame: Smaller, family run businesses Shops with flats above The Frame Area of Taunton’s CBD: Bridge Street, East Reach The Core Area of Taunton’s CBD: North Street, East Street

44. What are the problems in CBDs? How are they solved?

46. A CASE STUDY OF URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Taunton- UK

49. MULTI-STOREY CAR PARKS e.g. Old Pig Market Why needed? What are the solutions to traffic problems in Taunton?

50. CYCLE LANES And BUS LANES Why?

51. ONE WAY STREETS e.g. Winchester St Why?

52. RISING BOLLARDS Why? e.g. On Blackbrook business park

53. TRAFFIC CALMING IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS e.g. forced Give Way Speed reducing bollards etc. Why needed?

54. PARK AND RIDE e.g. Silk Mills Why?

55. PEDESTRIANISED AREAS e.g. High Street Why needed?

57. THE INNER CITY (ZONE 2) Also known as the Twilight or Transition Zone

58. Zone 2 of the Urban Land-use Model – THE INNER CITY Typical style of housing in the Inner City Typical aerial view of an Inner City Area

61. What types of land-use are found in Inner City areas? 19 th Century Terraced Housing Industry – large factories built during the industrial revolution (now some knocked down / converted) Canals and Railways Main Roads (often now ring roads taking traffic out of CBDs)

63. Problems in Inner City Areas (since 1950s / 1950s) 1. Industrial Decline (see other notes) 2. High unemployment 3. Abandoned Warehouses – eyesore and led to vandalism 4. High Crime Rates 5. Poor Quality Housing 6. Overcrowding 7. Lack of Open Space 8. Lack of Parking Spaces 9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories / traffic) 10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)

68. Brown field sites Brownfield sites are areas of land that have previously been used. They include sites of old factories or buildings By using these brown field sites, pressure to build on the greenbelt is reduced It is however expensive to build on these areas as they can be contaminated

69. Urban redevelopment This is where areas that have been in decline in an urban area are redeveloped Into new uses (shopping centres, housing etc)

70. Protecting the environment Organisations such as the National Trust and the Somerset Wildlife Trust protect the environment, including areas of land at the RUF.