In Mobile ad hoc networks, due to the high packet loss rates and frequent topological changes, the unbalanced transport layer and reserved amount of traffic is carried out by the network. In a QoS based routing metric for MANETs, it is necessary to combine the minimum available bandwidth and end-to-end delay along with the congestion around a link. In this paper, a cross layer based multipath routing (CBMR) protocol to improve QoS in mobile ad hoc networks to allot weights to individual links, depending on the metrics link quality, channel quality and end-to-end delay is developed. In order to validate load balancing and interference between the links using the same channel, the individual link weights are integrated into a routing metric. Therefore, the weight value helps the routing protocol to avoid the routing traffic through the congested area hence the traffic is balanced and the network capacity is improved. Then the proportion of traffic to be routed to each neighbor is selected to execute routing such that the weight of the node is a minimum. We also propose an enhanced TCP congestion control mechanism for wireless networks, based on a cross-layer scheme. By our simulation results, the robustness of our protocol achieves increased packet delivery ratio with reduced latency was demonstrated.

1. ACEEE International Journal on Network Security, Vol 1, No. 1, Jan 2010
A Cross-Layer Based Multipath Routing
Protocol To Improve QoS In Mobile Adhoc
Networks
S.Venkatasubramanian1
Asst.Professor/Department of computer science & Engineering,
Saranathan college of Engineering,
Panjapur, Tiruchirapalli, India Pin: 620 012
veeyes@saranathan.ac.in
Abstract of service (QoS). When the nodes communicate over
wireless links then all the nodes should fight against the
In Mobile ad hoc networks, due to the high packet loss rates unpredictable character of the wireless channels and
and frequent topological changes, the unbalanced transport intrusion from the additional transmitting nodes. Even if
layer and reserved amount of traffic is carried out by the
network. In a QoS based routing metric for MANETs, it is
the user-required QoS in wireless ad hoc networks is
necessary to combine the minimum available bandwidth and attained, these factors make it as a challenging problem to
end-to-end delay along with the congestion around a link. In use on the data throughput.
this paper, a cross layer based multipath routing (CBMR)
protocol to improve QoS in mobile ad hoc networks to allot Due to the mobility of the nodes, repeated route changes
weights to individual links, depending on the metrics link cause difficulty in implementing ad hoc networks. Due to
quality, channel quality and end-to-end delay is developed. In the high packet loss rates and regular topological changes,
order to validate load balancing and interference between the the transport layer is not balanced and the inhibited amount
links using the same channel, the individual link weights are of traffic is carried out by the network. The three famous
integrated into a routing metric. Therefore, the weight value
helps the routing protocol to avoid the routing traffic through
problems in ad hoc networks are: due to the intrusion and
the congested area hence the traffic is balanced and the movement of nodes, the reliability of the packet delivery is
network capacity is improved. Then the proportion of traffic not sufficient, incomplete bandwidth due to channel
to be routed to each neighbor is selected to execute routing limitations and the inhibited node life span caused as an
such that the weight of the node is a minimum. We also outcome of small battery size.
propose an enhanced TCP congestion control mechanism for
wireless networks, based on a cross-layer scheme. By our B. Problems of Adhoc Routing Protocols
simulation results, the robustness of our protocol achieves
increased packet delivery ratio with reduced latency was (i) An excellent scalable QoS architecture is required for
demonstrated. the huge dimension of ad hoc networks. An ad hoc
network may not want to (or be able) to limit the number
Index Terms: CBMR,QoS,Congestion,MANET
of hosts concerned in the network. The potential for the
collisions and contention increases when several nodes
I .Introduction join as ad hoc network or the data traffic increases and due
to this the protocols face the challenging task to route data
A. Quality of Service (QoS) in MANET packets and results in scalability. The scalability problems
have been considered in the QoS in ad hoc networks in the
Ad hoc wireless network is a special case of wireless previous works.
network which consists of backbone infrastructure which
is determined before. This can be made flexible and (ii) By the Network Interface Queues (IFQ) which are
organized quickly by using the features of the wireless ad implemented by AODV [1], TORA [2] and DSR [3], the
hoc networks. However, using this property important packets which are ready to be transmitted are buffered.
technological challenges are also created. There are many These packets are received by the network protocol stack.
challenges including the issues of efficient routing, Generally, the maximum numbers of packets which are
medium access, power management, security and quality present in the IFQ are limited. In addition to this, a
1
The Author is an part-time research scholar in the area of wireless adhoc maximum timeout policy for packets in the IFQ is
networks at Anna University,Trichy,India and can be reached at implemented by the IFQ. Therefore any packet in
919443144356
expectation of a route in the IFQ for a huge period may be
discarded without any notification [4]. Hou and Tipper [5]
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2. ACEEE International Journal on Network Security, Vol 1, No. 1, Jan 2010
have stated that the edge over of the IFQ of congested
nodes is one of the key motives for the rejection in The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In
throughput for congested networks running DSR. Section II some of the existing work in this area is
reviewed. The system design and overview are presented
(iii) The existing routing protocols faced a problem, called in the Section III. Section IV presents the details of
the communication Gray Zone problem, which is a estimating the QoS based routing metrics. Section V
major challenge [4]. Based on the control (RREQ) describes our proposed QoS based robust multipath routing
packets, the detection and establishments of end to protocol in detail. The experimental results are presented
end routes are carried out in most of the routing in Section VI.
protocols like AODV. However, these control packets
and data packets have different properties. For
example, when RREQ packets are compared with the II. RELATED WORK
data packets, it shows that RREQ packets are smaller
and are transmitted at lower bit rates. The Andre Schumacher, et. al. (2006), have approached the
bidirectional RREQ packets can be transmitted or problem of load balancing for wireless multihop networks
received by the nodes which are at the distance. On by distributed optimization using an approximation
the other hand, as a result of the above mentioned algorithm for minimizing the maximum network
property, the high bit-rate data packets cannot be sent congestion and implement it as a modification of the DSR
or received. Due to the resultant “fragile” link which routing protocol. The algorithm was based on shortest-path
triggers link repairs, high control overhead for computations that are integrated into the DSR route
protocols like AODV is obtained. discovery and maintenance process. Therefore, it does not
rely on the dissemination of global information within the
(iv) The essential element of any QoS-enabled routing entire network [7].Kaixin Xu, et. al., (2003) have proposed
protocol is the end-to-end delay estimation. In order to a Scalable QoS architecture suitable for large scale mobile
calculate the end-to-end delay, the existing protocols ad hoc networks with the help of the scalable LANMAR
establish the time taken to route RREQ and RREP routing protocol. They have also introduced the mobile
packets along the specified path. However, RREQ and backbone network structure to enhance the network
RREP packets are impossible to meet the similar performance [8].Jianbo Xue, et. al., (2003) have proposed
levels of traffic delay and loss like data packets which a QoS framework for MANETs Adaptive Reservation and
are considerably different from usual packets. Pre-allocation Protocol (ASAP). By using two signaling
messages, ASAP provides fast and efficient QoS support
In order to monitor the movement of the node and that a while maintaining adaptation flexibility and minimizing
route is about to break, the communication is based on the wasted reservations [9].
received power of the forwarding node. Therefore, the
quality of the route is measured. Based on the measured Jangeun Jun and Mihail L. Sichitiu, (2003) have exposed a
quality of the route, the link breakage can be assumed. A significant fairness problem existent practically in all
smaller end-to-end delay and a larger throughput to a host wireless multihop networks. They showed that a network
can be obtained by using a proactive fault tolerant routing layer solution can restore fairness at the expense of
with QoS aware multipath route discovery. bandwidth efficiency[10].Michael Gerharz, et. al., (2003)
have have outlined that it is a very complex task to reserve
In this paper, a cross layer based multipath routing or even measure available bandwidth in wireless multihop
(CBMR) protocol to improve QOS in mobile ad hoc networks. They have introduced and evaluated the DLite
networks intended for mobile ad hoc networks has been algorithm, an approach to service differentiation in ad hoc
developed. In this paper, the facility to determine multiple networks. It applies a fair queuing scheme with separate
routes to a host and switch between them to expand the queues for each service class. Late packets of delay
definition of AOMDV [6] has been employed. Enabling a constrained classes were dropped in intermediate routers.
QoS constrained route from source to destination is one of [11].
the objectives of the routing protocol. The route chosen by
the protocol must send packets with minimum bandwidth Duc A. Tran and Harish Raghavendra, (2006) have
and end-to-end latency, in particular. The protocol should proposed CRP [12], a congestion-adaptive routing protocol
satisfy the above constraints and also select the most for MANETs. CRP tried to prevent congestion from
robust among all possible candidate routes.Different from occurring in the first place, rather than dealing with it
wired networks, TCP over wireless networks needs to be reactively. Xiaoqin Chen et al.,(2007) [13] have proposed
cross-layer designed which depends on information of a congestion- aware routing protocol for mobile ad hoc
MAC. However, it is difficult to apply existing cross-layer networks which uses a metric incorporating data-rate,
design into hybrid networks. In this paper, we have also MAC overhead, and buffer delay to combat congestion.
proposed an enhanced TCP congestion control mechanism
for wireless networks, based on a cross-layer scheme.
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3. ACEEE International Journal on Network Security, Vol 1, No. 1, Jan 2010
Ming Yu et al.,(2007) [14] have proposed a link routing traffic through congested area. Subsequently, the
availability-based QoS-aware (LABQ) routing protocol for selection of the proportion of traffic to be routed to each
mobile ad hoc networks based on mobility prediction and neighbor is made to perform routing such that the weight
link quality measurement, in addition to energy of the node is a possible minimum.
consumption estimate..Hongxia Sun et al [15], proposed an
adaptive QoS routing scheme which is supported by cross-
layer cooperation in ad hoc networks. By considering the IV. ESTIMATING QOS-BASED ROUTING METRICS
influence of node mobility and lower-layer link
performance, the cross-layer mechanism provides up-to- A. Estimating Link Quality
date local QoS information for the adaptive routing
Each node in the network estimates its quality of links with
algorithm. Based on the current network status, the
its one-hop neighbors. If Nq is the number of HELLO
multiple QoS requirements are satisfied by adaptively
packets received during a time window Twin and Pq is the
using forward error correction and multipath routing
percentage of HELLO packets received in the last r
mechanisms. Al-khwildi et al [16], have proposed a novel
seconds, then the link quality Lq is measured as
routing technique called Adaptive Link-Weight (ALW)
routing protocol which selects an optimum route on the
Lq = δ. Pq + (1 – δ) . Nq (1)
basis of available bandwidth, low delay and long route
lifetime. Those technique adapts a cross-layer framework
The estimated link quality is maintained by each node in
where the ALW is included with application and physical
its NT. The average link quality of all the links across the
layer.
path P, gives the route quality Rq of the path. RREQ
packets of the reverse path and RREP packets of the
III. SYSTEM DESIGN AND PROTOCOL OVERVIEW forward path accumulate the estimated Lq values.The
value δ is application specific.
We devise the model by considering a mobile ad hoc
network in which each node utilizes IEEE 802.11 DCF for B. Estimating End to End Delay
medium access control (MAC). At the application layer,
intra-flow interference occurs for the same flow which is There is a significant variation between the end-to-end
transmitted on different wireless links. But it has been delay reported by RREQ-RREP measurements and the
presumed as a single data flow. delay experienced by actual data packets. We address this
A QOS based multipath routing protocol intended for issue by introducing a DUMMY-RREP phase during route
mobile ad hoc networks is put forwarded. In this paper, we discovery. The source saves the RREP packets it receives
employed the facility to determine multiple routes to a host in a RREP TABLE and then acquires the RREP for a route
and switch between them to expand the definition of from this table to send a stream of DUMMY data packets
AOMDV [6].Enabling a QoS constrained route from along the path traversed by this RREP. DUMMY packets
source to destination is the objective of the routing efficiently imitate real data packets on a particular path
protocol. The route chosen by the protocol must send owing to the same size, priority and data rate as real data
packets with minimum bandwidth and end-to-end latency, packets. H is the hop count reported by the RREP. The
without facing congestion. The protocol should satisfy the number of packets comprised in every stream is 2H. The
above constraints and also select the most robust among all destination computes the average delay Davg of all
possible candidate routes. DUMMY packets received, which is sent through a RREP
to the source. The source selects this route and sends data
A QoS-based routing metric for MANETs should packets only when the average delay reported by this
incorporate minimum available bandwidth and end-to-end RREP is inside the bound requested by the application.
latency along with congestion around a link. Congestion is The source performs a linear back-off and sends the
related to channel quality, which depends on the MAC DUMMY stream on a different route selected from its
access contention and channel reliability. So our algorithm RREP TABLE when the delay exceeds the required limit.
should rely on the following metrics to allocate weights to
C. Estimating Channel Quality
individual links.
• End-to-End Delay The channel quality can be represented by both the channel
• Channel Quality occupancy and channel reliability.
• Link Quality
C.1. Channel Occupation
The individual link weights are combined into a routing In this network, we consider IEEE 802.11 MAC with the
metric to validate the load balancing and interference distributed coordination function (DCF). It has the packet
between links using the same channel. Consequently, the sequence as request-to-send (RTS), clear-to-send (CTS),
traffic is balanced and the network capacity is improved as data and acknowledgement (ACK). The amount of time
the weight value assists the routing protocol to evade between the receipt of one packet and the transmission of
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4. ACEEE International Journal on Network Security, Vol 1, No. 1, Jan 2010
the next is called a short inter frame space (SIFS). Then SSRC with an initial value of 0, when it transmits the RTS
the channel occupation due to MAC contention will be frame successfully. By this way, when a node starts to
transmit a new RTS frame, SSRC will be the initial value
Cocc = tRTS + tCTS + 3tSIFS + tacc (2) of 0, in spite of the initial RTS which was transmitted
successfully or discarded. Obviously, the node would not
Where tRTS and tCTS are the time consumed on RTS and know the RTS retry count of the last frame for its resetting
CTS, respectively and tSIFS is the SIFS period. tacc is the which results that its channel state cannot be known.
time taken due to access contention. The channel
occupation is mainly dependent upon the medium access To solve this problem, the value of SSRC is recorded when
contention, and the number of packet collisions. That is, each RTS frame is retransmitted. The packet to be
Cocc is strongly related to the congestion around a given transmitted will be marked as “1” in its congestion
node. Cocc can become relatively large if congestion is experience bit when it exceeds the given the threshold “2”,
incurred and not controlled, and it can dramatically which shows an imminent congestion in ECN mechanism.
decrease the capacity of a congested link.
Therefore, in the design of a congestion-aware metric for VI. QOS BASED ROBUST MULTIPATH ROUTING
networks, the access contention should be considered to PROTOCOL
more accurately indicate channel capacity.
For establishing multiple disjoint paths, we adapt the idea
C.2. Channel Reliability from the Adhoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector
The channel reliability also affects the packet transmission Routing (AOMDV) [6]. The multiple paths are computed
in MANETs and factors such as interference and fading in during the route discovery.
the channel may lead to occurrence of packet losses. In
802.11 DCF, several failed retransmissions lead to packets We now introduce the weight metric W which assigns a
being dropped. In addition to performance deterioration cost to each link in the network. The weight W combines
due to congestion with respect to packet losses, higher the link quality Lq , channel quality Cocc and the average
packet retransmissions involved owing to augmented delay Davg , to select maximum throughput paths, avoiding
packet losses lead to more congestion. A successful the most congested links.For an intermediate node i with
transmission of a packet on an unreliable links would established transmission with several of its neighbours, the
consume more time on MAC overhead. W for the link from node i to a particular neighboring node
is given by
V. CROSS-LAYER DESIGN OF TCP W = Lq + Cocc + Davg (3)
A. Route Request
Currently, the main method of congestion control over
wired network is an optimization framework based on During the route discovery phase of the protocol, each
utility functions Moreover this method is not applicable intermediate node uses an admission control scheme to
to the wireless networks. This is because due to the check whether the flow can be accepted or not. If accepted,
immanent interference of wireless links the metrics like a Flow Table (FT) entry for that particular flow is created.
queue length on routers, sending rate of links cannot The FT contains the fields Source (Src), Destination (Dst),
characterize the congestion price. Reserved Bandwidth (BWres), Minimum bandwidth
In this paper, according to the RTS retry counts, the ECN (BWmin). Each node collects the bandwidth reserved at its
scheme will mark packets. IEEE 802.11 is the standard one hop neighbors (piggybacked on periodic HELLO
protocol for wireless adhoc networks. It provides two packets) and stores it in its Neighbor Table (NT) .The
options for accessing namely the basic scheme and Neighbor Table contains fields Destination (Dst), Reserved
RTS/CTS scheme. In this paper only this RTS/CTS Bandwidth (BWres), No. of Hello Packets (No Hello).
scheme is considered because it is used more in ad hoc
networks than the basic scheme. But our design can also be Consider the scenario
applied to the basic scheme.
Let us consider the route
In RTS/CTS scheme, in order to record the retransmit
count of RTS frame in the current node, each node S -- R1 – R2 – R3 – D
maintains a variable SSRC. When a node fails to transmit
RTS frame, then it will retransmit this RTS frame and To initiate QoS-aware routing discovery, the source host S
increases SSRC by 1 at the same time. The sender will sends a RREQ. When the intermediate host R1 receives
report a link failure notification to the network layer if the the RREQ packet, it first estimates all the metrics as
value of the SSRC reaches 7 and discards the RTS frame described in the previous section.
and the data frame to be transmitted together and resets
SSRC to an initial value of 0. Also the node refreshes the
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5. ACEEE International Journal on Network Security, Vol 1, No. 1, Jan 2010
The host R1 then calculates its weight WR1 using (3). Table1: Simulation Parameters
WR1
No. of Nodes 25,50,75 and 100
RREQR1 ====== R2 Area Size 1000 X 1000
R2 then calculates its weight WR2 in the same way and Mac 802.11
adds it to the weight of R1. R2 then forward the RREQ Radio Range 250m
packet with this added weight. Simulation Time 100 sec
Traffic Source CBR
Packet Size 512
WR1+ WR2 Mobility Model Random Way Point
RREQR2 ============= R3 Speed 5m/s to 20m/s
Finally the RREQ reaches the destination node D with the Pause time 5s
sum of node weights
B. Performance Metrics
WR1+ WR2 + WR3
RREQR3 ================ D We compare our CBMR protocol with the AOMDV [6],
CARM [13] and LABQ [14] protocol. We evaluate mainly
B. Route Reply the performance according to the following metrics, by
varying the nodes as 25, 50, 75 and 100.
The Destination node D send the route reply packet RREP
along with the total node weight to the immediate Control overhead: The control overhead is defined as the
upstream node R3 . total number of routing control packets normalized by the
total number of received data packets.
WR1+ WR2 + WR3
RREP ================ R3 Average end-to-end delay: The end-to-end-delay is
averaged over all surviving data packets from the sources
Now R3 calculates its cost C based on the information to the destinations.
from RREP as
Average Packet Delivery Ratio: It is the ratio of the No.
CR3 = (WR1+ WR2 +WR3) - (WR1+ WR2) (4) of packets received successfully and the total no. of
packets sent
By proceeding in the same way, all the intermediate hosts
calculate its cost. C. Results
On receiving the RREP from all the routes, the source C.1. Varying No. Of Nodes
selects the route with minimum cost value.
In the first experiment, the performance of the protocols is
The simulation results in the next section showed that measured by varying the no. of nodes as 25, 50, 75 and
these calculations did not increase the overhead 100. From Figure 1, we can see that the packet delivery
significantly. ratio for CBMR increases, when compared to AOMDV,
CARM and LABQ, since it utilizes robust links.
VII. SIMULATION RESULTS From Figure 2, it is evident that the average end-to-end
delay of the proposed CBMR protocol is less when
A. Simulation Model and Parameters compared to the AOMDV, CARM and LABQ protocol.
NS2 simulator is used to simulate our proposed protocol. Figure 3 shows that the control overhead of the protocols.
In our simulation, the channel capacity of mobile hosts is Since CBMR make use of HELLO packets for cost
set to the same value: 2 Mbps. We use the distributed estimation, the values are considerably less in CBMR
coordination function (DCF) of IEEE 802.11 for wireless when compared with AOMDV, CARM and LABQ.
LANs as the MAC layer protocol. It has the functionality
to notify the network layer about link breakage.
In our simulation, each node moves independently with the
same average speed is assumed. The simulated traffic is
Constant Bit Rate (CBR). Our simulation settings and
parameters are summarized in table 1
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6. ACEEE International Journal on Network Security, Vol 1, No. 1, Jan 2010
Packet Delivery Ratio Packet Delivery Ratio
100 120
100 CBMR
80 CBMR
80
ratio(%)
ratio(% )
AOMDV
60 AOMDV 60
CARM
40 CARM 40
20 LABQ
20 LABQ
0
0 250 500 750 1000
25 50 75 100
Rate
Nodes
Fig.4: Rate Vs Delivery Ratio
Fig 1: Nodes Vs Delivery Ratio
From Figure 5, we can see that the average end-to-end
End-to-End Delay
delay of the proposed CBMR protocol is less when
compared to AOMDV, CARM and LABQ.
0.8
Figure 6 shows the control overhead of the protocols.
0.6 CBMR Since CBMR make use of HELLO packets for cost
Delay(s)
0.4
AOMDV estimation, the values are considerably less in CBMR
CARM when compared with AOMDV, CARM and LABQ.
0.2 LABQ
0
25 50 75 100
Nodes End-to-End Delay
0.6
Fig. 2: Nodes Vs Delay 0.5 CBMR
0.4
Delay(s)
AOMDV
0.3
Control Overhead CARM
0.2
0.1 LABQ
1.2 0
1 CBMR 250 500 750 1000
0.8 AOMDV Rate
ratio
0.6
0.4 CARM
0.2 LABQ
0 Fig. 5: Rate Vs Delay
25 50 75 100
Nodes Control Overhead
1.2
1
Fig. 3: Nodes Vs Overhead CBMR
0.8
ratio(%)
AOMDV
0.6
B. Varying the Transmission Rate 0.4
CARM
In the second experiment, we measure the performance of 0.2
LABQ
the protocols by varying the transmission rate as 0
250,500,750 and 1000 Kb. 250 500 750 1000
Rate
From Figure 4, we can see that the packet delivery ratio for
CBMR is more, when compared to AOMDV, CARM and
LABQ since it utilizes robust links. Fig 6: Rate Vs Overhead
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7. ACEEE International Journal on Network Security, Vol 1, No. 1, Jan 2010
CONCLUSION Communications, vol. 2, pp: 1018- 1023, 13- 16 October
2003, Doi: 10.1109/MILCOM.2003.1290305.
In a QoS based routing metric for MANETs, it is necessary [9] Jianbo Xue, Patrick Stuedi and Gustavo Alonso, "ASAP: An
to combine the minimum available bandwidth and end-to- Adaptive QoS Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks",
end delay along with the congestion around a link. MAC IEEE Proceedings on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications, vol. 3, pp: 2616- 2620, 7- 10 September
access contention and channel reliability induces
2003, Doi: 10.1109/PIMRC.2003.1259201.
congestion that is related to channel quality. In this paper [10] Jangeun Jun and Mihail L. Sichitiu, "Fairness and QoS in
we have developed a cross layer based multipath routing Multihop Wireless Networks", in proceedings of 58th IEEE
(CBMR) protocol to improve QoS in mobile ad hoc Conference on Vehicular Technology, vol. 5, pp: 2936-
networks to allot weights to individual links, depending on 2940, 6- 9 October 2003, Doi:
the metrics link quality, channel quality and end-to-end 10.1109/VETECF.2003.1286161.
delay. The weight value helps the routing protocol to avoid [11] Michael Gerharz, Christian de Waal, Matthias Frank and
the routing traffic through the congested area and hence Paul James, "A Practical View on Quality-of-Service
the traffic is balanced and the network capacity is Support in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", Proc. of the 3rd
IEEE Workshop on Applications and Services in Wireless
improved. Then the proportion of traffic to be routed to
Networks (ASWN), pp: 185-196, Berne, Switzerland, July
each neighbor is selected to execute routing such that the 2003.
weight of the node is a minimum. We have also proposed an [12] Duc A. Tran and Harish Raghavendra, "Congestion
enhanced TCP congestion control mechanism for wireless Adaptive Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE
networks, based on a cross-layer scheme. By simulation Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 17,
results, we have demonstrated that the robustness of our no. 11, November 2006.
protocol achieves increased packet delivery ratio with [13] Xiaoqin Chen, Haley M. Jones, A .D .S. Jayalath,
reduced latency. The security challenges of our proposed "Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc
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