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hirist 
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TOP 100 
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 
LINUX
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WhatisLinuxandwhyisitsopopular? 
2 
QUESTION 
LinuxisanoperatingsystembasedonUNIX,andwasfirstintroducedbyLinusTorvaldscommonlyusedinservers. ItisbasedontheLinuxKernel,andcanrunondifferenthardwareplatformsmanufacturedbyIntel,MIPS,HP, IBM,SPARCandMotorola.AnotherpopularelementinLinuxisitsmascot,apenguinfigurenamedTux. 
PopularityofLinuxisbecauseofthefollowingreasons 
•Itisfreeandopensource.WecandownloadLinuxforfreeandcustomizeitasperourneeds. 
•Itisveryrobustandadaptable. 
•Immenseamountoflibrariesandutilities 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 1
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WhatisBASH? 
3 
QUESTION 
BASHisshortforBourneAgainSHell.ItwaswrittenbySteveBourneasareplacementtotheoriginalBourneShell(representedby/bin/sh).ItcombinesallthefeaturesfromtheoriginalversionofBourneShell,plusadditionalfunctionstomakeiteasierandmoreconvenienttouse.IthassincebeenadaptedasthedefaultshellformostsystemsrunningLinux. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 2
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WhatisthecoreofLinuxOperatingSystem? 
4 
QUESTION 
ThecoreoftheLinuxoperatingsystemisKernel.ItisbrokendownintoShell,Command,Script,andTerminal.ShellisacommandLineInterpreter,CommandisuserInstructiontoComputer,Scriptiscollectionofcommandsstoredinafile,andTerminalisacommandLineInterface. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 3
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WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenUNIXandLinuxOperatingSystem? 
5 
QUESTION 
Linuxisfreeandopen-sourcesoftware(allowingprogrammerstoprogramwithLinuxnotaroundit),thekernelofwhichiscreatedbyLinusTorvaldsandcommunity.UNIX,ontheotherhand,isUNIXiscopyrightednameonlybigcompaniesareallowedtousetheUNIXcopyrightandname,soIBMAIXandSunSolarisandHP-UXallareUNIXoperatingsystems. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 4
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WhatisLILO? 
6 
QUESTION 
LILOisabootloaderforLinux.ItisusedmainlytoloadtheLinuxoperatingsystemintomainmemorysothatitcanbeginitsoperations. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 5
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WhatisanINODE? 
7 
QUESTION 
Allfileshaveitsdescriptionstoredinastructurecalled„inode‟.Theinodecontainsinfoaboutthefile-size,accessandmodificationtime,permissionandsoon.Inadditiontodescriptionsaboutthefile,theinodecontainspointerstothedatablocksofthefile. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 6
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Whatisaswapspace? 
8 
QUESTION 
AswapspaceisacertainamountofspaceusedbyLinuxtotemporarilyholdsomeprogramsthatarerunningconcurrently.ThishappenswhenRAMdoesnothaveenoughmemorytoholdallprogramsthatareexecuting. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 7
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Whatistheadvantageofopensource? 
9 
QUESTION 
Opensourceallowsyoutodistributeyoursoftware,includingsourcecodesfreelytoanyonewhoisinterested. Peoplewouldthenbeabletoaddfeaturesandevendebugandcorrecterrorsthatareinthesourcecode.Theycanevenmakeitrunbetter,andthenredistributetheseenhancedsourcecodefreelyagain.Thiseventuallybenefitseveryoneinthecommunity. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 8
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WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenBASHandDOS? 
10 
QUESTION 
ThekeydifferencesbetweentheBASHandDOSconsoleliesin3areas: 
-BASHcommandsarecasesensitivewhileDOScommandsarenot; 
-underBASH,/characterisadirectoryseparatorandactsasanescapecharacter.UnderDOS,/servesasacommandargumentdelimiterandisthedirectoryseparator 
-DOSfollowsaconventioninnamingfiles,whichis8characterfilenamefollowedbyadotand3characterfortheextension.BASHfollowsnosuchconvention. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 9
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WhatisthedifferencebetweenTCPandUDP? 
11 
QUESTION 
ThebasicdifferenceisthatTCPestablishesaconnectionbeforesendingdataandthisallowsittocontrolthedataflowandguaranteethatallpacketsgetdelivered.UDPsimplychucksdatagramsontothewireandifsomegetlostorarriveinbadorderthere‟snowaytorequestaresend.HoweverUDPhaslownetworkoverheadsosomeservicessuchasDNSresolution,SNMP,DHCP,RIPandVOIPuseUDPforitsspeedandanyerrorsareusuallydealtwithontheapplicationlayerratherthannetworklayer. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 10
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WhatistheimportanceoftheGNUproject? 
12 
QUESTION 
Thisso-calledFreesoftwaremovementallowsseveraladvantages,suchasthefreedomtorunprogramsforanypurposeandfreedomtostudyandmodifyaprogramtoyourneeds.Italsoallowsyoutoredistributecopiesofasoftwaretootherpeople,aswellasfreedomtoimprovesoftwareandhaveitreleasedtothepublic. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 11
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HowdoesDNSresolutionwork? 
13 
QUESTION 
AclientapplicationrequestsanIPaddressfromthenameserverusuallybyconnectingtoUDPport53.ThenameserverwillattempttoresolvetheFQDNbasedonitsresolverlibrary,whichmaycontainauthoritativeinformationaboutthehostrequestedorcacheddataaboutthatnamefromanearlierquery.Ifthenameserverdoesnotalreadyhavetheanswer,itwillturntorootnameserverstodeterminetheauthoritativefortheFQDNinquestion. Then,withthatinformation,itwillquerytheauthoritativenameserversforthatnametodeterminetheIPaddress. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 12
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Describetherootaccount. 
14 
QUESTION 
Therootaccountislikeasystemsadministratoraccount,andallowsyoufullcontrolofthesystem.Hereyoucancreateandmaintainuseraccounts,assigningdifferentpermissionsforeachaccount.ItisthedefaultaccounteverytimeyouinstallLinux. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 13
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WhatisCLI? 
15 
QUESTION 
CLIisshortforCommandLineInterface.Thisinterfaceallowsusertotypedeclarativecommandstoinstructthecomputertoperformoperations.CLIoffersanadvantageinthatthereisgreaterflexibility.However,otheruserswhoarealreadyaccustomwithusingGUIfinditdifficulttoremembercommandsincludingattributesthatcomewithit. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 14
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WhatisGUI? 
16 
QUESTION 
GUI,orGraphicalUserInterface,makesuseofimagesandiconsthatusersclickandmanipulateasawayofcommunicatingwiththecomputer.Insteadofhavingtorememberandtypecommands,theuseofgraphicalelementsmakesiteasiertointeractwiththesystem,aswellasaddingmoreattractionthroughimages,iconsandcolors. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 15
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HowcanyoufindouthowmuchmemoryLinuxisusing? 
17 
QUESTION 
Fromacommandshell,usethe“concatenate”command:cat/proc/meminfoformemoryusageinformation.Youshouldseealinestartingsomethinglike:Mem:64655360,etc.ThisisthetotalmemoryLinuxthinksithasavailabletouse. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 16
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WhatisanMXrecord? 
18 
QUESTION 
AnMXrecordnumericallyranksthemailserversyouwouldprefertoreceiveemailforadomain.TheMXrecordwiththelowestnumberispreferredovertheothers,butyoucansetmultipleemailserverswiththesamevalueforsimpleloadbalancing. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 17
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PleasedescribetheLinuxboot-upsequence. 
19 
QUESTION 
Therearesevenstepstotheboot-upsequence.1)BIOS(basicinput/outputsystem)–executestheMBRwhereBootLoadersits,2)MBR-MasterbootreadsKernelintomemory,3)GRUB(GrandUnifiedBootloader)KernelstartsInitprocess,4)Kernel–Kernelexecutesthe/sbin/initprogram.Initreadsinittab,executesrc.sysinit,5)Init–thercscriptthanstartsservicestoreachthedefaultrunleveland6)Runlevelprograms–theseprogramsareexecutedfrom/etc/rc.d/rc*.dl/ 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 18
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WhatistypicalsizeforaswappartitionunderaLinuxsystem? 
20 
QUESTION 
Thepreferredsizeforaswappartitionistwicetheamountofphysicalmemoryavailableonthesystem.Ifthisisnotpossible,thentheminimumsizeshouldbethesameastheamountofmemoryinstalled. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 19
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Howdoyousearchforapatternandthenreplaceitinanentirefile? 
21 
QUESTION 
YouuseSed,orinVieditor,thesearchusescharacter„s‟slashthepatterntobesearched,slashthepatterntoreplaceitwith,slash„g‟whichstandsforentirefile. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 20
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DoestheCtrl+Alt+DelkeycombinationworkonLinux? 
22 
QUESTION 
Yes,itdoes.JustlikeWindows,youcanusethiskeycombinationtoperformasystemrestart.Onedifferenceisthatyouwon‟tbegettinganyconfirmationmessageandtherefore,rebootisimmediate. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 21
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HowdoyoulistandflushallIptables? 
23 
QUESTION 
Firstyouusethe–Lswitchtoviewallthecurrentlypresentrulesandthen–Ftoflushthem. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 22
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HowdoyouchangepermissionsunderLinux? 
24 
QUESTION 
Assumingyouarethesystemadministratorortheownerofafileordirectory,youcangrantpermissionusingthechmodcommand.Use+symboltoaddpermissionor–symboltodenypermission,alongwithanyofthefollowingletters:u(user),g(group),o(others),a(all),r(read),w(write)andx(execute).Forexamplethecommandchmodgo+rwFILE1.TXTgrantsreadandwriteaccesstothefileFILE1.TXT,whichisassignedtogroupsandothers. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 23
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Whatisashell?Whataretheirnames? 
25 
QUESTION 
Theshellisthepartofthesystemwithwhichtheuserinteracts.AUnixshellinterpretscommandssuchas“pwd”, “cd”or“traceroute”andsendstheproperinstructionstotheactualoperatingsystemitself.TheshellscurrentlyavailableareAnsSH,BASH,CSH,TCSH,NOLOGIN,KSH.Otherfunctionsofashellincludescriptingcapability, pathmemory,multitasking,andfilehandling. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 24
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InLinux,whatnamesareassignedtothedifferentserialports? 
26 
QUESTION 
Serialportsareidentifiedas/dev/ttyS0to/dev/ttyS7.ThesearetheequivalentnamesofCOM1toCOM8inWindows. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 25
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Whatisazombie? 
27 
QUESTION 
Cheekyanswersgetbonuspointsforthisone.ButintheLinuxworld,azombieprocessistheprocessoutputof„ps‟ bythepresenceof„Z‟intheSTATcolumn.Zombiesareessentiallytheprematureprocesseswhosematureparentprocessesdiedwithoutreapingitschildren.Notethatzombiescan‟tbekilledwiththeusual„kill‟signal. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 26
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HowdoyouaccesspartitionsunderLinux? 
28 
QUESTION 
Linuxassignsnumbersattheendofthedriveidentifier.Forexample,ifthefirstIDEharddrivehadthreeprimarypartitions,theywouldbenamed/numbered,/dev/hda1,/dev/hda2and/dev/hda3. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 27
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Youneedtodefineamacro,akeybindingfortheexistingcommand.Howwouldyoudoit? 
29 
QUESTION 
Thereisacommandcalledbind,inbashshellwhichiscapableofdefiningmacro,orbindingakey.Inordertobindakeywithanexistingcommand,weneedtogenerateCharacterSequenceemittedbythekey.PressCtrl+vandthenkeyF12,Igot^[[24~ 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 28
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Yourassistantneedstoprintdirectorystack,whatwouldyousuggest? 
30 
QUESTION 
TheLinuxcommand'dirs',willprintthedirectorystack. 
ForExample:[root@localhost~]#dirs 
/usr/share/X11 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 29
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WhatisthemaximumlengthforafilenameunderLinux? 
31 
QUESTION 
Anyfilenamecanhaveamaximumof255characters.Thislimitdoesnotincludethepathname,sothereforetheentirepathnameandfilenamecouldwellexceed255characters. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 30
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Whatdoesthecommand'hash'isusedforinbashShell? 
32 
QUESTION 
Linuxcommand'hash'managesinternalhashtable,finsandrememberfullpathofthespecifiedcommand,Displayusedcommandnamesandnumberoftimesthecommandisused. 
[root@localhost~]#hash 
hitscommand 
2/bin/ls 
2/bin/su 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 31
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Whichbuilt¬inLinuxcommandperformsarithmeticoperationofIntegersinBash? 
33 
QUESTION 
The'let'commandthatperforms,arithmeticoperationofintegerinbashshell. 
#!/bin/bash 
... 
... 
letc=a+b 
… 
... 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 32
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Explainvirtualdesktop. 
34 
QUESTION 
Thisservesasanalternativetominimizingandmaximizingdifferentwindowsonthecurrentdesktop.Usingvirtualdesktops,eachdesktopisacleanslatewhereyoucanopenoneormoreprograms.Ratherthanminimizing/restoringallthoseprogramsasneeded,youcansimplyshufflebetweenvirtualdesktopswithprogramsintactineachone. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 33
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Differentiatemultiuserfrommultitask. 
35 
QUESTION 
Multiusermeansthatmorethanonepersoncanusethecomputeratthesametime.Multitaskmeansthatevenasingleusercanhavethecomputerworkonmorethanonetaskorprogramatthesametime. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 34
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Youhavealargetextfile,andyouneedtoseeonepageatatime.Whatwillyoudo? 
36 
QUESTION 
Youcanachievetheaboveresultbypipelingtheoutputof'catfile_name.txt'with'more'command. 
[root@localhost~]#catfile_name.txt|more 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 35
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Whoownthedatadictionary? 
37 
QUESTION 
Theuser'SYS'ownsthedatadictionary.Users'SYS'and'SYSEMarecreatedbydefault,automatically. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 36
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HowdoyoushareaprogramacrossdifferentvirtualdesktopsunderLinux? 
38 
QUESTION 
Toshareaprogramacrossdifferentvirtualdesktops,intheupperleft-handcornerofaprogramwindowlookforaniconthatlookslikeapushpin.Pressingthisbuttonwill“pin”thatapplicationinplace,makingitappearinallvirtualdesktops,inthesamepositiononscreen. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 37
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Whatcommandshouldyouusetocheckthenumberoffilesanddiskspaceusedbyeachuser'sdefinedquotas? 
39 
QUESTION 
Thecommand'repquota'comestorescuehere.Commandrepquotasummariesquotasforafilesystem. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 38
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Whataredaemons? 
40 
QUESTION 
Daemonsareservicesthatprovideseveralfunctionsthatmaynotbeavailableunderthebaseoperatingsystem.Itsmaintaskistolistenforservicerequestandatthesametimetoactontheserequests.Aftertheserviceisdone,itisthendisconnectedandwaitsforfurtherrequests. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 39
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Youhavelotsofrunningjobs,howwouldyouremovealltherunningprocesses,withoutrestartingthemachine? 
41 
QUESTION 
TheLinuxcommand'disown-r'willremovealltherunningProcesses. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 40
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AuserisnewtoLinuxandhewantstoknowfulllistofavailablecommands,whatwouldyousuggesthim? 
42 
QUESTION 
Acommand'compgenc'willshowafulllistofavailablecommands. 
[root@localhost~]$compgen-c 
l. 
ll 
ls 
which 
if 
then 
else 
elif 
fi 
case 
esac 
for 
select 
while 
until 
do 
done 
… 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 41
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WhatarethekindsofpermissionsunderLinux? 
43 
QUESTION 
Thereare3kindsofpermissionsunderLinux: 
-Read:usersmayreadthefilesorlistthedirectory 
-Write:usersmaywritetothefileofnewfilestothedirectory 
-Execute:usersmayrunthefileorlookupaspecificfilewithinadirectory 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 42
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Youneedtotrackeventsonyoursystem.Whatwillyoudo? 
44 
QUESTION 
Fortrackingtheeventsonthesystem,weneedadaemoncalledsyslogd.Thesyslogddaemonisusefulintrackingtheinformationofsystemandthensavingittospecifiedlogfiles. 
Running„syslogd„applicationinterminalgenerateslogfileatthelocation„/var/log/syslog„.ThesyslogdapplicationisveryusefulintroubleshootingLinuxsytems.Asamplelogfilelookssimilartobelow. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 43
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HowwillyourestrictIPsothattherestrictedIP‟smaynotusetheFTPServer? 
45 
QUESTION 
WecanblocksuspiciousIPbyintegratingtcp_wrapper.Weneedtoenabletheparameter“tcp_wrapper=YES”intheconfigurationfileat„/etc/vsftpd.conf‟.AndthenaddthesuspiciousIPinthe„host.deny‟fileatlocation„/etc/host.deny‟. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 44
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Whatarethedifferentmodeswhenusingvieditor? 
46 
QUESTION 
Thereare3modesundervi: 
-Commandmode–thisisthemodewhereyoustartin 
-Editmode–thisisthemodethatallowsyoutodotextediting 
-Exmode–thisisthemodewhereinyouinteractwithviwithinstructionstoprocessafile 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 45
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Isitpossibletouseshortcutforalongpathname? 
47 
QUESTION 
Yes,thereis.AfeatureknownasfilenameexpansionallowsyoudothisusingtheTABkey.Forexample,ifyouhaveapathnamed/home/iceman/assignmentsdirectory,youwouldtypeasfollows:/ho[tab]/ice[tab]/assi[tab].This, however,assumesthatthepathisunique,andthattheshellyou‟reusingsupportsthisfeature. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 46
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TellusthedifferencebetweenTelnetandSSH? 
48 
QUESTION 
TelnetandSSHbotharecommunicationprotocolwhichareusedtomanageremotesystem.SSHisSecured,whichrequiresexchangingofkeyoppositeoftelnetwhichtransmitdatainplaintext,whichmeanstelnetislesssecurethanSSH. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 47
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YouneedtostopyourXserver.WhenyoutriestokillyourXserver,YougotanerrormessagethatyoucannotquitXserver.Whatwillyoudo? 
49 
QUESTION 
WhenkillingaXserver,itwon‟tworknormalwaylikedoing„/etc/init.d/gdmstop‟.Weneedtoexecuteaspecialkeycombination„Ctrl+Alt+BackSpace‟whichwillforceXservertorestart. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 48
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Whatisthedifferencebetweencommand„ping‟and„ping6′? 
50 
QUESTION 
Boththecommandsaresameandusedforthesamepurposeexceptthatthefactthatping6isusedwithipv6IPaddress. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 49
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Whatisredirection? 
51 
QUESTION 
Redirectionistheprocessofdirectingdatafromoneoutputtoanother.Itcanalsobeusedtodirectanoutputasaninputtoanotherprocess. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 51
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Youwanttosearchforallthe*.tarfilesinyourHomedirectoryandwantstodeleteallatonce.Howwillyoudoit? 
52 
QUESTION 
Weneedtousefindcommandwithrmcommandtodeleteall“.tar”files. 
#find/home/name'*. tar'|xargsrmrf 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 51
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Whatisthedifferencebetweenlocateandslocatecommand? 
53 
QUESTION 
Theslocatelooksforthefilesthatuserhaveaccesswhereaslocatewillsearchforthefilewithupdatedresult. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 52
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WhatistheSMTP? 
54 
QUESTION 
SMTPisthemostcommonprotocolforane-mailserver. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 53
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WhatSambaservicedo? 
55 
QUESTION 
TheSambaserviceprovidesMicrosoftSMBsupportinLinuxsothatLinuxmachinescanconnecttoMicrosoftnetworkresources. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 54
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WhichservicecanbeusedwithNFStoprovideremotefileaccessforUNIXsystems? 
56 
QUESTION 
NISisusedwithNFStoprovideremotefileaccessforUNIXsystems. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 55
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WhatisMTA? 
57 
QUESTION 
MTAisaserviceofSendmailserver,whichtransfermailfromonenetworkorhosttoanothernetworkorhost. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 56
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Nameaconnection-lessprotocolforfiletransfer. 
58 
QUESTION 
TFTPisaconnection-lessprotocolforfiletransfer. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 57
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Youcompanyhaveslowinternetconnection.WhichLinuxserviceyoucanusetomanageinternetconnection? 
59 
QUESTION 
YoushoulduseSquidproxyserver,whichallowstomanagethewebcontentsandalsocachethewebpagestodecreasetheamountoftrafficgoingtoInternet. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 58
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Whichportshouldyouopeninyourhostfirewalltorunwebserver? 
60 
QUESTION 
Bydefaultwebserveruseport80and443whichyouneedtoopeninfirewall. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 59
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WhichIPaddressingshouldyouuseforServer? 
61 
QUESTION 
ForserveryoushouldalwaysusestaticIPaddress. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 60
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Whichportsshouldyouopeninhostfirewallforanemailserver? 
62 
QUESTION 
Openport110whichisusedbythePOP3e-mailprotocol. 
Openport25whichisusedbytheSMTPe-mailprotocol. 
Openport143whichisusedbytheIMAPe-mailprotocol. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 61
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WhichIPaddressshouldyouuseforclientdesktop? 
63 
QUESTION 
Forclientyoucanusebothstaticanddynamicmethod.ForeasymanagementusingDHCPtoassignIPaddresswouldbethebestoption. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 62
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Whatisinitrdimageandwhatisitsfunctioninthelinuxbootingprocess? 
64 
QUESTION 
TheinitialRAMdisk(initrd)isaninitialrootfilesystemthatismountedpriortowhentherealrootfilesystemisavailable.Theinitrdisboundtothekernelandloadedaspartofthekernelbootprocedure.Thekernelthenmountsthisinitrdaspartofthetwo-stagebootprocesstoloadthemodulestomaketherealfilesystemsavailableandgetattherealrootfilesystem.Thusinitrdimageplaysavitalroleinlinuxbootingprocess. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 63
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Explainthetermssuid,sgidandstickybit? 
65 
QUESTION 
InadditiontothebasicfilepermissionsinLinux,therearefewspecialpermissionsthatareavailableforexecutablefilesanddirectories. 
SUID:Ifsetuidbitisset,whenthefileisexecutedbyauser,theprocesswillhavethesamerightsastheownerofthefilebeingexecuted. 
SGID:Sameasabove,butinheritsgroupprevilegesofthefileonexecution,notuserprevileges.Similarwaywhenyoucreateafilewithindirectory,itwillinheritthegroupownershipofthedirectories. 
Stickybit:Stickybitwasusedonexecutablesinlinuxsothattheywouldremaininthememorymoretimeaftertheinitialexecution,hopingtheywouldbeneededinthenearfuture.Butmainlyitisonfolders,toimplythatafileorfoldercreatedinsideastickybitenabledfoldercouldonlybedeletedbytheowner.Averygoodimplementationofstickybitis/tmp,whereeveryuserhaswritepermissionbutonlyuserswhoownafilecandeletethem. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 64
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ListoutfewofthedifferencesbetweenSoftlinkandHardlink? 
66 
QUESTION 
a)Hardlinkcannotbecreatedfordirectories.Hardlinkcanonlybecreatedforafile. 
b)Symboliclinksorsymlinkscanlinktoadirectory. 
c)Removingtheoriginalfilethatyourhardlinkpointstodoesnotremovethehardlinkitself;thehardlinkstillprovidesthecontentoftheunderlyingfile. 
d)Ifyouremovethehardlinkorthesymlinkitself,theoriginalfilewillstayintact. 
e)Removingtheoriginalfiledoesnotremovetheattachedsymboliclinkorsymlink,butwithouttheoriginalfile,thesymlinkisuseless 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 65
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Whatisthedifferencebetweenumaskandulimit? 
67 
QUESTION 
umaskstandsfor„Userfilecreationmask‟,whichdeterminesthesettingsofamaskthatcontrolswhichfilepermissionsaresetforfilesanddirectorieswhentheyarecreated.Whileulimitisalinuxbuiltincommandwhichprovidescontrolovertheresourcesavailabletotheshelland/ortoprocessesstartedbyit. 
Youcanlimitusertospecificrangebyediting/etc/security/limits.confatthesametimesystemwidesettingscanbeupdatedin/etc/sysctl.conf 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 66
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WhatisthefunctionalityofaPuppetServer? 
68 
QUESTION 
Puppetisanopen-sourceandenterpriseapplicationforconfigurationmanagementtollinUNIXlikeoperatingsystem.PuppetisanITautomationsoftwareusedtopushconfigurationtoitsclients(puppetagents)usingcode. Puppetcodecandoavarietyoftasksfrominstallingnewsoftware,tocheckfilepermissions,orupdatinguseraccountsandlotsofothertasks 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 67
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WhatisSeLinux? 
69 
QUESTION 
SELinuxisanacronymforSecurity-enhancedLinux.ItisanaccesscontrolimplementationandsecurityfeaturefortheLinuxkernel.Itisdesignedtoprotecttheserveragainstmisconfigurationsand/orcompromiseddaemons.Itputlimitsandinstructsserverdaemonsorprogramswhatfilestheycanaccessandwhatactionstheycantakebydefiningasecuritypolicy. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 68
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Explainbrieflytheprocedureforre-installingGrubinLinux? 
70 
QUESTION 
1)DownloadUbuntuInstallation/Livecd 
2)BootfromUbuntuInstallation/Livecd-usb,burnedcdetc. 
3)Duringbootselect“TryUbuntu”,Don‟tselectinstall! 
4)MountyourLinuxrootpartition 
sudomount/dev/sda6/mnt(Assuming/dev/sda6istheLinuxrootpartition) 
5)Install/reinstallgrub 
$sudogrub-install--root-directory=/mnt//dev/sda(where/dev/sdaisyourprimarydisk) 
Installationfinished.Noerrorreported. 
6)Rebootyoursystem,removebootableCDandweshouldhavethebootmenureadywhenthesystemstarts. 
Note:Therewouldbeslightdifferencewhenusingwithotherdistros 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 69
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ExplainthedifferentScenariosinvolvedinTCP3wayhandshake? 
71 
QUESTION 
TheTCPthreewayhandshakeistheprocessforestablishingaTCPconnection.Wecanexplain3wayhandshakewithasimplescenariowhereweassumeaclientcomputeriscontactingaservertosenditsomeinformation. 
a)TheclientsendsapacketwiththeSYNbitsetandasequencenumberofN. 
b)TheserversendsapacketwithanACKnumberofN+1,theSYNbitsetandasequencenumberofX. 
c)TheclientsendsapacketwithanACKnumberofX+1andtheconnectionisestablished. 
d)Theclientsendsthedata. 
Thefirstthreestepsintheaboveprocessiscalledthethreewayhandshake. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 70
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WhatisrDNSandexplainitsbenefitsintheLinuxDomainNameSystems? 
72 
QUESTION 
AtypicalDNSlookupisusedtodeterminewhichIPaddressisassociatedwithahostname,andthisiscalledForwardDNSlookup.AreverseDNSlookupisusedfortheopposite,todeterminewhichhostnameisassociatedwithanIPaddress.SometimesreverseDNSlookupsarerequiredfordiagnosticpurposes.Today,reverseDNSlookupsareusedmainlyforsecuritypurposestotraceahackerorspammer.Manymodernmailingsystemsusereversemappingtoprovidesimpleauthenticationusingduallookup:hostname-to-addressandaddress-to- hostname.TherDNS(reverseDNS)isimplementedusingaspecializedzonerecordforreverselookupscalledPTRrecord.PTRrecordsalwaysresolvetonames,neverIPaddresses. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 71
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WhyisLVMrequired? 
73 
QUESTION 
LVMstandsforLogicalVolumeManager,toresizefilesystem‟ssizeonlinewerequiredLVMpartitioninLinux.SizeofLVMpartitioncanbeextendedandreducedusingthelvextend&lvreducecommandsrespectively. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 72
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HowtocheckMemorystatsandCPUstats? 
74 
QUESTION 
Using„free‟&„vmstat‟commandwecandisplaythephysicalandvirtualmemorystatisticsrespectively.Withthehelpof„sar‟commandweseetheCPUutilization&otherstats. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 73
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HowtoincreasethesizeofLVMpartition? 
75 
QUESTION 
BelowaretheLogicalSteps: 
-Usethelvextendcommand(lvextend-L+100M/dev/<NameoftheLVMPartition>,inthisexampleweareextendingthesizeby100MB. 
-resize2fs/dev/<NameoftheLVMPartition> 
-checkthesizeofpartitionusing„df-h‟command 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 74
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Howtocreatepartitionfromtherawdisk? 
76 
QUESTION 
Usingfdiskutilitywecancreatepartitionsfromtherawdisk.Belowarethestepstocreatepartitionfromtherawdsik: 
-fdisk/dev/hd*(IDE)or/dev/sd*(SCSI) 
-Typentocreateanewpartition 
-Aftercreatingpartition,typewcommandtowritethechangestothepartitiontable. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 75
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Whatisloadaverageinalinux? 
77 
QUESTION 
LoadAverageisdefinedastheaveragesumofthenumberofprocesswaitingintherunqueueandnumberofprocesscurrentlyexecutingovertheperiodof1,5and15minutes.Usingthe„top‟and„uptime‟commandwefindtheloadaverageofalinuxsever. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 76
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Whatistheroleofudevdaemon? 
78 
QUESTION 
Theudevdemonusedtocreateandremoveallthesedevicenodesorfilesin/dev/directory. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 77
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WhatisRAID? 
79 
QUESTION 
RAID,standsforRedundantArrayofInexpensiveDisks.RAIDisamethodbywhichsamedataorinformationisspreadacrossseveraldisks,usingtechniquessuchasdiskstriping(RAIDLevel0),diskmirroring(RAIDLevel1), anddiskstripingwithparity(RAIDLevel5)toachieveredundancy,lowerlatency,increasedbandwidth,andmaximizedabilitytorecoverfromharddiskcrashes. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 78
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WhatisCUPS?WhatisthelocationoflogfilesforCUPS? 
80 
QUESTION 
CUPSstandsfor"CommonUNIXPrintingSystem".CUPSisaopensourceprintingsystemdevelopedbyAppleInc. CUPSusestheInternetPrintingProtocol(IPP)toallowlocalprintingandprintsharing. 
ThelogfilesfortheCUPSprintingsystemarelocatedinthe/var/log/cups/directory. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 79
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WhatisYUM? 
81 
QUESTION 
YUMstandsforYellowdogUpdater,ModifiedbecauseitisbasedonYUP,theYellowdogUpdater.WheredoesthenameYellowdogcomefrom?YellowDogisaversionofLinuxforthePowerArchitecturehardwareandisRPM- based,justlikeRedHatEnterpriseLinuxandFedora.YUP,andlaterYUM,werewrittenbytheLinuxcommunityasawaytomaintainanRPM-basedsystem. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 80
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Differentiaterelativepathfromabsolutepath. 
82 
QUESTION 
Relativepathreferstothepathrelativetothecurrentpath.Absolutepath,ontheotherhand,referstotheexactpathasreferencedfromtherootdirectory. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 81
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Whatispiping? 
83 
QUESTION 
Piping,representedbythepipecharacter“|”,isusedtocombinetwoormorecommandstogether.Theoutputofthefirstcommandservesasinputthenextcommand,andsoon. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 82
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Whatisasuperuser? 
84 
QUESTION 
Asuperuserisaspecialtypeuserwhohasopenaccesstoallfilesandcommandsonasystem.Notethatthesuperuser‟sloginisusuallyroot,andisprotectedbyaso-calledrootpassword. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 83
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Whatistheuseoftheteecommand? 
85 
QUESTION 
Theteecommanddoestwothings:oneistogetdatafromthestandardinputandsendittostandardoutput;thesecondisthatitredirectsacopyofthatinputdataintoafilethatwasspecified. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 84
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Whatisparsing? 
86 
QUESTION 
Parsingistheprocessofbreakingupofacommandlineintowords.Thisismadepossiblebyusingdelimitersandspaces.Intheeventthattabsormultiplespacesarepartofthecommand,theseareeventuallyreplacedbyasinglespace. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 85
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Whatispid? 
87 
QUESTION 
PidisshortforProcessID.ItisusedprimarilytoidentifyeveryprocessthatrunsontheUNIXsystem,whetheritrunsontheforegroundorrunsatthebackground.Everypidisconsideredunique. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 86
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Whatisldd? 
88 
QUESTION 
Listdynamicdependencies–printsharedlibrarydependencies 
Eg:–#vimnew.c 
#gccnew.c–onew 
#lddnew 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 87
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WhatisthecommandtouninstallprocessesinLinux? 
89 
QUESTION 
rpm–esendmail 
-e–remove 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 88
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WhataretheLinuxbootfiles? 
90 
QUESTION 
1./boot/grub/grub.conf:containsbootdiskparameters 
2./etc/fstab:containsFilesystemswhichneedtomountatboottime 
3./etc/initab:Containsdefaultrunlevel 
4./etc/init.d/rc.d/rcN.d:Thisisadiritcontains 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 89
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Differencebetweennfssoftandhardmountingpoints? 
91 
QUESTION 
Hardmountoption:–Iftheclientfailstoaccesstheserver,thentheconnectionhangsandoncethesystemisupthenitwillagainaccesstheserver. 
Soft:–Iftheclientfailedtoconnecttheserver,itimmediatelygivestheerrorreportandclosestheconnection. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 90
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Whatisthestatuscode403,404representedinapacheserver? 
92 
QUESTION 
403representforbiddenerror,meansifafilemissessomeselinuxsecuritycontext. 
404representthatthereisacgiscriptmissingorwebpagesmissing. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 91
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WHATISTHEMEANINGOFAIX 
93 
QUESTION 
AIX(AdvancedInteractiveeXecutive)isanopenoperatingsystemfromIBMwhichisbasedonaversionofUNIX. AIX/ESAwasdesignedforIBM‟sSystem/390orlargeserverhardwareplatform.AIX/6000isanoperatingsystemthatrunsonIBM‟sworkstationplatform,theRISCSystem/6000. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 92
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Whoinventedunix? 
94 
QUESTION 
Unixwascreatedin1969byKenThompsonandDennisRitchieatBellLaboratories. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 93
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Whatisthecommandtomakeaprocesstorunintheforegroundfrombackground? 
95 
QUESTION 
Whentheprocessisrunning,press“control+Z”.Nowatthecommandprompt,type“bg” 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 94
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Iwanttoseehowmanyinterfaces(Ethernetcards)areworkingusingsinglecommand? 
96 
QUESTION 
Ifconfig 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 95
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Afilewhichisnotdeletedbynormaluserandalsoroot(usingrm),forthattypeoffilehowwedeleteit? 
97 
QUESTION 
Usingchattrcommand,weneedtochangetheattributesandthenweremoveusingrmcommand. 
Eg:–chattr-iIuexample 
rm-rfexample 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 96
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Whatiswild-cardinterpretation? 
98 
QUESTION 
Whenacommandlinecontainswild-cardcharacterssuchas„*‟or„?‟,thesearereplacedbytheshellwithasortedlistoffileswhosepatternmatchestheinputcommand.Wild-cardcharactersareusedtosetupalistoffilesforprocessing,insteadofhavingitspecifiedoneatatime. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 97
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Whatdoesthiscommanddo?catfood1>kitty 
99 
QUESTION 
Itredirectstheoutputofcatfoodintothefilekitty;thecommandisthesameas: 
catfood>kitty 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 98
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What"neat"commandwilldo? 
100 
QUESTION 
“Neat”commandprovidesGraphicalinterfacetochangenetworksettingsfornetworkdevices. 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 99
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Isthereanyrelationbetweenmodprobe.conffileandnetworkdevices? 
101 
QUESTION 
Yes,thisfileassignsakernelmoduletoeachnetworkdevice. 
ForExample:- 
[root@localhost~]#cat/etc/modprobe.conf 
aliaseth0b44 
Hereb44isthekernelmodulefornetworkdeviceeth0. 
WecanConfirmbyfollowingcommand(Thismodule“b44”ispresentornot). 
[root@localhost~]#lsmod|grepb44 
b44290050 
ANSWER 
QUESTION 100
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Resources 
102 
https://www.udemy.com/blog/linux-interview-questions/ 
http://www.masteringinlinux.com/linux-questions/top-linux-interview-question- answer.html 
http://computernetworkingnotes.com/rhce-interview-questions/basic-linux- interview-questions-for-freshers.html 
http://www.tecmint.com/core-linux-interview-questions-and-answers/ 
http://www.linuxtechi.com/experience-linux-admin-interview-questions/ 
http://www.01world.in/p/linux.html 
http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/linux-interview-questions-answers/ 
http://career.guru99.com/top-50-linux-interview-questions/ 
http://www.tecmint.com/useful-random-linux-interview-questions-and-answers/ 
http://certcollection.org/forum/topic/154299-linux-system-administration- interview-questions-and-answers/ 
http://linuxserverworld.com/linux-interview-questions-part-i/
www.hirist.com 
TOP 100 
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 
LINUX

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Top 100 Linux Interview Questions and Answers 2014

  • 1. hirist .com www.hirist.com TOP 100 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS LINUX
  • 2. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisLinuxandwhyisitsopopular? 2 QUESTION LinuxisanoperatingsystembasedonUNIX,andwasfirstintroducedbyLinusTorvaldscommonlyusedinservers. ItisbasedontheLinuxKernel,andcanrunondifferenthardwareplatformsmanufacturedbyIntel,MIPS,HP, IBM,SPARCandMotorola.AnotherpopularelementinLinuxisitsmascot,apenguinfigurenamedTux. PopularityofLinuxisbecauseofthefollowingreasons •Itisfreeandopensource.WecandownloadLinuxforfreeandcustomizeitasperourneeds. •Itisveryrobustandadaptable. •Immenseamountoflibrariesandutilities ANSWER QUESTION 1
  • 3. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisBASH? 3 QUESTION BASHisshortforBourneAgainSHell.ItwaswrittenbySteveBourneasareplacementtotheoriginalBourneShell(representedby/bin/sh).ItcombinesallthefeaturesfromtheoriginalversionofBourneShell,plusadditionalfunctionstomakeiteasierandmoreconvenienttouse.IthassincebeenadaptedasthedefaultshellformostsystemsrunningLinux. ANSWER QUESTION 2
  • 4. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisthecoreofLinuxOperatingSystem? 4 QUESTION ThecoreoftheLinuxoperatingsystemisKernel.ItisbrokendownintoShell,Command,Script,andTerminal.ShellisacommandLineInterpreter,CommandisuserInstructiontoComputer,Scriptiscollectionofcommandsstoredinafile,andTerminalisacommandLineInterface. ANSWER QUESTION 3
  • 5. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenUNIXandLinuxOperatingSystem? 5 QUESTION Linuxisfreeandopen-sourcesoftware(allowingprogrammerstoprogramwithLinuxnotaroundit),thekernelofwhichiscreatedbyLinusTorvaldsandcommunity.UNIX,ontheotherhand,isUNIXiscopyrightednameonlybigcompaniesareallowedtousetheUNIXcopyrightandname,soIBMAIXandSunSolarisandHP-UXallareUNIXoperatingsystems. ANSWER QUESTION 4
  • 6. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisLILO? 6 QUESTION LILOisabootloaderforLinux.ItisusedmainlytoloadtheLinuxoperatingsystemintomainmemorysothatitcanbeginitsoperations. ANSWER QUESTION 5
  • 7. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisanINODE? 7 QUESTION Allfileshaveitsdescriptionstoredinastructurecalled„inode‟.Theinodecontainsinfoaboutthefile-size,accessandmodificationtime,permissionandsoon.Inadditiontodescriptionsaboutthefile,theinodecontainspointerstothedatablocksofthefile. ANSWER QUESTION 6
  • 8. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisaswapspace? 8 QUESTION AswapspaceisacertainamountofspaceusedbyLinuxtotemporarilyholdsomeprogramsthatarerunningconcurrently.ThishappenswhenRAMdoesnothaveenoughmemorytoholdallprogramsthatareexecuting. ANSWER QUESTION 7
  • 9. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatistheadvantageofopensource? 9 QUESTION Opensourceallowsyoutodistributeyoursoftware,includingsourcecodesfreelytoanyonewhoisinterested. Peoplewouldthenbeabletoaddfeaturesandevendebugandcorrecterrorsthatareinthesourcecode.Theycanevenmakeitrunbetter,andthenredistributetheseenhancedsourcecodefreelyagain.Thiseventuallybenefitseveryoneinthecommunity. ANSWER QUESTION 8
  • 10. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenBASHandDOS? 10 QUESTION ThekeydifferencesbetweentheBASHandDOSconsoleliesin3areas: -BASHcommandsarecasesensitivewhileDOScommandsarenot; -underBASH,/characterisadirectoryseparatorandactsasanescapecharacter.UnderDOS,/servesasacommandargumentdelimiterandisthedirectoryseparator -DOSfollowsaconventioninnamingfiles,whichis8characterfilenamefollowedbyadotand3characterfortheextension.BASHfollowsnosuchconvention. ANSWER QUESTION 9
  • 11. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisthedifferencebetweenTCPandUDP? 11 QUESTION ThebasicdifferenceisthatTCPestablishesaconnectionbeforesendingdataandthisallowsittocontrolthedataflowandguaranteethatallpacketsgetdelivered.UDPsimplychucksdatagramsontothewireandifsomegetlostorarriveinbadorderthere‟snowaytorequestaresend.HoweverUDPhaslownetworkoverheadsosomeservicessuchasDNSresolution,SNMP,DHCP,RIPandVOIPuseUDPforitsspeedandanyerrorsareusuallydealtwithontheapplicationlayerratherthannetworklayer. ANSWER QUESTION 10
  • 12. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatistheimportanceoftheGNUproject? 12 QUESTION Thisso-calledFreesoftwaremovementallowsseveraladvantages,suchasthefreedomtorunprogramsforanypurposeandfreedomtostudyandmodifyaprogramtoyourneeds.Italsoallowsyoutoredistributecopiesofasoftwaretootherpeople,aswellasfreedomtoimprovesoftwareandhaveitreleasedtothepublic. ANSWER QUESTION 11
  • 13. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com HowdoesDNSresolutionwork? 13 QUESTION AclientapplicationrequestsanIPaddressfromthenameserverusuallybyconnectingtoUDPport53.ThenameserverwillattempttoresolvetheFQDNbasedonitsresolverlibrary,whichmaycontainauthoritativeinformationaboutthehostrequestedorcacheddataaboutthatnamefromanearlierquery.Ifthenameserverdoesnotalreadyhavetheanswer,itwillturntorootnameserverstodeterminetheauthoritativefortheFQDNinquestion. Then,withthatinformation,itwillquerytheauthoritativenameserversforthatnametodeterminetheIPaddress. ANSWER QUESTION 12
  • 14. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Describetherootaccount. 14 QUESTION Therootaccountislikeasystemsadministratoraccount,andallowsyoufullcontrolofthesystem.Hereyoucancreateandmaintainuseraccounts,assigningdifferentpermissionsforeachaccount.ItisthedefaultaccounteverytimeyouinstallLinux. ANSWER QUESTION 13
  • 15. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisCLI? 15 QUESTION CLIisshortforCommandLineInterface.Thisinterfaceallowsusertotypedeclarativecommandstoinstructthecomputertoperformoperations.CLIoffersanadvantageinthatthereisgreaterflexibility.However,otheruserswhoarealreadyaccustomwithusingGUIfinditdifficulttoremembercommandsincludingattributesthatcomewithit. ANSWER QUESTION 14
  • 16. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisGUI? 16 QUESTION GUI,orGraphicalUserInterface,makesuseofimagesandiconsthatusersclickandmanipulateasawayofcommunicatingwiththecomputer.Insteadofhavingtorememberandtypecommands,theuseofgraphicalelementsmakesiteasiertointeractwiththesystem,aswellasaddingmoreattractionthroughimages,iconsandcolors. ANSWER QUESTION 15
  • 17. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com HowcanyoufindouthowmuchmemoryLinuxisusing? 17 QUESTION Fromacommandshell,usethe“concatenate”command:cat/proc/meminfoformemoryusageinformation.Youshouldseealinestartingsomethinglike:Mem:64655360,etc.ThisisthetotalmemoryLinuxthinksithasavailabletouse. ANSWER QUESTION 16
  • 18. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisanMXrecord? 18 QUESTION AnMXrecordnumericallyranksthemailserversyouwouldprefertoreceiveemailforadomain.TheMXrecordwiththelowestnumberispreferredovertheothers,butyoucansetmultipleemailserverswiththesamevalueforsimpleloadbalancing. ANSWER QUESTION 17
  • 19. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com PleasedescribetheLinuxboot-upsequence. 19 QUESTION Therearesevenstepstotheboot-upsequence.1)BIOS(basicinput/outputsystem)–executestheMBRwhereBootLoadersits,2)MBR-MasterbootreadsKernelintomemory,3)GRUB(GrandUnifiedBootloader)KernelstartsInitprocess,4)Kernel–Kernelexecutesthe/sbin/initprogram.Initreadsinittab,executesrc.sysinit,5)Init–thercscriptthanstartsservicestoreachthedefaultrunleveland6)Runlevelprograms–theseprogramsareexecutedfrom/etc/rc.d/rc*.dl/ ANSWER QUESTION 18
  • 20. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatistypicalsizeforaswappartitionunderaLinuxsystem? 20 QUESTION Thepreferredsizeforaswappartitionistwicetheamountofphysicalmemoryavailableonthesystem.Ifthisisnotpossible,thentheminimumsizeshouldbethesameastheamountofmemoryinstalled. ANSWER QUESTION 19
  • 21. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Howdoyousearchforapatternandthenreplaceitinanentirefile? 21 QUESTION YouuseSed,orinVieditor,thesearchusescharacter„s‟slashthepatterntobesearched,slashthepatterntoreplaceitwith,slash„g‟whichstandsforentirefile. ANSWER QUESTION 20
  • 22. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com DoestheCtrl+Alt+DelkeycombinationworkonLinux? 22 QUESTION Yes,itdoes.JustlikeWindows,youcanusethiskeycombinationtoperformasystemrestart.Onedifferenceisthatyouwon‟tbegettinganyconfirmationmessageandtherefore,rebootisimmediate. ANSWER QUESTION 21
  • 23. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com HowdoyoulistandflushallIptables? 23 QUESTION Firstyouusethe–Lswitchtoviewallthecurrentlypresentrulesandthen–Ftoflushthem. ANSWER QUESTION 22
  • 24. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com HowdoyouchangepermissionsunderLinux? 24 QUESTION Assumingyouarethesystemadministratorortheownerofafileordirectory,youcangrantpermissionusingthechmodcommand.Use+symboltoaddpermissionor–symboltodenypermission,alongwithanyofthefollowingletters:u(user),g(group),o(others),a(all),r(read),w(write)andx(execute).Forexamplethecommandchmodgo+rwFILE1.TXTgrantsreadandwriteaccesstothefileFILE1.TXT,whichisassignedtogroupsandothers. ANSWER QUESTION 23
  • 25. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisashell?Whataretheirnames? 25 QUESTION Theshellisthepartofthesystemwithwhichtheuserinteracts.AUnixshellinterpretscommandssuchas“pwd”, “cd”or“traceroute”andsendstheproperinstructionstotheactualoperatingsystemitself.TheshellscurrentlyavailableareAnsSH,BASH,CSH,TCSH,NOLOGIN,KSH.Otherfunctionsofashellincludescriptingcapability, pathmemory,multitasking,andfilehandling. ANSWER QUESTION 24
  • 26. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com InLinux,whatnamesareassignedtothedifferentserialports? 26 QUESTION Serialportsareidentifiedas/dev/ttyS0to/dev/ttyS7.ThesearetheequivalentnamesofCOM1toCOM8inWindows. ANSWER QUESTION 25
  • 27. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisazombie? 27 QUESTION Cheekyanswersgetbonuspointsforthisone.ButintheLinuxworld,azombieprocessistheprocessoutputof„ps‟ bythepresenceof„Z‟intheSTATcolumn.Zombiesareessentiallytheprematureprocesseswhosematureparentprocessesdiedwithoutreapingitschildren.Notethatzombiescan‟tbekilledwiththeusual„kill‟signal. ANSWER QUESTION 26
  • 28. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com HowdoyouaccesspartitionsunderLinux? 28 QUESTION Linuxassignsnumbersattheendofthedriveidentifier.Forexample,ifthefirstIDEharddrivehadthreeprimarypartitions,theywouldbenamed/numbered,/dev/hda1,/dev/hda2and/dev/hda3. ANSWER QUESTION 27
  • 29. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Youneedtodefineamacro,akeybindingfortheexistingcommand.Howwouldyoudoit? 29 QUESTION Thereisacommandcalledbind,inbashshellwhichiscapableofdefiningmacro,orbindingakey.Inordertobindakeywithanexistingcommand,weneedtogenerateCharacterSequenceemittedbythekey.PressCtrl+vandthenkeyF12,Igot^[[24~ ANSWER QUESTION 28
  • 30. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Yourassistantneedstoprintdirectorystack,whatwouldyousuggest? 30 QUESTION TheLinuxcommand'dirs',willprintthedirectorystack. ForExample:[root@localhost~]#dirs /usr/share/X11 ANSWER QUESTION 29
  • 31. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisthemaximumlengthforafilenameunderLinux? 31 QUESTION Anyfilenamecanhaveamaximumof255characters.Thislimitdoesnotincludethepathname,sothereforetheentirepathnameandfilenamecouldwellexceed255characters. ANSWER QUESTION 30
  • 32. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatdoesthecommand'hash'isusedforinbashShell? 32 QUESTION Linuxcommand'hash'managesinternalhashtable,finsandrememberfullpathofthespecifiedcommand,Displayusedcommandnamesandnumberoftimesthecommandisused. [root@localhost~]#hash hitscommand 2/bin/ls 2/bin/su ANSWER QUESTION 31
  • 33. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whichbuilt¬inLinuxcommandperformsarithmeticoperationofIntegersinBash? 33 QUESTION The'let'commandthatperforms,arithmeticoperationofintegerinbashshell. #!/bin/bash ... ... letc=a+b … ... ANSWER QUESTION 32
  • 34. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Explainvirtualdesktop. 34 QUESTION Thisservesasanalternativetominimizingandmaximizingdifferentwindowsonthecurrentdesktop.Usingvirtualdesktops,eachdesktopisacleanslatewhereyoucanopenoneormoreprograms.Ratherthanminimizing/restoringallthoseprogramsasneeded,youcansimplyshufflebetweenvirtualdesktopswithprogramsintactineachone. ANSWER QUESTION 33
  • 35. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Differentiatemultiuserfrommultitask. 35 QUESTION Multiusermeansthatmorethanonepersoncanusethecomputeratthesametime.Multitaskmeansthatevenasingleusercanhavethecomputerworkonmorethanonetaskorprogramatthesametime. ANSWER QUESTION 34
  • 36. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Youhavealargetextfile,andyouneedtoseeonepageatatime.Whatwillyoudo? 36 QUESTION Youcanachievetheaboveresultbypipelingtheoutputof'catfile_name.txt'with'more'command. [root@localhost~]#catfile_name.txt|more ANSWER QUESTION 35
  • 37. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whoownthedatadictionary? 37 QUESTION Theuser'SYS'ownsthedatadictionary.Users'SYS'and'SYSEMarecreatedbydefault,automatically. ANSWER QUESTION 36
  • 38. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com HowdoyoushareaprogramacrossdifferentvirtualdesktopsunderLinux? 38 QUESTION Toshareaprogramacrossdifferentvirtualdesktops,intheupperleft-handcornerofaprogramwindowlookforaniconthatlookslikeapushpin.Pressingthisbuttonwill“pin”thatapplicationinplace,makingitappearinallvirtualdesktops,inthesamepositiononscreen. ANSWER QUESTION 37
  • 39. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatcommandshouldyouusetocheckthenumberoffilesanddiskspaceusedbyeachuser'sdefinedquotas? 39 QUESTION Thecommand'repquota'comestorescuehere.Commandrepquotasummariesquotasforafilesystem. ANSWER QUESTION 38
  • 40. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whataredaemons? 40 QUESTION Daemonsareservicesthatprovideseveralfunctionsthatmaynotbeavailableunderthebaseoperatingsystem.Itsmaintaskistolistenforservicerequestandatthesametimetoactontheserequests.Aftertheserviceisdone,itisthendisconnectedandwaitsforfurtherrequests. ANSWER QUESTION 39
  • 41. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Youhavelotsofrunningjobs,howwouldyouremovealltherunningprocesses,withoutrestartingthemachine? 41 QUESTION TheLinuxcommand'disown-r'willremovealltherunningProcesses. ANSWER QUESTION 40
  • 42. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com AuserisnewtoLinuxandhewantstoknowfulllistofavailablecommands,whatwouldyousuggesthim? 42 QUESTION Acommand'compgenc'willshowafulllistofavailablecommands. [root@localhost~]$compgen-c l. ll ls which if then else elif fi case esac for select while until do done … ANSWER QUESTION 41
  • 43. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatarethekindsofpermissionsunderLinux? 43 QUESTION Thereare3kindsofpermissionsunderLinux: -Read:usersmayreadthefilesorlistthedirectory -Write:usersmaywritetothefileofnewfilestothedirectory -Execute:usersmayrunthefileorlookupaspecificfilewithinadirectory ANSWER QUESTION 42
  • 44. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Youneedtotrackeventsonyoursystem.Whatwillyoudo? 44 QUESTION Fortrackingtheeventsonthesystem,weneedadaemoncalledsyslogd.Thesyslogddaemonisusefulintrackingtheinformationofsystemandthensavingittospecifiedlogfiles. Running„syslogd„applicationinterminalgenerateslogfileatthelocation„/var/log/syslog„.ThesyslogdapplicationisveryusefulintroubleshootingLinuxsytems.Asamplelogfilelookssimilartobelow. ANSWER QUESTION 43
  • 45. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com HowwillyourestrictIPsothattherestrictedIP‟smaynotusetheFTPServer? 45 QUESTION WecanblocksuspiciousIPbyintegratingtcp_wrapper.Weneedtoenabletheparameter“tcp_wrapper=YES”intheconfigurationfileat„/etc/vsftpd.conf‟.AndthenaddthesuspiciousIPinthe„host.deny‟fileatlocation„/etc/host.deny‟. ANSWER QUESTION 44
  • 46. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatarethedifferentmodeswhenusingvieditor? 46 QUESTION Thereare3modesundervi: -Commandmode–thisisthemodewhereyoustartin -Editmode–thisisthemodethatallowsyoutodotextediting -Exmode–thisisthemodewhereinyouinteractwithviwithinstructionstoprocessafile ANSWER QUESTION 45
  • 47. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Isitpossibletouseshortcutforalongpathname? 47 QUESTION Yes,thereis.AfeatureknownasfilenameexpansionallowsyoudothisusingtheTABkey.Forexample,ifyouhaveapathnamed/home/iceman/assignmentsdirectory,youwouldtypeasfollows:/ho[tab]/ice[tab]/assi[tab].This, however,assumesthatthepathisunique,andthattheshellyou‟reusingsupportsthisfeature. ANSWER QUESTION 46
  • 48. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com TellusthedifferencebetweenTelnetandSSH? 48 QUESTION TelnetandSSHbotharecommunicationprotocolwhichareusedtomanageremotesystem.SSHisSecured,whichrequiresexchangingofkeyoppositeoftelnetwhichtransmitdatainplaintext,whichmeanstelnetislesssecurethanSSH. ANSWER QUESTION 47
  • 49. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com YouneedtostopyourXserver.WhenyoutriestokillyourXserver,YougotanerrormessagethatyoucannotquitXserver.Whatwillyoudo? 49 QUESTION WhenkillingaXserver,itwon‟tworknormalwaylikedoing„/etc/init.d/gdmstop‟.Weneedtoexecuteaspecialkeycombination„Ctrl+Alt+BackSpace‟whichwillforceXservertorestart. ANSWER QUESTION 48
  • 50. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisthedifferencebetweencommand„ping‟and„ping6′? 50 QUESTION Boththecommandsaresameandusedforthesamepurposeexceptthatthefactthatping6isusedwithipv6IPaddress. ANSWER QUESTION 49
  • 51. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisredirection? 51 QUESTION Redirectionistheprocessofdirectingdatafromoneoutputtoanother.Itcanalsobeusedtodirectanoutputasaninputtoanotherprocess. ANSWER QUESTION 51
  • 52. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Youwanttosearchforallthe*.tarfilesinyourHomedirectoryandwantstodeleteallatonce.Howwillyoudoit? 52 QUESTION Weneedtousefindcommandwithrmcommandtodeleteall“.tar”files. #find/home/name'*. tar'|xargsrmrf ANSWER QUESTION 51
  • 53. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisthedifferencebetweenlocateandslocatecommand? 53 QUESTION Theslocatelooksforthefilesthatuserhaveaccesswhereaslocatewillsearchforthefilewithupdatedresult. ANSWER QUESTION 52
  • 54. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatistheSMTP? 54 QUESTION SMTPisthemostcommonprotocolforane-mailserver. ANSWER QUESTION 53
  • 55. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatSambaservicedo? 55 QUESTION TheSambaserviceprovidesMicrosoftSMBsupportinLinuxsothatLinuxmachinescanconnecttoMicrosoftnetworkresources. ANSWER QUESTION 54
  • 56. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhichservicecanbeusedwithNFStoprovideremotefileaccessforUNIXsystems? 56 QUESTION NISisusedwithNFStoprovideremotefileaccessforUNIXsystems. ANSWER QUESTION 55
  • 57. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisMTA? 57 QUESTION MTAisaserviceofSendmailserver,whichtransfermailfromonenetworkorhosttoanothernetworkorhost. ANSWER QUESTION 56
  • 58. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Nameaconnection-lessprotocolforfiletransfer. 58 QUESTION TFTPisaconnection-lessprotocolforfiletransfer. ANSWER QUESTION 57
  • 59. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Youcompanyhaveslowinternetconnection.WhichLinuxserviceyoucanusetomanageinternetconnection? 59 QUESTION YoushoulduseSquidproxyserver,whichallowstomanagethewebcontentsandalsocachethewebpagestodecreasetheamountoftrafficgoingtoInternet. ANSWER QUESTION 58
  • 60. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whichportshouldyouopeninyourhostfirewalltorunwebserver? 60 QUESTION Bydefaultwebserveruseport80and443whichyouneedtoopeninfirewall. ANSWER QUESTION 59
  • 61. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhichIPaddressingshouldyouuseforServer? 61 QUESTION ForserveryoushouldalwaysusestaticIPaddress. ANSWER QUESTION 60
  • 62. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whichportsshouldyouopeninhostfirewallforanemailserver? 62 QUESTION Openport110whichisusedbythePOP3e-mailprotocol. Openport25whichisusedbytheSMTPe-mailprotocol. Openport143whichisusedbytheIMAPe-mailprotocol. ANSWER QUESTION 61
  • 63. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhichIPaddressshouldyouuseforclientdesktop? 63 QUESTION Forclientyoucanusebothstaticanddynamicmethod.ForeasymanagementusingDHCPtoassignIPaddresswouldbethebestoption. ANSWER QUESTION 62
  • 64. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisinitrdimageandwhatisitsfunctioninthelinuxbootingprocess? 64 QUESTION TheinitialRAMdisk(initrd)isaninitialrootfilesystemthatismountedpriortowhentherealrootfilesystemisavailable.Theinitrdisboundtothekernelandloadedaspartofthekernelbootprocedure.Thekernelthenmountsthisinitrdaspartofthetwo-stagebootprocesstoloadthemodulestomaketherealfilesystemsavailableandgetattherealrootfilesystem.Thusinitrdimageplaysavitalroleinlinuxbootingprocess. ANSWER QUESTION 63
  • 65. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Explainthetermssuid,sgidandstickybit? 65 QUESTION InadditiontothebasicfilepermissionsinLinux,therearefewspecialpermissionsthatareavailableforexecutablefilesanddirectories. SUID:Ifsetuidbitisset,whenthefileisexecutedbyauser,theprocesswillhavethesamerightsastheownerofthefilebeingexecuted. SGID:Sameasabove,butinheritsgroupprevilegesofthefileonexecution,notuserprevileges.Similarwaywhenyoucreateafilewithindirectory,itwillinheritthegroupownershipofthedirectories. Stickybit:Stickybitwasusedonexecutablesinlinuxsothattheywouldremaininthememorymoretimeaftertheinitialexecution,hopingtheywouldbeneededinthenearfuture.Butmainlyitisonfolders,toimplythatafileorfoldercreatedinsideastickybitenabledfoldercouldonlybedeletedbytheowner.Averygoodimplementationofstickybitis/tmp,whereeveryuserhaswritepermissionbutonlyuserswhoownafilecandeletethem. ANSWER QUESTION 64
  • 66. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com ListoutfewofthedifferencesbetweenSoftlinkandHardlink? 66 QUESTION a)Hardlinkcannotbecreatedfordirectories.Hardlinkcanonlybecreatedforafile. b)Symboliclinksorsymlinkscanlinktoadirectory. c)Removingtheoriginalfilethatyourhardlinkpointstodoesnotremovethehardlinkitself;thehardlinkstillprovidesthecontentoftheunderlyingfile. d)Ifyouremovethehardlinkorthesymlinkitself,theoriginalfilewillstayintact. e)Removingtheoriginalfiledoesnotremovetheattachedsymboliclinkorsymlink,butwithouttheoriginalfile,thesymlinkisuseless ANSWER QUESTION 65
  • 67. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisthedifferencebetweenumaskandulimit? 67 QUESTION umaskstandsfor„Userfilecreationmask‟,whichdeterminesthesettingsofamaskthatcontrolswhichfilepermissionsaresetforfilesanddirectorieswhentheyarecreated.Whileulimitisalinuxbuiltincommandwhichprovidescontrolovertheresourcesavailabletotheshelland/ortoprocessesstartedbyit. Youcanlimitusertospecificrangebyediting/etc/security/limits.confatthesametimesystemwidesettingscanbeupdatedin/etc/sysctl.conf ANSWER QUESTION 66
  • 68. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisthefunctionalityofaPuppetServer? 68 QUESTION Puppetisanopen-sourceandenterpriseapplicationforconfigurationmanagementtollinUNIXlikeoperatingsystem.PuppetisanITautomationsoftwareusedtopushconfigurationtoitsclients(puppetagents)usingcode. Puppetcodecandoavarietyoftasksfrominstallingnewsoftware,tocheckfilepermissions,orupdatinguseraccountsandlotsofothertasks ANSWER QUESTION 67
  • 69. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisSeLinux? 69 QUESTION SELinuxisanacronymforSecurity-enhancedLinux.ItisanaccesscontrolimplementationandsecurityfeaturefortheLinuxkernel.Itisdesignedtoprotecttheserveragainstmisconfigurationsand/orcompromiseddaemons.Itputlimitsandinstructsserverdaemonsorprogramswhatfilestheycanaccessandwhatactionstheycantakebydefiningasecuritypolicy. ANSWER QUESTION 68
  • 70. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Explainbrieflytheprocedureforre-installingGrubinLinux? 70 QUESTION 1)DownloadUbuntuInstallation/Livecd 2)BootfromUbuntuInstallation/Livecd-usb,burnedcdetc. 3)Duringbootselect“TryUbuntu”,Don‟tselectinstall! 4)MountyourLinuxrootpartition sudomount/dev/sda6/mnt(Assuming/dev/sda6istheLinuxrootpartition) 5)Install/reinstallgrub $sudogrub-install--root-directory=/mnt//dev/sda(where/dev/sdaisyourprimarydisk) Installationfinished.Noerrorreported. 6)Rebootyoursystem,removebootableCDandweshouldhavethebootmenureadywhenthesystemstarts. Note:Therewouldbeslightdifferencewhenusingwithotherdistros ANSWER QUESTION 69
  • 71. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com ExplainthedifferentScenariosinvolvedinTCP3wayhandshake? 71 QUESTION TheTCPthreewayhandshakeistheprocessforestablishingaTCPconnection.Wecanexplain3wayhandshakewithasimplescenariowhereweassumeaclientcomputeriscontactingaservertosenditsomeinformation. a)TheclientsendsapacketwiththeSYNbitsetandasequencenumberofN. b)TheserversendsapacketwithanACKnumberofN+1,theSYNbitsetandasequencenumberofX. c)TheclientsendsapacketwithanACKnumberofX+1andtheconnectionisestablished. d)Theclientsendsthedata. Thefirstthreestepsintheaboveprocessiscalledthethreewayhandshake. ANSWER QUESTION 70
  • 72. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisrDNSandexplainitsbenefitsintheLinuxDomainNameSystems? 72 QUESTION AtypicalDNSlookupisusedtodeterminewhichIPaddressisassociatedwithahostname,andthisiscalledForwardDNSlookup.AreverseDNSlookupisusedfortheopposite,todeterminewhichhostnameisassociatedwithanIPaddress.SometimesreverseDNSlookupsarerequiredfordiagnosticpurposes.Today,reverseDNSlookupsareusedmainlyforsecuritypurposestotraceahackerorspammer.Manymodernmailingsystemsusereversemappingtoprovidesimpleauthenticationusingduallookup:hostname-to-addressandaddress-to- hostname.TherDNS(reverseDNS)isimplementedusingaspecializedzonerecordforreverselookupscalledPTRrecord.PTRrecordsalwaysresolvetonames,neverIPaddresses. ANSWER QUESTION 71
  • 73. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhyisLVMrequired? 73 QUESTION LVMstandsforLogicalVolumeManager,toresizefilesystem‟ssizeonlinewerequiredLVMpartitioninLinux.SizeofLVMpartitioncanbeextendedandreducedusingthelvextend&lvreducecommandsrespectively. ANSWER QUESTION 72
  • 74. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com HowtocheckMemorystatsandCPUstats? 74 QUESTION Using„free‟&„vmstat‟commandwecandisplaythephysicalandvirtualmemorystatisticsrespectively.Withthehelpof„sar‟commandweseetheCPUutilization&otherstats. ANSWER QUESTION 73
  • 75. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com HowtoincreasethesizeofLVMpartition? 75 QUESTION BelowaretheLogicalSteps: -Usethelvextendcommand(lvextend-L+100M/dev/<NameoftheLVMPartition>,inthisexampleweareextendingthesizeby100MB. -resize2fs/dev/<NameoftheLVMPartition> -checkthesizeofpartitionusing„df-h‟command ANSWER QUESTION 74
  • 76. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Howtocreatepartitionfromtherawdisk? 76 QUESTION Usingfdiskutilitywecancreatepartitionsfromtherawdisk.Belowarethestepstocreatepartitionfromtherawdsik: -fdisk/dev/hd*(IDE)or/dev/sd*(SCSI) -Typentocreateanewpartition -Aftercreatingpartition,typewcommandtowritethechangestothepartitiontable. ANSWER QUESTION 75
  • 77. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisloadaverageinalinux? 77 QUESTION LoadAverageisdefinedastheaveragesumofthenumberofprocesswaitingintherunqueueandnumberofprocesscurrentlyexecutingovertheperiodof1,5and15minutes.Usingthe„top‟and„uptime‟commandwefindtheloadaverageofalinuxsever. ANSWER QUESTION 76
  • 78. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatistheroleofudevdaemon? 78 QUESTION Theudevdemonusedtocreateandremoveallthesedevicenodesorfilesin/dev/directory. ANSWER QUESTION 77
  • 79. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisRAID? 79 QUESTION RAID,standsforRedundantArrayofInexpensiveDisks.RAIDisamethodbywhichsamedataorinformationisspreadacrossseveraldisks,usingtechniquessuchasdiskstriping(RAIDLevel0),diskmirroring(RAIDLevel1), anddiskstripingwithparity(RAIDLevel5)toachieveredundancy,lowerlatency,increasedbandwidth,andmaximizedabilitytorecoverfromharddiskcrashes. ANSWER QUESTION 78
  • 80. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisCUPS?WhatisthelocationoflogfilesforCUPS? 80 QUESTION CUPSstandsfor"CommonUNIXPrintingSystem".CUPSisaopensourceprintingsystemdevelopedbyAppleInc. CUPSusestheInternetPrintingProtocol(IPP)toallowlocalprintingandprintsharing. ThelogfilesfortheCUPSprintingsystemarelocatedinthe/var/log/cups/directory. ANSWER QUESTION 79
  • 81. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisYUM? 81 QUESTION YUMstandsforYellowdogUpdater,ModifiedbecauseitisbasedonYUP,theYellowdogUpdater.WheredoesthenameYellowdogcomefrom?YellowDogisaversionofLinuxforthePowerArchitecturehardwareandisRPM- based,justlikeRedHatEnterpriseLinuxandFedora.YUP,andlaterYUM,werewrittenbytheLinuxcommunityasawaytomaintainanRPM-basedsystem. ANSWER QUESTION 80
  • 82. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Differentiaterelativepathfromabsolutepath. 82 QUESTION Relativepathreferstothepathrelativetothecurrentpath.Absolutepath,ontheotherhand,referstotheexactpathasreferencedfromtherootdirectory. ANSWER QUESTION 81
  • 83. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatispiping? 83 QUESTION Piping,representedbythepipecharacter“|”,isusedtocombinetwoormorecommandstogether.Theoutputofthefirstcommandservesasinputthenextcommand,andsoon. ANSWER QUESTION 82
  • 84. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisasuperuser? 84 QUESTION Asuperuserisaspecialtypeuserwhohasopenaccesstoallfilesandcommandsonasystem.Notethatthesuperuser‟sloginisusuallyroot,andisprotectedbyaso-calledrootpassword. ANSWER QUESTION 83
  • 85. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatistheuseoftheteecommand? 85 QUESTION Theteecommanddoestwothings:oneistogetdatafromthestandardinputandsendittostandardoutput;thesecondisthatitredirectsacopyofthatinputdataintoafilethatwasspecified. ANSWER QUESTION 84
  • 86. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisparsing? 86 QUESTION Parsingistheprocessofbreakingupofacommandlineintowords.Thisismadepossiblebyusingdelimitersandspaces.Intheeventthattabsormultiplespacesarepartofthecommand,theseareeventuallyreplacedbyasinglespace. ANSWER QUESTION 85
  • 87. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatispid? 87 QUESTION PidisshortforProcessID.ItisusedprimarilytoidentifyeveryprocessthatrunsontheUNIXsystem,whetheritrunsontheforegroundorrunsatthebackground.Everypidisconsideredunique. ANSWER QUESTION 86
  • 88. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisldd? 88 QUESTION Listdynamicdependencies–printsharedlibrarydependencies Eg:–#vimnew.c #gccnew.c–onew #lddnew ANSWER QUESTION 87
  • 89. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhatisthecommandtouninstallprocessesinLinux? 89 QUESTION rpm–esendmail -e–remove ANSWER QUESTION 88
  • 90. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WhataretheLinuxbootfiles? 90 QUESTION 1./boot/grub/grub.conf:containsbootdiskparameters 2./etc/fstab:containsFilesystemswhichneedtomountatboottime 3./etc/initab:Containsdefaultrunlevel 4./etc/init.d/rc.d/rcN.d:Thisisadiritcontains ANSWER QUESTION 89
  • 91. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Differencebetweennfssoftandhardmountingpoints? 91 QUESTION Hardmountoption:–Iftheclientfailstoaccesstheserver,thentheconnectionhangsandoncethesystemisupthenitwillagainaccesstheserver. Soft:–Iftheclientfailedtoconnecttheserver,itimmediatelygivestheerrorreportandclosestheconnection. ANSWER QUESTION 90
  • 92. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisthestatuscode403,404representedinapacheserver? 92 QUESTION 403representforbiddenerror,meansifafilemissessomeselinuxsecuritycontext. 404representthatthereisacgiscriptmissingorwebpagesmissing. ANSWER QUESTION 91
  • 93. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com WHATISTHEMEANINGOFAIX 93 QUESTION AIX(AdvancedInteractiveeXecutive)isanopenoperatingsystemfromIBMwhichisbasedonaversionofUNIX. AIX/ESAwasdesignedforIBM‟sSystem/390orlargeserverhardwareplatform.AIX/6000isanoperatingsystemthatrunsonIBM‟sworkstationplatform,theRISCSystem/6000. ANSWER QUESTION 92
  • 94. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whoinventedunix? 94 QUESTION Unixwascreatedin1969byKenThompsonandDennisRitchieatBellLaboratories. ANSWER QUESTION 93
  • 95. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatisthecommandtomakeaprocesstorunintheforegroundfrombackground? 95 QUESTION Whentheprocessisrunning,press“control+Z”.Nowatthecommandprompt,type“bg” ANSWER QUESTION 94
  • 96. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Iwanttoseehowmanyinterfaces(Ethernetcards)areworkingusingsinglecommand? 96 QUESTION Ifconfig ANSWER QUESTION 95
  • 97. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Afilewhichisnotdeletedbynormaluserandalsoroot(usingrm),forthattypeoffilehowwedeleteit? 97 QUESTION Usingchattrcommand,weneedtochangetheattributesandthenweremoveusingrmcommand. Eg:–chattr-iIuexample rm-rfexample ANSWER QUESTION 96
  • 98. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatiswild-cardinterpretation? 98 QUESTION Whenacommandlinecontainswild-cardcharacterssuchas„*‟or„?‟,thesearereplacedbytheshellwithasortedlistoffileswhosepatternmatchestheinputcommand.Wild-cardcharactersareusedtosetupalistoffilesforprocessing,insteadofhavingitspecifiedoneatatime. ANSWER QUESTION 97
  • 99. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Whatdoesthiscommanddo?catfood1>kitty 99 QUESTION Itredirectstheoutputofcatfoodintothefilekitty;thecommandisthesameas: catfood>kitty ANSWER QUESTION 98
  • 100. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com What"neat"commandwilldo? 100 QUESTION “Neat”commandprovidesGraphicalinterfacetochangenetworksettingsfornetworkdevices. ANSWER QUESTION 99
  • 101. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Isthereanyrelationbetweenmodprobe.conffileandnetworkdevices? 101 QUESTION Yes,thisfileassignsakernelmoduletoeachnetworkdevice. ForExample:- [root@localhost~]#cat/etc/modprobe.conf aliaseth0b44 Hereb44isthekernelmodulefornetworkdeviceeth0. WecanConfirmbyfollowingcommand(Thismodule“b44”ispresentornot). [root@localhost~]#lsmod|grepb44 b44290050 ANSWER QUESTION 100
  • 102. For the hottest LINUX jobs, please visit www.hirist.com hirist .com Resources 102 https://www.udemy.com/blog/linux-interview-questions/ http://www.masteringinlinux.com/linux-questions/top-linux-interview-question- answer.html http://computernetworkingnotes.com/rhce-interview-questions/basic-linux- interview-questions-for-freshers.html http://www.tecmint.com/core-linux-interview-questions-and-answers/ http://www.linuxtechi.com/experience-linux-admin-interview-questions/ http://www.01world.in/p/linux.html http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/linux-interview-questions-answers/ http://career.guru99.com/top-50-linux-interview-questions/ http://www.tecmint.com/useful-random-linux-interview-questions-and-answers/ http://certcollection.org/forum/topic/154299-linux-system-administration- interview-questions-and-answers/ http://linuxserverworld.com/linux-interview-questions-part-i/
  • 103. www.hirist.com TOP 100 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS LINUX