http://trivedihezal17913.blogspot.in

1. Language Learning Strategies
• Paper No. 12: A English Language Teaching-1
• Unit-4; The Nature of Language Teaching
• Name: Trivedi Hezal K.
• PG Reg. No. PG15101040
• Roll No:34
• M.A. – English Regular, Semester-3 Year: 2016
• Submitted to: S.B. Gardi Department of English
• Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
• (Gujarat – India)

2. LLS Definition
• “Strategies can be classified as conscious
mental activity. They must contain not only
an action but a goal (or an intention) and a
learning situation. Whereas a mental action
might be subconscious, an action with a
goal / intention and related to a learning
situation can only be conscious.”

3. More concepts...
• “Any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines,
used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining,
storage, retrieval, and use of information.”
- John Rubin (1987)
• “Specific actions, behaviours, steps, or
techniques that students (often intentionally)
use to improve their progress in developing
skills.”
- Rebecca Oxford (1990)

4. Classification of LLS
• Based on the various perspective about defining
learning strategies, it can be inferred that
language learning strategies can be divided into
different categories.
• In fact, LLS have been categorized by many
researchers and experts since the 1970s.
• 1) Naiman (1978)
• 2) Rubin (1981)
• 3) Brown and Palinscar (1982)
• 4) O’Malley and Chamot (1990)

5. Oxford’s classification of LLS

6. LLS Subdivision

7. Cognitive strategies
• Cognitive strategies include
what learners think
( such as reading for
purpose, or reading for
identifying rules) about
their own learning.
 Clarification / verification
 Guessing/Inductive
inference
 Deductive Reasoning
 Memorization
 Monitoring

8. Metacognitive Strategies
• Metacognitive strategies
talk about the strategies
( such as observing own
mistakes and improving
on that, or planning and
following a good
timetable) learners
employ in their process.
• Arranging and planning
your learning
• Evaluating your learning

9. Memory strategies
• Memory strategies show how
(such as using flash card, or
reviewing lessons) learners
remember the language.
• According to Purpura (1997)
Memory strategies are
frequently employed for
memorizing vocabulary and
structures in the early phase of
language learning.
• Applying images and sounds
• Reviewing well
• Employing action

10. Social strategies
• Social strategies involve
the strategy that learners
use or the interaction
they do to facilitate their
own learning. Such as
asking for corrections
from proficient speakers,
or learning the native
culture etc.
• Cooperating with others
• Empathizing with others

11. Compensation strategies
• Compensation strategies
are related to what
learners do (such as
making guesses or
finding connotative ideas
etc.) to compensate their
limited knowledge in the
language.
• Overcoming limitations
in speaking and writing

12. Affective strategies
• Affective strategies talk about
learner’s feelings, as well as
what they do to motivate
themselves and to make the
learning process comfortable.
Such as relaxing when they
feel afraid of the new
language, or rewarding
themselves when they
perform well etc.
• Encouraging yourself
• Taking your emotional
temperature

13. Conclusion
Researchers tend to agree that teacher
preparation for strategy instruction is
enhanced by using an experimental approach
that enables teachers to discover their own
strategies, consider the new ones, and learn
how to model and teach them.