Lecture vi indo aryan temples

Ar. Hena Tiwari/GCAD,Sonipat
Lecture-6
INDO – ARYAN
TEMPLE
ARCHITECTURE

When did Hindu Temple architecture
came into being????
With the advancement of Gupta empire
under the reign of Chandragupt Hinduism
flourished as a religion.
By 4th century AD Gupta’s has conquered
North India and gave rise to Hindu
Temple Architecture.
This period is called as the golden
period of TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE

Essence of Hindu Temple
A Hindu Temple is a place for the God
to reside i.e. the believe is that God
actually dwell, live, eat, sleep at that
place.
It is the house of the God.

There were three kinds of the temples on the basis of access and
the circumambulatory path built in it.
Sandhara: These types of the temples have a square sanctum
enclosed by a gallery of pillars meant for Pradakshina. Thus, the
Sandhara temples have a Pradakshinapatha.
Nirandhara: This type of temples do NOT
have Pradakshinapathas
Sarvatobhadra: These types of the temples have four functional
doors on cardinal direction and also a Pradakshinapatha with a
row of 12 pillars around the santum sanctorum. These types of
temples could be accessed from all sides.

Basic elements of a Hindu Temple in
PLAN
Garbhagriha Steps
Front
Porch

Garbhagriha:
 Inner chamber which has deity.
 In many temples visitors cannot entre
garbhagriha only priest is allowed.
Mandappa:
 Main temple hall for large gatherings
 Also called as ‘nata-mandira’ or dancing
halls where devdasis performed.
 Decorated with paintings of Gods &
Goddess.

Front porch:
 Area with metallic bell.
 Devotees ring the bell at the time they entre or leave the
temple to tell about their arrival or departure.
 It is called as ‘Ardhamandapa’
Walkways:
 Place for parikrama.
 It is around the wall of inner chamber.
 Parikrama is the mark of respect which one shows to
God or Goddess

Reservoir:
A reservoir of fresh water is built around temples.
It is used for scared bathing and religious purposes.

Basic elements of a Hindu Temple in ELEVATION

Kalasha
Kalasha as per Puranas is one of the fourteen precious
gems that came out of the milky ocean when it was churned
(Samudra Manthan).
Some temples have stone block as Kalasha.
 The significance of the shape of the Kalasha is that it
symbolizes the potentialities of life.
The bud which is the topmost portion signifies new life and
growth

Amalaka
 A amalaka is a stone disc with rounded edges.
 It is found at the top of some Hindu temple .
 It is the kingdom of heaven.
 Above the amalaka is the kalasha . Sometimes there hangs
the flags of the temple.
Shikhara:
 The tower of the dome is called Shikhara which represents
the mythological Mount Meru.
 It is also called as Vimana in South India.

Urshringas
 An Urushringa is a subsidiary tower pasted against the
main tower (shikhara) in the Hindu temple architecture.
 The urushringa is lower and narrower than the shikhara.
 It strengthens the feeling of height given by the temple.

 ‘Antarala’ meaning the vestibule or the intermediate
chamber. It unites the main sanctuary and the pillared hall
of the temple.
 Jagati or ‘Pitha’ , the plinth or the platform of the temple.
 ‘Toranas’, the typical gateway of the temple mostly found
in north Indian temple

Hindu temple design
 Hindu temples follow a geometrical design called as Vastu
Purush Mandala in which Vastu means: dwelling structure
 Purusha means universal essence and Mandala means
Centre.
 The hindu temple has a square consist of grid called
PADAS
 A PADA is the seat of devotee or a hermit.

These padas could be 1,4,9,16 up to 1024 squares.
Aspect of creative
energy.
It is in Centre
called as Garbhgriya
Aspect of God and
Goddess
Place for parikrama
Aspect of human
life
Aspect of Asura and
Devil

In large temple complexes outer 3
padas are carved, painted and have
images to inspire the devotees.
Pillars, wall and ceilings typically have
highly ornate paintings and images of
four main pursuits of life :- kama, artha,
dharma and moksha.

TYPES OF HINDU TEMPLES :
 Northern Hindu style or Indo- Aryan
style (A.D 600 to the present day)
South Hindu style or Dravidian style
(A.D 625 – 1750 to the present day)

NORTHERN HINDU STYLE OR INDO –
ARYAN STYLE -
 This style had spread over at least three –
fourth part of northern India.
 It has SQUARE TEMPLES
 Centre has cruciform (christian cross)
shape with a number of re-entrant angle
on each side.
 Elevation has shikhars.
 BEST EXAMPLE: Kandariya Mahadev
Temple.

Kalinga style architecture
 Flourished in eastern state of Orissa.
 Majorly 3 types of temples
Rekha Deula
Pidha Deula
Khakhara Deula
Dedicated to Vishnu, Shiv and
Surya
Dedicated to Chamunda and
Durga
Deula means temple in oriya

Kandariya Mahadev Temple.

The temple measures about 30 meters in length and 20 m width.
The temple shikhara rises 35.3 meters in length.
From the east side it looks like a huge mountain of stone with a dark
cave-like opening set high above the ground.
The name Kandarya Mahadev refers also to Shiva, the ascetic who
dwells in a mountain cave, lost in meditation.
 The Plan of the Mahadev Temple is similar to the lakshman and
Vishvanath Temples with all the rooms aligned east to west on a
central axis.

Western group
of temples

Plan of Kandariya Mahadeva temple

In profile the pyramidal porch, mandap roofs and conical shikhara
looks like a range of mountain straining upwards till it meets the
sky, or shiva.
The shikhara of the kandariya Mahadev Temples is broad at the
base and in graceful curve grow narrower as it reaches the pinnacle
The adhisthana or base of the temple is three meters high and
made up of a series of architectural moldings.
The nine niches around the temple contain images of Ganesh, the
seven mother goddesses or sapta Matrikas.

On the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho there are 84
urushringas around the shikhara.

The main temple tower
with 84 mini spires

Sculptures on the external walls of the temple

On the projections of the walls are the figures of the deities;
principally of Shiva attired as a bridegroom.
The porch has an exceptionally beautiful entrance toran.
A large temple like the Kandariya Mahadev is estimated to
have over 870 large sculptures on its exterior and interior
walls, each one about meter high.
The doorway of the sanctum is profusely decorated with
narrow panels of images.

The central lintel carries the seated figure of Shiva holding a
trident and snake, Vishnu is seated to his left and Brahma to
the right.
 Within the dark, unadorned garbha griha or womb chapber
stands the creative symbol of Shiva, the linga.

LINGARAJA TEMPLE

INTRODUCTION
 LOCATION: Bhubaneshwar, Orissa
 BUILT BY: Jajati Keshari
 BUILT IN: 11th century
 DEDICATED TO: Harihar (a form of
Shiva & Vishnu)
 ARCHITECTURE STYLE: Kalinga
Architecture
 MATERIAL USED : Laterite stone
 TOTAL AREA: 1049.66 sq m

HISTORY
 Lingaraj temple is dedicated to lord shiva, who is considered as
the destroyer as per the hindu thoughts
 Lingaraj temple is believed to be the oldest and largest temple of
bhubaneshwar , it is more than 1100 years old,.
 The temple of lingaraja is highly revered by the followers of
hinduism. The term 'lingaraj' suggests 'the king of lingas', where
'linga' is the phallic form of lord shiva.
 In the 11th century, when the king shifted his capital from jaipur
to bhubaneshwar, he started the construction of lingaraj temple.
 The assembly hall (jagamohana), sanctum and temple tower were
built during the eleventh century, while the hall of offering
(bhoga-mandapa) was built during the twelfth century.

ARCHITECTURE
 One of the finest examples of purely hindu temple in india".
 The lingaraja temple faces east and is built
of sandstone and laterite.
 The main entrance is located in the east, while there are small
entrances in the north and south.
 The temple has four components
namely, garbhagriha, jagamohana (assembly
hall), natamandira (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall
of offerings).

 The door in the gate of the entrance porch is made of
sandalwood.
 One can enter the temple complex through 'simha dwara' (the
lion's gate), where lions flank both the sides, crushing
elephants under their feet.
 The exterior walls of the hall has decorative sculptures of men
and beast
 The tower walls are sculpted with female figures in different
poses.

 The bhogamandapa (hall of offering)
measures 42 ft X 42 ft from the inside,
56.25 ft * 56.25 ft from the outside and
has four doors in each of the sides.
 The natamandira (festival hall) measures
38 ft X 38 ft from the inside, 50 ft * 50 ft
from the outside, has one main entrance
and two side entrances. The side walls of
the hall has decorative sculptures
displaying women and couples.

 The jagamohana (assembly hall)
measures 35 ft *30 ft from the inside,
55 ft *50 ft from the outside, entrances
from south and north and has a 98 ft tall
roof.
 The tower is 180 ft high and the complex
has 150 smaller shrines.
 The hall of offering and assembly hall
both has a pyramidal roof. It bears an
inverted bell and a kalasa in the top.

SURYA TEMPLE AT MODHERA (1026 AD).

 It can be considered as the earliest and most splendid Hindu
temple of its period. The temple faces east so that the light of the
rising sun penetrates to the shrine of the sun god in its farthest
end.

The temple is constructed out of golden brown sandstone.
The major parts of the templeare:
a) The beautiful tank (Kunda) with interesting pattern of steps
b) The stairway from Kunda leads to a high platform (Kharashila) and
the main entrance gate (Keerthi Torana)
c) The Keerthi Torana leads to open pillared hall (Sabhamantapa)
d) The Sabhamantapa further leads to a twin pillared Subhamantapa
(entrance porch), which further leads to a closed hall
(Gudhamantapa) with two balconies

Guda Mandapa ( Main hall)

 The broad terrace is constructed out of solid bricks with
stone facing for the exterior.
 The moulding over the exterior relieves the intricate
richness to the multiple steps of the tank.
 The Keerthi Torana with its richly carved columns and
archway acts as a perfect entrance to the whole temple
complex.

Assignment
Discuss the architecture of Sun Temple, Konark,
Jagannath Puri in detail.
Describe in detail the important architectural
features of Indo- Aryan Temples of Orissan and
Khajuraho Group.

Lecture vi indo aryan temples

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