Slideshow highlighting post 1991 nation states and redesigned currency.

1. Emergent
Countries,
Emergent
Media
~~~~~
Currency
as
Na6onal
Iden6ty
Heather
Lusty
University
of
Nevada,
Las
Vegas

2. “…[A]lmost
all
independent
countries
choose
to
assert
their
na6onality
by
having,
to
their
own
inconvenience
and
that
of
their
neighbors,
a
peculiar
currency
of
their
own.”
~
John
Stuart
Mill,
1848.

3. Croa6a
~
1991
Croa6a
declared
its
independence
from
Yugoslavia
(1918-­‐1992)
in
1991,
one
of
the
first
republics
of
Yugoslavia
to
do
so.
Croa6a’s
first
state
issued
currency
(1991-­‐1993),
the
Dinar(a),
featured
a
portrait
of
Roger
Joseph
Boskovic
on
the
front,
and
Ivan
Mestrovic’s
1932
sculpture
Glasojlica
Mother
Croa6a
on
the
reverse.

4. Croa6an
Dinar
R.
Boskovic
was
an
18th
c
physicist,
astronomer,
mathema6cian,
philosopher,
poet,
diplomat
(et
al)
from
Dubrovnik
whose
fame
and
pres6ge
mark
Croa6a
as
a
post-­‐Renaissance
culture
in
its
own
right.

5. Croa6an
Dinar
The
Glasoljica
Croa6an
Mother
sculpture,
by
Ivan
Mestrovic,
is
a
na6onal
symbol
of
Croa6a,
the
keeper
of
Croa6an
heritage
and
iden6ty.

6. Ukraine
~
1991
Divided
between
the
Tsardom
of
Russia
and
Hapsburg
Austria
during
the
Par66ons
of
Poland
(1772-­‐1795),
briefly
independent
and
interna6onally
recognized
during
the
Russian
Revolu6on
(1905),
and
one
of
the
founding
republics
of
the
Soviet
Union
(1922),
Ukraine
finally
gained
its
independence
when
the
Soviet
Union
dissolved
in
1991.

7. Ukrainian
Karbovantsiv
Ukraine’s
first
state-­‐issued
karbovantsiv
(1991-­‐1992)
featured
two
versions
of
the
founding
Vikings
of
Kiev
(a
medieval
Viking
stronghold
and
commercial
center),
and
a
portrait
of
the
Cathedral
of
St.
Sophia
in
Kiev
on
the
reverse.

8. Ukrainian
Karbovantsiv
Lower
denomina6on
karbovanets
feature
Libyd,
sister
to
the
founding
brothers
(see
next
slide).
Libyd’s
figure
on
the
front
of
the
notes
emphasizes
Kiev’s
Viking
heritage
through
its
ship-­‐prow
pose;
the
image
also
echoes
the
Winged
Victory
(Louvre),
a
clear
associa6on
with
classical
seafaring
na6ons.

9. Ukrainian
Karbovantsiv
Higher
denomina6on
karbovantsiv
feature
Kiev’s
founding
Viking
brothers,
Kyi,
Shcheck,
and
Khoryv,
with
sister
Libyd
on
the
prow.
Both
front
images
recall
Ukraine’s
pre-­‐colonial
and
pre-­‐Soviet
Republic
state,
emphasizing
its
rich
cultural
heritage
and
independent
history.

10. Belarus
~
1992
Aier
a
long
stretch
of
occupancy
by
the
Kingdom
of
Lithuania,
the
Grand
Duchy
of
Lithuania,
the
Polish
Lithuania
Commonwealth,
the
Russian
Empire,
and
then
the
Soviet
Union,
Belarus
declared
its
independence
in
1991.

11. Belarussian
Ruble
The
first
Belarussian
rubles
(1992-­‐1996)
featured
a
“Pagonya”
warrior
on
horseback
(a
recurring
historical
figure
associated
with
Belarus
before
it
was
occupied
and
absorbed
by
neighboring
states;
the
“Pagonya”
was
approved
as
the
official
emblem
of
the
Republic
of
Belarus
on
May
14,
1995)
on
the
front
of
all
denomina6ons.
The
reverse
showcased
a
variety
of
local
wildlife
on
the
lower
values,
and
architecture
on
the
higher
(Victory
Plaza,
Academy
of
Sciences
Bldg.,
and
city
views,
all
the
capital
of
Minsk).

12. Belarussian
Ruble

13. European
Union
~
1999
The
introduc6on
of
the
euro
in
1999
marked
an
important
recogni6on
by
an
interna6onal
body
of
the
importance
of
individual
culture
within
a
shared
community.
Planning
and
prepara6on
for
the
launch
of
the
new
currency
took
years.
The
notes
share
the
same
designs
across
all
countries
in
Europe,
inspired
by
the
theme
“ages
and
styles
of
Europe,”
depic6ng
the
architectural
styles
from
seven
periods
of
Europe’s
cultural
history
through
elements
such
as
windows,
gateways,
and
bridges:
Classical,
Romanesque,
Gothic,
Renaissance,
Baroque
and
Rococo,
Iron
and
glass
architecture,
and
Modern
twen6eth-­‐century
architecture
(Eagleton
and
Williams
246).
The
choice
of
architectural
images
are
intended
to
show
the
unity
between
European
na6ons,
with
a
window
or
doorway
on
the
front
of
each
note
to
symbolize
openness
and
coopera6on,
and
a
bridge
on
the
back
represen6ng
coopera6on
and
communica6on
between
Europe
and
the
world
(246).

14. The
Euro

15. Libya
~
2012
Although
the
modern
state
of
Libya
was
created
in
1951,
the
2011
revolu6on
that
overthrew
Muammar
Gaddafi’s
government
necessitated
a
redesign
of
the
na6onal
currency
(and
the
removal
of
dictator’s
visage
from
said
currency).
English
text
has
replaced
the
Arabic
text
on
the
back,
and
the
Gaddafi
era
“Jamahiriya”
(“Great
Socialist
People's
Libyan
Arab
Jamahiriya,”
established
1977)
has
been
removed
from
the
notes.

16. Libyan
Dinar
(old)

17. Libyan
Dinar
(new
1
&
50
notes)

18. Islamic
State
~
2014
Islamic
State
announced
plans
for
a
new
“na6onal”
currency
in
November
2014
by
Isis,
as
a
move
to
“emancipate
itself
from
the
satanic
global
economic
system;”
propaganda
shows
designs
for
a
range
of
coins
(quoted
in
Dearden,
3).
They
recently
released
photos
of
coinage
they
claim
to
be
min6ng:
one
side
is
the
message:
“The
Islamic
State
–
a
caliphate
based
on
the
doctrine
of
the
Prophet”
in
Arabic;
(Dearden
2).
The
propaganda
released
included
explana6ons
of
the
design
details;
“images
including
wheat
stalks,
crescents
a
shield
and
sword
deno6ng
jihad,
a
map
of
the
world
(reflec6ng
the
group’s
aspira6ons
for
global
dominance),
and
even
renderings
of
a
pair
of
Islamic
landmarks,
the
Umayyad
mosque
in
Damascus
and
Al
Aqsa
mosque
in
Jerusalem.
The
group
provided
explana6ons
of
each
design
and
its
grounding
in
Islamic
religious
texts”
(Bulos
2).

19. ISIS
Currency
(sketch)

20. Scotland
~
20
??
Several
countries
and
regions
around
Europe
(and
elsewhere)
are
ac6vely
eyeing
independence
from
their
current
parent
systems
based
on
iden6ty
and
shared
cultural
heritage.
Scotland’s
succession
vote
in
Sept.
2014
(defeated
by
a
very
slim
margin)
and
Catalonia’s
affirma6ve
vote
(2015)
to
succeed
from
Spain
are
indica6ons
that
the
na6onal
borders
created
in
the
aiermath
of
WWI
and
WWII
are
not
as
clear
and
firm
as
“parent”
cultures
assume.

21. Defaced
Bri6sh
Pound
Image
courtesy
of
The
Scotsman,
by
Dundee
Courier.
01
Feb
2016.
In
early
2016,
blue
and
black
s6ckers
reading
“Scossh
UDI
movement”
(Unilateral
Declara6on
of
Independence)
began
appearing
on
currency
across
the
country.
The
s6ckers
cover/obscure
the
Queen’s
head
on
one
side,
instead
promo6ng
the
blue
wording
over
the
outline
of
a
Sal6re
(the
na6onal
flag
of
Scotland).

22. Conclusion
Na6onal
currency
is
a
prominent,
public
visual
medium
through
which
countries
ar6culate
and
maintain
concep6ons
of
shared
cultural
heritage
and
na6onal
iden6ty.
As
the
poli6cal
globe
con6nues
to
evolve,
we
will
see
more
such
expressions
of
na6onalism
through
currency
(and
postage)
–
integral
manifesta6ons
of
socio-­‐
ethnic
ideology
and
iden6ty.

23. References
Anderson,
Benedict.
Imagined
Communi3es:
Reflec3ons
on
the
Origin
and
Spread
of
Na3onalism.
London:
Verso,
1983.
Bulos,
Nabih.
“Islamic
State
wants
to
create
its
own
currency.”
Los
Angeles
Times.
13
November
2014.
Web.
Cuhaj,
George
S.
Editor.
Standard
Catalog
of
World
Paper
Money.
General
Issues:
1961-­‐present.
14th
Edi6on.
Wisconsin:
Krause
Publica6ons,
2008.
Dearden,
Lizzie.
“Isis
claims
to
mint
gold
and
silver
coins
for
currency
free
from
‘satanic’
global
Economy.”
The
Independent.
24
June
2015.
Eagleton,
Catherine,
and
Johnathan
Williams.
Money:
A
History.
Buffalo,
NY:
Firefly
Books,
1997.
Hart,
Keith.
The
Memory
Bank:
Money
in
an
Unequal
World.
New
York:
TEXERE,
2000.
Helleiner,
Eric.
“Na6onal
Currencies
and
Na6onal
Iden66es.”
The
American
Behavioral
Scien3st
(Aug
1998):
1409-­‐36.
Mudd,
Douglas.
All
the
Money
in
the
World:
The
Art
of
History
of
Paper
Money
and
Coins
from
An3quity
to
the
21st
Century.
Singapore:
Harper
Collins,
2006.