antropologiaaaa

1. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill

2. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
These PowerPoint slides have been designed for use by students and instructors using the
Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity textbook by Conrad Kottak. These files
contain short outlines of the content of the chapters, as well as selected photographs, maps,
and tables. Students may find these outlines useful as a study guide or a tool for review.
Instructors may find these files useful as a basis for building their own lecture slides or as
handouts. Both audiences will notice that many of the slides contain more text than one would
use in a typical oral presentation, but it was felt that it would be better to err on the side of a
more complete outline in order to accomplish the goals above. Both audiences should feel free
to edit, delete, rearrange, and rework these files to build the best personalized outline, review,
lecture, or handout for their needs.
Using These SlidesUsing These Slides

3. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Student CD-ROM—this fully interactive
student CD-ROM is packaged free of charge
with every new textbook and features the
following unique
tools:
How To Ace This Course:
•Animated book walk-through
•Expert advice on how to succeed in the
course (provided on video by the University of
Michigan)
•Learning styles assessment program
•Study skills primer
•Internet primer
•Guide to electronic research
Chapter-by-Chapter Electronic Study Guide:
•Video clip from a University of Michigan
lecture on the text chapter
•Interactive map exercise
•Chapter objectives and outline
•Key terms with an audio pronunciation guide
•Self-quizzes (multiple choice, true/false, and
short-answer questions with feedback
indicating why your answer is correct or
incorrect)
•Critical thinking essay questions
•Internet exercises
•Vocabulary flashcards
•Chapter-related web links
Cool Stuff:
•Interactive globe
•Study break links
Contents of Student CD-ROMContents of Student CD-ROM

4. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Student’s Online Learning Center—this free web-based student supplement features many of the
same tools as the Student CD-ROM (so students can access these materials either online or on
CD, whichever is convenient), but also includes:
•An entirely new self-quiz for each chapter (with feedback, so students can take two pre-tests
prior to exams)
•Career opportunities
•Additional chapter-related readings
•Anthropology FAQs
•PowerPoint lecture notes
•Monthly updates
Contents ofContents of
Online Learning CenterOnline Learning Center

5. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
CC
hh
aa
pp
tt
ee
rr 17
This chapter introduces students to the
anthropological study of politics. It focuses
on the band, tribe, chiefdom, and state
system of sociopolitical organization.
Political SystemsPolitical Systems

6. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Introduction
Power is the ability to exercise one’s will over others.
Authority is the socially approved use of power.

7. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Typology
In 1962, Elman Service developed a typology of political
organizations.
 Bands are small kin-based groups found among foragers.
 Tribes are associated with non-intensive food production and
have villages and/or descent groups, but lack formal
government and social classes.
 The chiefdom is a form of sociopolitical organization that is
intermediate between the tribe and the state, still kin-based, but
characterized by a permanent political structure with some
degree of differential access to resources and a political
structure.
 The state is characterized by formal government and social
classes.

8. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Typology
In bands and tribes, the political order (polity) is not a
distinct institution, but is embedded in the overall social
order.
Because of this embeddedness, Kottak prefers to speak of
sociopolitical (rather than simply political) organization in
discussing cross-cultural similarities and differences in the
regulation or management of interrelations among groups
and their representatives.

9. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Sociopolitical Types and Economy
There are many correlations between economy and
sociopolitical organization.
 Foragers tend to have band organization.
 Horticulturalists and pastoralists tend to have tribal
organization.
 Agriculturalists tend to have either chiefdom-level or state-
level organization.
In general, as the economy becomes more productive,
population size increases leading to greater regulatory
problems, which gives rise to more complex social relations
and linkages (greater social and political complexity).

10. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Sociopolitical Types and Economy
Sociopolitical
Type
Economic Type Type of
Regulation
Examples
Band Foraging Local Inuit, San
Tribe Horticulture,
pastoralism
Local, temporary
regional
Yanomami, Nuer,
Kapauku
Chiefdom Horticulture,
pastoral
nomadism,
agriculture
Permanent
regional
Qashqai, Cherokee,
Polynesia
State Agriculture,
industrialism
Permanent
regional
Ancient
Mesopotamia,
modern United
States and Canada

11. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Foraging Bands
In foraging societies the only two social groups that are
significant are the nuclear family and the band.
 Membership in these groups is fluid and can change from year
to year.
 Kin networks, both real and fictive, are created and maintained
through marriage, trade, and visiting.
Foraging bands are egalitarian, in that all differences in
status are achieved.
Foragers lack formal law, conflict resolution is embedded in
kinship and social ties (e.g. blood feuds).
Prestige refers to esteem, respect, or approval for culturally
valued acts or qualities.

12. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Tribal Cultivators
 Tribes usually have a horticultural or pastoral economy and are
organized by village life and/or descent-group membership.
 Social classes and formal government are not found in tribes.
 Small-scale warfare or intervillage raiding is commonly found in tribes.
 The main regulatory officials are village heads, "big men," descent-
group leaders, village councils, and leaders of pantribal associations.
 The officials have limited authority.
 They lead through persuasion and by example, not through coercion.

13. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Tribal Cultivators
Like foragers, tribes are egalitarian.
 Tribes often have marked gender stratification.
 Status in tribes is based on age, gender, and personal traits and
abilities.
Horticulturalists are egalitarian and tend to live in small
villages with low population density.

14. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
The Village Head
The Yanomami are used as an example of a society with a
village head.
The position of village head is achieved but comes with
very limited authority.
 He cannot force or coerce people to do things.
 He can only persuade, harangue, and try to influence people to
do things.
The Village head acts as a mediator in disputes, but he has
no authority to back his decision or impose punishments.

15. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
The Village Head
The village head must lead in generosity.
 He must be more generous, which means he must cultivate
more land.
 He hosts feasts for other villages.
In the last decade, particularly, the Yanomami have suffered
greatly from violence and disease, both of which have come
from the encroaching mining and ranching industries of
Brazil.

16. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
The “Big Man”
A big man is like a village head, except that his authority is
regional, in that he may have influence over more than one
village.
The big man is common to the South Pacific.
Among the Kapauku, the big man is the only political figure
beyond the household.
 The position is achieved through generosity, eloquence,
bravery, physical fitness, and supernatural powers.
 His decisions are binding among his followers.
 He is an important regulator of regional events (e.g. feasts and
markets).

17. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
The “Big Man”
Map showing the location of the
Kapauku.

18. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
The “Big Man”
In order to be a tribal leader, a big man or village head, a
person must be generous.
 They must work hard to create a surplus to give away.
 This surplus is converted into prestige.
The big man is a temporary, regional regulator who can
mobilize supporters from several villages for produce and
labor on specific occasions.

19. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Segmentary Lineage Organization
Segmentary lineage organization (SLO) is based upon
descent-group structure (typically patrilineal).
Segmentary lineages are composed hierarchically, with
smaller units (potentially) combining into larger ones.
 Maximal lineages share a common ancestor who lived long
ago and whose membership is spread over a large area
(inclusive).
 Minimal lineages are the smallest unit in which members live
in the same village and share a common ancestor who lived no
more than four generations ago (exclusive).

20. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Segmentary Lineage Organization
Nilotic peoples, such as the Nuer, are exemplary of
segmentary lineage organization.
With SLO, the closer the relationship in terms of descent,
the greater the mutual support and the more distant the
common ancestor, the greater the potential for hostility.
Conflict resolution
 When a dispute develops between people who share a common
living ancestor, he intervenes to settle it.
 When the combatants do not share a common living ancestor,
a blood feud may develop.

21. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Segmentary Lineage Organization
Map showing the location of
the Nuer.

22. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Pantribal Sodalities and Age Grades
Sodalities are non-kin based organizations which may
generate cross-societal linkages.
 They are often based on common age or gender.
 Some sodalities are confined to a single village.
 Some sodalities span several villages; these are called
pantribal sodalities.
Pantribal sodalities tend to be found in areas where two or
more different cultures come into regular contact.
 Especially in situations where warfare is frequent.
 Since pantribal sodalities draw their members from several
villages, they can mobilize a large number of men for raids.

23. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Pantribal Sodalities and Age Grades
 Pressure from European contact created conditions which promoted
pan-tribal sodalities (age sets are one example) among the groups of the
North American Great Plains of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
 Age sets are sodalities that include all of the men born during a certain
time span.
 Similar to a cohort of class of students, like class of 2004.
 Members of an age set progress through a series of age grades
together (e.g. initiated youth, warrior, adult, elder or in American
universities: freshmen, sophomore, junior, senior, graduate).
 Secret societies are sodalities with secret initiation ceremonies.
 Sodalities create non-kin linkages between people based on age, gender,
and ritual and create a sense of ethnic identity and belonging to the same
cultural tradition.

24. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Pantribal Sodalities and Age Grades
This photograph
shows the
warrior
(ilmurran) age
grade of the
Masai dancing
with a group of
girls from a
lower age grade
(intoyie).
Photo Credit: Douglas Kirkland/ The Image Bank

25. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Pantribal Sodalities and Age Grades
Map showing location of Masai.

26. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Nomadic Politics
 Nomads must interact with a variety of groups, unlike most sedentary
societies.
 Powerful chiefs are commonly found in nomadic groups that have large
populations (e.g. the Basseri and the Qashqai of southern Iran).
 The Basseri have a smaller population and their chief, khan, is similar to
a village head or big man.
 The position is achieved.
 Allegiances are with the person, not the office.
 The larger Qashqai have multiple levels of authority and more powerful
chiefs.
 Their authority can be more coercive.
 Allegiance are with the office, not the person.

27. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Nomadic Politics
Map showing the location of the Qashqai
and Basseri.

28. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Chiefdoms and States
Chiefdoms are a transitional form of sociopolitical
organization between tribes and states.
Carneiro (1970) defines the state as “an autonomous
political unit encompassing many communities within its
territory, having a centralized government with the power to
collect taxes, draft men for work or war, and decree and
enforce laws.
 archaic or nonindustrial states
 industrial or modern states

29. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Chiefdoms
 Unlike band and tribal political systems, chiefdoms and states are
permanent: their offices outlast the individuals who occupy them.
 An office is a permanent position of authority that exists independently
of the person who occupies it.
 It must be refilled when it is vacated.
 Offices ensure that the sociopolitical organization endures across
generations.
 Chiefs play an important role in the production, distribution, and
consumption of resources.
 Chiefs collect foodstuffs as tribute (upward movement).
 Chiefs later redistribute these collect foodstuffs at feasts (downward
movement).

30. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Chiefdoms
Chiefdoms
created the
megalithic
cultures of
Europe, such
as the one that
built
Stonehenge.
Photo Credit: Louis H. Jawitz/The Image Bank

31. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Chiefdoms: Social Status
In chiefdoms, social status is based on seniority of descent.
All of the people in a chiefdom are believed to have
descended from a group of common ancestors.
 The closer you and your lineage are related to those founding
ancestors, the greater your prestige.
 In chiefdoms, there is a continuum of prestige with the chief at
one end and the lowest ranking individuals at the other.
 The chief must demonstrate his seniority of descent.
Chiefdoms lack social classes.

32. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Chiefdoms and States: Social Status
Unlike tribal and band organizations, there are systemic
status distinctions in chiefly and state societies.
State and chiefdom status systems are based upon
differential access to wealth and resources, and differential
allocation of rights and duties.
 States are characterized by much clearer class divisions than
chiefdoms, typically associated with stratum endogamy.
 The result of stratum endogamy is social stratification, the
hierarchical arrangement of unrelated classes.
 Social stratification, social classes, is one of the key
distinguishing features of states.

33. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Social Stratification
Weber’s Dimensions of Social Stratification
 Wealth or economic status
 Political status based upon power
 Social status based upon prestige
In chiefdoms, all three dimensions are tied to kinship and
descent.
In the early states, distinctions in all three dimensions
appeared between endogamous groups for the first time.

34. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
Social Status in Archaic States
In archaic states there were two basic class distinctions.
 The superordinate stratum was the elite or higher class that had
privileged access to wealth, power, and other valued resources.
 The subordinate stratum was the lower or underprivileged
class.

35. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
States: Specialization
States have specialized units that perform specific tasks.
 Population control: fixing boundaries, establishing citizenship,
and the taking of a census
 Judiciary: laws, legal procedure, and judges
 Enforcement: permanent military and police forces
 Fiscal: taxation
 These subsystems were more or less embedded into the overall
ruling systems of archaic states.

36. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
States: Population Control
States use administrative divisions to control their
populations.
 Provinces, districts, counties, and townships.
 Each administrative divisions is managed by state officials.
States displace the role and importance that kinship has in
bands, tribes, and chiefdoms.
States foster geographic mobility and resettlement.
States assign differential rights to different status
distinctions.
 citizens vs. non-citizens
 elites vs. commoners vs. slaves
 soldiers vs. civilians

37. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
States: Judiciary
Laws are explicit codes for behavior, issued by the state,
and are distinct from the consensual mores and expectations
that exist in non-state societies.
The state is unique as a political system in that it governs
family affairs.
The presence of laws has not reduced violence—indeed,
states are responsible for some of the most violent episodes
in human history.

38. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
States: Enforcement
A judiciary obligates the existence of a system of
enforcement.
The judiciary and enforcement typically work not only to
control internal and external conflict, but also to preserve
the existing state hierarchy.

39. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill
States: Fiscal Systems
State rulers typically perform no subsistence activities.
The fiscal system serves to support the rulers and ruling
structure by collecting a portion of that produced by other
members of the state.
Fiscal systems of archaic states also worked to maintain and
elaborate class distinctions, as in the support of sumptuary
goods for the elites.