5. More affluence
Greater awareness
We are travelling faster
Reasons :
More leisure time
7. TOURISM AREA LIFE CYCLE MODEL
(TALC)
consolidation
Stagnation
Involvement
Exploration Development
Decline or
revitalize
CONCEPT OF LIFE CYCLE TO ASSESS PERFORMANCE
8. Exploration
The new tourist product/s is introduced
A small number of visitors start coming
Involvement
Identifiable tourist season begins to emerge
Visitor numbers start building
Impacts start to become apparent
Development
Public policy and investment is required if destination
is to sustain continuing development
Phases of TALC
Model
9. Phases of TALC Model
Consolidation
Visitor numbers continue to increase
Tourist services are provided by large national or international
companies
Local operators still play a role
Weakness
It is a resort model
Progress through the life cycle is not inevitable
Places are not natural organisms – need not die
10. Stagnation
Critical point – decisions have to be made
Visitor numbers peak
Visitors attracted by familiarity and extensive facilities
Promotion is needed
Adaptation of products and markets
Decline
Visitor numbers fall
Move down market
More promotion to meet capacity
Decline or rejuvenation?
Phases of TALC
Model
14. Impacts of Tourism
Economic Impacts
Environmental Impacts
Socio- cultural impacts
15. ECONOMIC IMPACT of
TOURISM
POSITIVE IMPACT
Employment opportunities
Growth in income
Increase in foreign exchange
Infrastructure development
NEGATIVE IMPACT
Seasonal unemployment
Underuse of facilities
Shortage of services
16. Positive Economic Impact
Employment: Work performed for a wage or salary, in
cash or in kind
Employment Opportunity – Chefs in a restaurant
http://www.examiner.com/article/iron-chef-michael-symon-opening-2-new-restaurants-cleveland
18. Positive Economic Impact
Employment opportunities
• The growth of tourism has led to an increase in number of
tourism-related jobs
• The tourism industry offers many employment opportunities, e.g.
hotels, souvenir shops, tour agencies
• Some jobs are:
– Directly linked to the tourism industry, e.g. travel agents,
tour guides, hotel staff, waiters and waitresses
– Indirectly linked to the tourism industry, e.g. taxi drivers,
shop owners
• In 2011, the tourism industry employed over 235 million people
worldwide (6–8 % of all the jobs in the world)
http://ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm
19. Positive Economic Impact
Region Percentage of all tourism
receipts in 2011 (%)
Europe 45
Asia Pacific 28
The Americas 19
Others 8
Figure 1.69 Distribution of global tourism receipts. Adapted from: World Tourism Organization
(2012)
Growth in income
• Tourism receipts: Money received from tourist spending
• Tourism receipts generate large revenue for many countries
• In 2011, worldwide tourism receipts exceeded US$1 trillion
21. Positive Economic Impact
Growth in income
• A large portion of revenue from tourism is sometimes
lost as leakage, especially in LDCs
• Leakage occurs when revenue earned from tourism
is paid to other countries for the import of goods
and services needed to meet the needs of tourists
• Example: Phuket, Thailand
– Travellers may use the services of foreign-owned
businesses and buy imported items
– Some of the profits made by local businesses are
sent to another country to pay for imports
– Money that does not stay in the local economy
may bring few benefits to local businesses and
workers
22. Positive Economic Impact
Figure 1.71 South Sea Island Beach,
Fiji. Tourism is Fiji’s largest foreign
exchange earner.
Increase in foreign exchange
• Foreign exchange: Money earned from other
countries in exchange for goods and services
• Important to an economy because it allows the
receiving country to purchase goods and services
from elsewhere in the world
• Example: Tourism is Fiji’s
largest foreign exchange
earner, making up
20%-25% of its economy
23. Increase in foreign exchange
Positive Economic Impact
•The tourism industry contributes directly and
indirectly to government revenues
•Examples of how tourism contributes directly to
government revenues include taxes on tourists (e.g.
airport tax) and income taxes on employees of
tourism-related businesses
•Examples of how tourism contributes indirectly to
government revenues include taxes on goods and
services that are supplied to tourists (e.g. petrol for
rented cars)
•Since taxes are collected in local currency, this
increases the foreign exchange of the host country
25. Development of infrastructure – Beijing National
Stadium, Beijing, China
Positive Economic Impact
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestand:Beijing_National_Stadium,_Beijing_2008_Olympics.jpg
26. Positive Economic Impact
Infrastructure development
• Infrastructure development: Construction of
transport and communication networks, electrical
frameworks and systems for water and waste
disposal
• Tourism cannot develop and would not be able to
operate on a large scale without sufficient
infrastructure and appropriate facilities such as:
– Airports
– Roads
– Electricity
– Hotels
• Infrastructure built to enhance tourism brings
benefits to the locals
27. Positive Economic Impact
Infrastructure development
• Creates employment for local workers as many
workers are needed during the construction process
• Local industries are boosted because local
materials may be used to construct the
infrastructure
• Encourages economic growth due to increased
spending in the local economy
28. Seasonal unemployment
Negative Economic Impact
http://oneshetwoshe.com/2013/07/ski-resort-in-the-
summer.html
http://www.livetravelmountains.com/skiing/korea-winter-
guide/
Ski resorts in the Alps during winter Ski resorts in the Alps during summer
29. Seasonal unemployment
Negative Economic Impact
Seasonal unemployment
• Certain tourist activities depend on climatic
conditions
• Countries may experience regular fluctuations in
tourist numbers
• People in tourism-related jobs have to find other
sources of income when employment is temporarily
unavailable
30. Negative Economic Impact
Underuse of facilities
• Underused facilities can be costly to maintain
• Money from tourists normally pays for the cost of
maintaining such facilities
• Facilities may become neglected when there are
few tourists
31. Negative Economic Impact
http://www.topbeijingtravel.com/beijing-attractions/
• Example: Venue for Summer Olympic Games in
Beijing
– Venues allegedly deteriorating years after the Olympics
– Some were renovated to become more profitable,
e.g. Beijing National Aquatics Center was renovated into a
water park
– Only one-third of major sports venues in China have
managed to break even
Underuse of facilities
32. Negative Economic Impact
Figure 1.78 Potential effects of tourism development on resource allocation.
Shortage of services
• Tourist infrastructure may require the use of large amounts of
land, water and power
• This could lead to a shortage of services, e.g. water supplies or
power in non-tourist areas
33. Source : (i)UNWTO Tourism Market Trends 2007 Edition, for the years upto 2005.
(ii) UNWTO Barometer June 2010 for 2006 and January 2011 for 2007
(iii) UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2011 Edition for 2008 and 2012 Edition for 2009.
(iv) UNWTO Barometer April 2014 for 2010, 2011, 2012 & 2013
34. Impacts on Environment
Positive as well as Negative impacts
Negative impacts from tourism occur when the
level of visitor use is greater than the environment's
ability to cope with this use within the acceptable
limits of change.
‘Kumbh Mela ‘ 2013’
• More than 120 million (12 crore) people visited this event.
‘Kumbh Mela’1954’
• 4-5 million pilgrims had taken part that year.
35. Direct Environmental Impacts
1. Pollution and wastage of resources
1. Water Impacts
2. Air Quality
3. Noise Pollution
2. Solid waste and littering
3. Natural habitat/ ecosystem alteration
4. Climate change
36. Resource wastage and pollution
Bellagio hotel (Las Vegas) recycles its water – but it still uses 12 million
liters of water per year in a water scarce region.
The average person in the UK uses approximately 150 liters of water
per day – 3 times that of a local village in Asia.
Pollution of Dal Lake (J&K) : Eutrophication
Dal Lake or Dull Lake ?
Coastalcare.org
37. Solid waste and littering
Source : Dailymail
A Nepalese man collecting rubbish left by climbers, at an altitude
of 8,000 m during a clean-up expedition at Mount Everest.
38. Affects :
Habitat range is between the tree line and snow
line on the mountains
The solid waste include various types of metals ,
plastics ,they will make snow to melt before time
Snow leopard compelled to move to higher
altitudes
Vegetation becomes scarcer, the herbivores they
prey on are in limited supply. Snow leopard
Source : Nat geo
39. Natural habitat/
ecosystem alteration
Damage by tourists including camping on
sensitive turtle-nesting beaches and forest
fires from unsupervised campfires.
When too many tourist visit a place they can destroy the
habitats and wildlife
Careless tourists trample on plants
Tourists make too much noise which can frighten animals, they
brings a significant change in natural behavior of animals
(feeding by tourists)
e.g. Stingrays of Cayman Island (source : Dailymail)
40. Climate change
Contribute to 5% of global CO2 emissions
Air conditioning (CFC, HFC)
Transportation
Ref :
EEA/ UNWTO
41. Socio-Culture Impacts of Tourism.
Difficult to measure.
Depend on value judgements.
Often indirect or hard to identify.
Types of Impact:
42. Positive Socio-cultural Impacts.
Tourism as a force for peace
Strengthening communities
Facilities developed for tourism can benefit residents
Revaluation of culture and traditions
Tourism encourages civic involvement and pride
43. Positive Socio-cultural Impacts.
Preservation of culture and local customs.
Preservation of culture: Protection of the way people live, including their economic
activities, traditional beliefs and religious practices.
Could apply to heritage and customs.
Pictures depicting Heritage and customs.
Source: Google images.
44. Positive Socio-cultural Impacts.
Preserved and restored sites are more attractive to tourists.
Restored sites benefit the local population by:
- Enhancing people’s sense of history.
- Build a sense of belonging to the community.
Tourism revenue can fund the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage.
Preserved and restored areas.
Source: Google Images.
45. Negative Socio-cultural Impacts.
Change or loss of indigenous identity and values
Commodification
Standardization
Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity
Adaptation to tourist demands
46. Negative Socio-cultural Impacts.
Commodification
Tourism can turn local cultures into commodities, resulting in what has been
called "reconstructed ethnicity.”
Standardization
Destinations risk standardization in the process of satisfying tourists' desires for
familiar facilities.
Picture depicts, disappearing authenticity.
Source: Google Images.
47. Negative Socio-cultural Impacts.
-Adaptation to tourist demands
Tourists want souvenirs, arts, crafts, and cultural
manifestations, and in many tourist destinations,
craftsmen have responded to the growing demand
- Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity.
Adapting cultural expressions and manifestations
to the tastes of tourists.
49. What it is ?
UNWTO define it as tourism leading to management of all
resources in such a way that minimize the negative and
maximize the positive effects of all forms and activities of
tourism on:
a. Environment
b. Local Communities
c. Heritage (cultural, natural, built, oral, intangible)
d. Inclusive economic growth
"Sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist
and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment,
society and economy.“
51. Conservation &
Sustainable Tourism
• Conservation involves careful management
of resources such that they would not be
depleted
• Important for fragile environments
• Eg: coral reefs and mangroves
53. CONSERVATION &
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
• Sustainable Tourism
Tourism organised such that:
the environment is not damaged
the locals do not experience negative
impacts
the needs of tourists are met
54. Conservation &
Sustainable Tourism
• UNESCO – UN Educational, Scientific &
Cultural Organisation
Provide funding to threatened sites
World Heritage Sites: 12 (1978) to 1,000
(2012)
• Well-protected sites ensure steady arrival
and repeated returns of tourists
55. Challenges of tourism in India
Many of tourist sites environments are unhealthy.
Facilities and services are poor in many sites.
Inadequate transportation to reach and continue the
journey.
Poor Infrastructure facility
Limited availability of tourism information at limited places.
Global Economic melt down
terror attack
Uncertainties in fuel prices
heavy road taxes
Lack of adequate security
57. Positive Impacts
Motivated the preservation of such sensitive ecosystems
Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for
each other’s culture
Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism
Helps to preserve the local traditions and handicrafts which maybe were on
the link of the extinction
Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes
58. Preservation and rehabilitation of existing historic sites,
buildings, and monuments
Source :
Rajasthan Heritage Development
& Management Authority
Hinweis der Redaktion
Define Life cycle analysis.
Life cycle analysis of any product or activity means assessing the environmental impacts of that particular product and activity from the time it started to the time it is completed.
Likewise LCA of tourism , when a tourist started from home , travel to any destination , stay there, take a tour of the place and go back to his home, what impacts his activities have on the environment are to be considered under LCA.
Goals and scope
Life cycle inventory
Life cycle assessment
interpretation
“Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes” (UNWTO)
However with this increased tourism, there is an increased harm to the environment , it accounts for the total of 5 % global carbon emissions.
More affluence (state of having a great dealt of money) : people have more disposable income
Greater awareness : advertising , marketing and access to information is much easier, people are more aware of how and where they can spend their leisure time
improvements in technology
More leisure time : people have paid holidays from work , retired people
Graph :The peaks and troughs in the 1920s are caused by measurements in gross and net travel times.
(Dutch ‘Jules-Verne’ wrote Around the World in 80 days)
Explanation of second point : let us take an example of Kumbh mela,
*Pollution is the main direct impact tourism is causing.
*Corrupter of indigenous cultures
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), average 450 years to degrade completely (U.S. National Park Service; Mote Marine Lab)
Let us take an example of a snow leopard
While snow reflects heat , they absorbs and transfer to snow , melting quickly.
Stingrays of Cayman islands, issue was that interactive eco tourism was promoted out there, tourists use to feed those string rays,
Wild stingrays are active at night and solitary travel over large distances in night to find food,
While those fed stingrays use to rest and night.
But why to worry about it , the reason is that, it can affect the long-term health of animals, they will forget their natural behavior, totally dependent on humans.
"Sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment, society and economy.“
***********‘leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems’. (UNWTO)
Great Barrier Reef http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBDZ0oGuGGU
UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Preservation
Despite having so many negative impacts , it has many more positive impacts, and that is the reason for its still increasing figures.
The revenues generated from tourists : 2001: 2.12 Crores of rupees
2013 : 63.13 crores of rupees