13. Definitions of histological
abnormalities
Normal colorectal crypts are straight, parallel
and extend from immediately above the
muscularis mucosae to the surface.
Crypt distortion: implies non-parallel,
variable diameter or cystically dilated crypts
as opposed to the normal 'test-tube rack'
appearance.
14. WHO CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS
OF COLON AND RECTUM
EPITHELIALTUMORS
Adenoma
Tubular
Villous
Tubulovillous
Dysplasia(IEN), low grade
Dysplasia, high grade
18. Lymphomas
B-cell lymphoma,unclassifiable
Burkitt lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Mantle cell lymphoma
Marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-
associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)
Secondary tumors
19. POLYPS
Definition:The term polyp refers to any
circumscribed mucosal growth either flat,
depressed, sessile or pedunculated.
20. adenomas
Tubular adenoma – distributed regularly
throughout the large bowel with 40 % in right
colon, 40 % left colon and 20 % in rectum.
Blacks>whites.
Assymptomatic, but can result in bleeding.
21. Gross
< 1cm.
Sessile/peduncul
ated
Single/multiple
Knob-like
projections can
be seen.
22. Microscopy
in number of
glands and cells
per unit area
confined to
normal mucosa.
Disorganized
glands, Cells are
crowded,
enlarged with
hyperchromatic
nuclei
23. Villous adenoma
Infrequent type
of polyp,single,
sessile, larger
than tubular.
Very soft in
consistency, can
be missed on
DRE.
24. microscopy
A villous adenoma is shown at its edge on the left,
and projecting above the basement membrane at
the right. The cauliflower-like appearance is due to
the elongated glandular structures covered by
dysplastic epithelium
25. Tubulovillous adenoma
Polyps in which adenomatous and villous
components are present in approximately
equal amounts are referred to as
Villoglandular polyps,Tubullovillous
adenomas or papillary adenomas.
TVAs are considered to have a higher risk of
malignant transformation than tubular
adenomas
28. HYPERPLASTIC POLYPS
Colonic hyperplastic polyps are benign
epithelial proliferations that are typically
discovered in 6th and 7th decades of life.
Site- most common in left colon and <5mm in
diameter.
Pathogenesis- decreased epithelial turnover
and delayed shedding of surface epithelial
cells, leading to “piling up” of goblet and
absorptive cells.
29. Clinical significance
They must be distinguished from sessile
serrated adenomas, which are histological
similar and have malignant potential.
30. Hyperplastic polyps
Gross- < 5 mm in diameter
left colon
small,sessile
Microscopy- 1)mature goblet and absorptive cells.
2)irregular tufting of epithelial cells.
3)epithelial overcrowding serrated
architecture.
32. Sessile serrated adenomas
Histologically similar to hyperplastic polyp
but has malignant potential.
Commonly found in right colon.
Serrated architecture is present throughout
the full length of the glands, including crypt
base and leads to its dilatation.
33.
34. Hamartomatous polyps
1.juvenile polyps
2.cowden associated
3.peutz-jeghers polyp
4.Bannyan –Riley syndrome
Hamartomas are tumor-like growth comprised
of mature tissues that are normally present at
the site in which they develop.
35. Juvenile polyps
Sporadic/syndromic
Site-rectum
Age -<5 yrs
C.F- Rectal bleeding
Pathogenesis- associated with mutations in
SMAD 4 and also in BMPR1A.
36. GROSS
<3 cm in diameter.
Pedunculated, smooth, reddish lesion
C/S –lattice like appearance
38. Cowden syndrome
Autosomal dominant hamartomatous polyp
syndrome.
Loss of function mutation in PTEN mutation
Macrocephaly, intestinal hamartomatous
polyp,benign skin tumors.
39. Bannyan Riley Syndrome
Similar to cowden syndrome
But has mental deficiencies & development
delays
Less incidence of neoplasia than cowden
syndrome.
40. Cronkhite Canada syndrome
Non-hereditary sundrome
>50 yrs
Hamartomatous polyps of stomach, small
intestine & colorectum that are
histologically indistinguishable from juvenile
polyps.
50 % cases are fatal
41. Peutz Jeghers syndrome
Autosomal dominant syndrome
characterized by:
1) Multiple hamartomatous polyps
in the GI tract.
2) Muco-cutaneous pigmentation .
3) Increased risk of various GI and
non GI malignancies.
42. Pathogenesis
Germline mutation in gene LKB1/STK11
Site- most common in small intestine but can
occur in stomach and large intestine.
Lobulated with dark head,absent stalk
Size- 5-50mm
44. Familial adenomatous polyposis
(FAP)
It is the most common adenomatous
polyposis syndrome.
An autosomal dominant disorder
characterized by the early onset of
numerous adenomatous polyps throughout
the colon.
45. Incidence- 1 per 7000 and 1 per 30,000
newborns.
Age group- between 10 and 20 years
Site- more common in sigmoid colon and
rectum
Clinical features- obstruction and rectal
bleeding
49. Pathophysiology
90% of cases of classic FAP are caused by
germline mutation of APC.
PC (adenomatous polyposis coli) is a tumor
suppressor gene involved in cell cycle control
and downregulation of beta-catenin through
theWnt signaling pathway
The APC protein is normally involved in
apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells
51. Diagnostic criteria:
100 or more colorectal adenomatous polyps, or
Germline mutation in APC or
Family history of FAP with colorectal adenomas
(age < 30) or
Family history of FAP and presence of at least
one epidermoid cyst, osteoma or desmoid tumor
52. Patients with a history of > 10 colorectal
adenomas, a family history of adenomatous
polyposis syndromes or a history of
adenomas with FAP type extracolonic
lesions should undergo assessment for
adenomatous polyposis syndrome.
Histological confirmation requires
examination of several polyps.
55. Colorectal adenocarcinomas develops
in 100% patients of untreated FAP patients,
often before age 30 and nearly always by age
50.
56.
57. COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
Adenocarcinoma – the most common
Gastro-intestinal malignancy
Incidence(as shown in next slide)
Age group - 60-70 years
Males > females
58.
59. Etiology
Decrease in fibre diet.
Decrease intake of vitamins- A,C,E.
Increase in fat intake.
Drugs like NSAID’s play a protective role
60. pathogenesis
Ca Colon development = genetics!!!!
It can arise in 2 settings
1) Mutations as seen in FAP, leading to
Adenocarinoma via APC-β Catenin pathway
2) MSI pathway leading to HNPCC.
63. 2) Microsatellite instability pathway-
seen in patients with DNA mismatch repair
gene
Normally, when there is abnormal basepairing=
DNA repair genes come & try to correct the
mismatch
But when there is no mismatch repair gene
Accumulation of abnormal DNA
Carcinogenesis
66. Anemia of chronic blood loss
If a post-menopausal women or elderly
male comes with Iron deficiency anemia,
think of colorectal CA.
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION -if left side
colon is involved.
67.
68. MORPHOLOGY
Common site- rectosigmoid region
Types of growth-
Right colon- polypoidal
Left colon- napkin ring constriction
c/s- grey white
69.
70.
71. MICROSCOPY
Usually well or moderately differentiated
gland forming carcinoma with marked
desmoplasia, particularly at edge of tumor
Glands often filled with necrotic debris ("dirty
necrosis"), in both primary and metastatic
sites
Inflammatory cells and scattered
neuroendocrine cells are common
72. Well differentiated:
15% - 20% of all carcinomas
Well formed glands or simple tubules with uniform,
basally oriented nuclei
Somewhat resembles adenomatous epithelium
Moderately differentiated:
60% - 70% of all carcinomas
Tubules may be simple, complex or slightly irregular
Nuclear polarity lost
Poorly differentiated:
15% - 20% all of carcinomas
Less than 50% gland formation
Majority of tumor (excluding advancing edge) consists
of sheets of cells without gland formation
Usually right sided
84. Astler-Coller classification (not
currently used
A: lesion limited to mucosa
B1: lesion involves muscularis propria but does
not penetrate through it
B2: lesion penetrates through the muscularis
propria
C1: metastatic tumor in lymph nodes but the
tumor is still confined to the bowel wall
C2: metastatic tumor in lymph nodes and tumor
has penetrated through the entire bowel wall
85. Prognostic factors
WORST PROGNOSIS IS SEEN IN
1) young patients
2) males
3) Increased CEA levels
4) Rectosigmoid region
5) Left side colon-obstruction
6) Perforation
7) Infiltrating margins
87. Intestinal lymphomas
Most common site for Primary Extra Nodal
Lymphoma is GIT.
But more common in small intestine than Large
intestine
T cell Lymphoma
B cell Lymphoma
88. T cell- malignancy of intra-epithelialT cells.
Associated with Celiac disease.
Common site- small intestine
89. B cell lymphoma
MALTOMAS
Solitary
More common in small intestine(ileum)
Gross- garden hose appearance/bulky
tumor
90. Important B cell lymphomas that
affect intestine are
Α-HCD
MALTOMA
Follicular lymphoma
Mantle cell lymphoma
91. this photomicrograph shows MALT lymphoma
extending from mucosa (top arrow) to the
subserosa (bottom arrow).
95. This is the appendix comprise of the mucosa
submucosa with prominent lymphoid
tissue beneath
which are the inner circular and the outer
longitudinal smooth muscle coats, all
surrounded by a serosa with
adjacent adipose tissue.
The lumen of the appendix is typically filled
with fecal material
96. Gross- grey yellow
Microscopy-Three histological subtypes
including classic, tubular, and goblet cell
types are recognized.
classic carcinoid insular growth pattern of
solid islands of uniform polygonal cells with
minimal pleomorphism, retraction of
peripheral tumor cells from stroma
98. Conclusion
Polyps – anywhere in the GI tract can be a
precursor to the malignancy.
FAP has high chances of turning into
malignancy.
Adenocarcinoma is the most common
malignancy of the COLON.
99. References
Rosai and Ackerman
Robbins & Cotran
Wasington manual of surgical pathology
Internet resources-
Pathology outlines
https://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/GIHT
ML/GIIDX.html