pediatric nursing topics.

1. Nursing Care of children
with acute and chronic
infection
Prepared by
Ferdushi Akhter
Junior Faculty
Prime Bank Nursing Institute
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3. Today's Our Topic
Nasopharyngitis
Pharyngitis
Tonsilities
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4. Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the nasopharynx is called
nasopharyngitis.
Types:
1.Acute nasopharyngitis
2.Chronic nasopharyngitis
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5. Acute nasopharyngitis
Etiology :
• Viruses: influenza, para-influenza, rhino virus, adeno
virus
• Bacteria: streptococci, pneumococcus, haemophilus
influenzae
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6. Clinical features:
Dryness and burning sensation of the
throat above soft palate
Pain and discomfort localized to the
back of nose with some difficulty in
swallowing
Fever and enlarged cervical lymph
nodes
Sneezing
Irritability ,Restlessness
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7.  Decreased appetite
Irritating nasal discharge
Complication:
Mastoiditis
Peritonsillar cellulitis
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8. Treatment:
Mild cases: spontaneous recovery seen.
Analgesics may be used to relieve pain
Severe cases require systemic antibiotics
If associated with adenoids topical
decongestant drops can be used
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9. Chronic nasopharyngitis
• Etiology :
associated with chronic
infections of nose, paranasal sinuses and
pharynx
Commonly seen in heavy
smokers, drinkers and those exposed to
dust and fumes
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10. Clinical features:
• Postnasal discharge with irritation at the
back of the nose.
• Patient will have consistent desire to clear
throat by hawking or inspiratory snorting
• Examination of nasopharynx reveals
congested mucosa and mucopus or dry
crusts
• In children adenoids are often enlarged and
infected
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11. Treatment:
• chronic infections of the nose, paranasal
sinuses and oropharynx should be treated
• Smoking and drinking should be stopped
• Avoid dust and fumes
• Alkaline nasal douche to remove crusts
and mucopus
• Steam inhalation
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12. Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx is called
pharyngitis.
Clinical features:
younger child:
 fever
General malaise
Anorexia
Moderate sore throat
Headache
Abdominal pain
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13. Older child :
Fever ( may reach 400c
Headache
Anorexia
Dysphagia
Vomiting
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14. Complications of pharyngitis:
- Retro pharyngeal abscess.
- Otitis media.
- Lower respiratory tract infection.
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15. Management of pharyngitis:
- Help the child to rest as much as
possible. Do not smoke around this
child.
- Introduce soft foods or warm soups.
These foods may feel good going down
the child's throat while it is very sore.
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16. Management of pharyngitis:
- Give this child 6 to 8 glasses of liquids like water and
fruit juices each day.
- Run a cool mist humidifier in the child's room.
- If this child is 8 years or older, have him gargle with a
mixture of 1 teaspoon salt in 1 cup warm water.
- Give antibiotic if needed
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17. Tonsilitis
Tonsillitis is a viral or bacterial infection
in the throat that causes inflammation
of the tonsils.
Tonsils are small glands (lymphoid tissue)
in the pharyngeal cavity.
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18. Tonsillitis
• Palatine tonsils
(Visible during oral
examination)
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19. Causes of tonsilitis
 Tonsillitis is caused by a variety of
contagious viral and bacterial
infections.
 It is spread by close contact with
other individuals and occurs more
during winter periods.
 The most common bacterium
causing tonsillitis is streptococcus.
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20. Clinical features:
 Inflamation
 Palatine tonsils enlarge from oedema
 Obstructing the passage of air or food
 Difficulty in swallowing and breathing
 Enlargement of adenoids blocked the
posterior nares.
 Difficult or impossible to pass air from
the nose to the throat
 Child breaths through the mouth.
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21. Advice and Treatment:
• Encourage bed rest.
• Introduce soft liquid diet according to the child's
preferences.
• Provide cool mist atmosphere to keep the mucous
membranes moist during periods of mouth
breathing.
• Warm saline gargles & paracetamol are useful to
promote comfort.
• If antibiotics are prescribed, counsel the child's
parents regarding the necessity of completing the
treatment period
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23. Croup
Croup is a common primarily pediatric
viral respiratory tract illness
Its alternative names, laryngotracheitis
and laryngotracheobronchitis
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24. Etiology
• Virues such as parainfluenza virus,
influenza A and B, measles, adenovirus
and respiratory syncytial virus
• Bacteria such as Corynebacterium
diphtheriae Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus
influenzae
• Foreign body inhalation
• Toxic
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25. Clinical
Menifestation
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31. Complication
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34. Epiglottitis and
Atelectasis
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37. Nursing Management
• Most children recover without medical
treatment.
• The condition can be distressing and
parents should try to keep the child calm.
• Sitting upright or carrying the child in
cool fresh air can aid breathing.
• Plenty of cool drinks will prevent
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38. Nursing Management
• If the child has a fever, paracetamol liquid
(Calpol or Disprol, for example) or
ibuprofen should be given.
• The child’s clothing can be removed if the
room is warm.
• Cough medicines that cause drowsiness
should be avoided.
• The child should avoid smoky
environments.
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