1. Rise of Nation-States 1450-1500 http://ap_history_online.tripod.com/apeh5.htm

10. The Spanish Inquisition!!!

11. Reconquista

12. Joanna the Mad: 1504-06

13. Charles I of Spain (V of HRE) The grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand raised by his aunt Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands. His spiritual guide was the theologian Adrian of Utrecht (later Pope Adrian VI) who led a religious and educational reform movement promoting literacy among the masses. http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/html/t/tiziano/2portrai/charles5.html

15. Holy Roman Empire

18. 100 Years War

19. War for the Roses

25. Louis XI the Spider King

27. Ivan III the Great: 1462-1505

34. When Richard III died Richard III, the younger brother of Edward IV, was made duke of Gloucester at age nine. He fought for Edward at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury in 1471. When Edward died in 1483 he took control of Edwards heirs, Edward V and his brother Richard. The young brothers were held in the Tower of London and murdered in June 1483. Richard III was crowned king that year. He was killed at the battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. The unofficial heir to Lancaster was now Henry Tudor. Tudor was descended on his mother's side from John of Gaunt's illegitimate Beaufort children, and on his father's side from an unauthorized liaison between Henry V's widowed French queen, Katherine of Valois and Owen Tudor, a Welsh esquire. With the backing of the French king and an army gathered from the jails and mercenaries of France and the remnants of the Lancastrian army, they prepared to invade England in the summer of 1485.