1. Casey Emmerling and Maya Brown

2.  There are hundreds of behaviors that serve as
useful learning strategies.
 Stern’s classification of learning strategies
divides learning strategies' into five categories.
 Stern’s Categories:
1. Management and Planning Strategies
• Commitments/ Goals
• Methodology/ Resources
• Monitor/ Evaluate Progress
• Example: Concrete Goal “I will speak only speak
Spanish with my friends.”

3. 2. Cognitive Strategies
• Clarification/ Verification
• Inductive/ Deductive Reasoning
• Practice/ Memorization
• Example: Making Flashcards
3. Communicative/ Experiential Strategies
• Gesturing
• Paraphrasing
• Asking for Repetition/ Explanation
4. Interpersonal Strategies
• Interact with Native Speakers
• Become Familiarized with Target Culture
• Example: Study Abroad

4. 5. Affective Strategies
• Recognizing and Overcoming Emotional Obstacles
• Building Self Confidence
• Forming Positive Relationships with Language, Culture, and
Learning Activities.
• Example: “If I spend one hour talking to my language
partner I will go to a movie tonight as a reward.”

5.  Use a variety of learning strategies.
 Are aware of why and how they use their
learning strategies.
 Select language strategies that work well
together and tailor them to the required
task.
•Less aware of strategies they use
•Less effective learners apply
strategies at random

6.  Studies have shown that strategy training is
frequently successful but isn’t always as
effective in some skill sets as it is in others.
 The most effective strategy training is
explicit and learners are told exactly which
behaviors are likely to be helpful.
 Blind training, where students are led to
strategies without realizing it is less
successful.
 Strategy training works best when it is woven
into regular class activities.

7.  In order to teach learning strategies teachers
have to learn about the student’s, their
interests, motivations, and learning styles.
 Teachers should analyze lesson plans to see if
they use a variety of learning styles and
strategies.
 Teacher should be aware of whether his
strategy training is implicit, explicit, or both
and if there are different ways for learners
to approach tasks.

8.  Learning Strategies-
http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/CILL/strategy
.htm
 Language Learning Strategies in Foreign
Language Learning and Teaching-
http://iteslj.org/Articles/Hismanoglu-
Strategies.html