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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nectarine_Fruit_Development.jpg
From Flowers to Fruits
Module 4 Unit 13 Lesson 3
How did that happen? Let’s find out! 1
Introduction
Young buds can be observed which
must have grown into new flowering
shoots.
Some flowers are fully developed
and more than likely some were
already pollinated. Successful
pollination and also fertilization has
obviously occurred as ripened fruit
are present observed.
The plant has taken another journey
from flowers to fruits!
2
Objectives
When you finish this section, you should be able to:
1. describe the structure of a ‘typical’ simple fruit.
2. relate the structure of selected fruits to the
structure of the flowers from which they were
formed.
3
Fruit or Vegetable?
4
When you eat each of these vegetables,
what part of a plant are you really eating?
http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2e.html
www.tntisland.com/fruits.html
CHECKCHECK
FEEDBACK
Did you know that they are ALL ‘ripened’
ovaries and are really the products of
fertilization? They are fruits.
So, when you eat those
vegetables shown, you’re really
eating what was once the ovary!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit 5
How is a fruit formed?
Remind yourself of what
happens during fertilization
by clicking open this
link>>
http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~ghannan/systbot/do
Stamen
Stigma
Ovary
Pea flower
Ovule
Seed
Pea fruit
Simple fruit
6
As a fruit forms…
…. sepals, petals, stamens wither and
usually fall off. (Sometimes sepals may
remain attached to the fruit.)
Look at the sepals
that remain on the
Rose hips.
7
As a fruit forms….
…. its weight might cause it to hang in an upside
down position in relation to the flower from
which it formed.
Its wall can
dry out.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fru
it_I_IMG_8692.jpg
http://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/c21/0665.jpg 8
Barbados Pride
Poinciana fruits
What is a fruit?
A fruit is the packaging for seeds!
• It is an ovary in which further development
of the fertilized ovule/s has taken place,
resulting
in seed formation.
• A fruit has a fruit wall or pericarp,
a placenta to which each seed is
attached by a stem called the funicle.
9
What is a Fruit?
• Each fruit has two scars – one where the style
was attached to the ovary, the other on the
opposite side, where it was attached by the
pedicel to the plant.
• The two functions of a fruit are:
1. to protect the seed/s and
2. to aid in seed dispersal.
A fruit is a guarantee of the next generation because it
contains the seed with an embryo plant in it.
10
exocarp or skin
The seed is protected inside the hard endocarp
The Parts of a fruit and its seed
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
scar of pedicel
scar of the style
11
The Parts of a fruit and its seed
The pericarp is different from the seed coat or testa.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drupe_fruit_diagram-en.svg12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Puni
ca_granatum2.jpg
Pomegranate – Look at this diagram (Top left)
and photo (Top Right) of a flower.
Ovary with
ovules
Stamens
Pistil
Here are
photos of the
whole fruit
and one cut
open (Right).
Sepal
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph20.htm
13
Activity
Label three parts of the fruit and
explain from which part of a
Pomegranate flower each part grew.
CHECKCHECK 14
FEEDBACK
Click open this website, scroll down to see photos
of pomegrante fruit: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
.
fruit wall
comprising
leathery exocarp,
mesocarp = ovary
wall and
receptacle
scar = remains
of pedicel
seeds =
fertilized
ovules
persistent sepals
(with stamen
cluster inside)
Pomegranate fruit
formed from an
inferior ovary
15
Why aren’t all fruits exactly alike?
Well…. that depends on the flowers from
which they form, and how they formed
after fertilization!
Depending on the structure of the
flower, fruits develop with different
structures which enables us to put them
into one of several groups.
16
How fruits develop: 1. Simple Fruit
1. Simple fruit - develop from one carpel from a
single, separate flower and can be:
• Dry (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_simp.htm )
• Fleshy (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_flsh.htm )
• Accessory
e.g. peas/ other pods,
tomatoes, oranges,
capsules, grains, plums,
mangoes.
Click open and read from the above websites.
17
http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm
Simple fruits
The fruit wall may dry out as the fruit develops
from the ovary.
L – R: Peanut, Tamarind are Simple Fruits
18http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr1.htm#baobab
Simple fruit- Sunflower
• Forms small, one-seeded simple fruits with
dried-out pericarps.
• The three pericarp layers are not distinguishable.
19
http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit3.html
Simple fruit - Orange
20
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/plants-gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit-citrus-fruit.php
The middle layer of the pericarp often becomes fleshy
with stored food. The outer layer often changes
colour when ripe.
Simple fruit - Cucumber
Female flower will develop into the fruit after fertilization.
Prickly inferior
ovary, which is the
future cucumber
http://www.backyardnature.net/fl_def.htm
21
How fruits develop: 2. Compound Fruit
2. Compound fruit - develops from several
ovaries in either a single or multiple flower/s.
Includes:
• Aggregate fruits - has many small fruits each
with a seed; develops from different ovaries of
a single flower e.g. Strawberry
• Multiple fruits – with fruits of separate flowers
merged or packed closely together e.g.
Pineapple, Jackfruit, Breadfruit.
22
As a fruit forms…
The single flower has
several pistils that
mature together and
stick/aggregate together
as a clustered unit on a
single receptacle, forming
an Aggregate fruit.
It has seeds from different ovaries of the single
flowers.
23
flowerhttp://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm
Aggregate fruit
Stamen
Stigma
Ovary
Raspberry flower
Stamen
Carpels
Carpel
(fruitlet)
Raspberry fruit
Aggregate fruit
Raspberry
http://visual.merriam-
webster.com/plants-
gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit-
berry-fruit_2.php
24
How fruits develop
Soursop is a large, fleshy, berrylike
Aggregate fruit. It is formed by the
aggregation of ripened ovaries + the
fleshy receptacle.
Click open this link. Read to see how
Soursop and paw-paw fruits relate to
the flowers from which they were
formed:
http://www.biology-resources.com/plants-fruit-tropical.html
25http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/pawpaw.html
Activity
On the next slides, look at the Soursop
and Strawberry diagrams, then
examine actual samples.
Check for paw=paw at http://www.biology-
resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-tropical-2.doc
26
Accessory fruit forms…
…. some or all of the fleshy, usually edible, part
might not be formed from the ovary, but instead is
derived from the receptacle that holds the
ovaries or from some other adjacent tissue e.g.
receptacle, producing an Accessory fruit.
Click open, scroll down and read about the (American)
Apple and Strawberry at these websites.
•http://www.biology-resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-3.doc
•http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
Cut open and examine samples of the fruits.
27
Skin
Receptacle Ovary
/real fruit
wall
American Apple – an Accessory fruit
28
Strawberry Flower
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif
http://www
.countrysi
deinfo.co.
uk/flower.
htm
Gynoecium = many
free simple carpels
29
Close-up of the surface
of a young strawberry
shows simple fruits each
with style and stigma.
http://en.wikip
edia.org/wiki/
Strawberry
The receptacle and flower stalk form part of the
Strawberry fruit wall.
30
This accessory “fruit"
is actually an enlarged
receptacle.
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
http://visual.merriam-
webster.com/plants-
gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-
fruit-berry-fruit_3.php
“seed” is really a
simple fruit
Strawberry = Aggregate-accessory fruit
31
As a fruit forms…
…a Multiple Fruit may
develop. Each fruit forms when
a cluster of separate flowers
(each with its own pistil) that are
grouped together on the same
inflorescence have their
fertilized ovules mature together
to form one fruit.
32
Pineapple flowers (Diagram, left; photo, right)
Pineapple inflorescence
Flower
ach
egment
evelops
rom the
arpel
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg
Click open http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit5.html
and read the information presented.
Young pineapple inflorescence.
Each unit is a flower.
33
Pineapple = Multiple fruit
Pineapple inflorescence
Multiple fruit
Each
segment
develops
from the
carpel
of one
flower
Pineapple fruit
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT201/Angiosperm/FlowerFruit.htm
Central
axis is the
receptacle
34
Jackfruit - is a Multiple fruit; it is formed
from the fusion of ovaries from many
individual flowers plus the fleshy stem axis.
single carpel of
a single flower
seeds and
pericarp
35
Breadfruit- a Compound False Fruit
• Male and female
flowers grow on the
same breadfruit tree.
(Only female flowers form fruits.)
• The hexagon-like
disks visible on the
skin are flowers
that became fruits.
www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-359719.0.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit
36
Breadfruit - this compound, false fruit
develops from the swollen perianth of over
1,500 female flowers growing on a fleshy
receptacle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit 37
Cashew Apple – a false fruit
The fleshy Cashew ‘apple’ is the swollen
succulent stalk/pedicel and base. The ‘nut’ is
a dry fruit with one seed. Both parts store food.
www.fao.org/.../vlibrary/ac306e/ac306e04.htm slog.thestranger.com/2008/04/new_fruit
38
Summary
Fruits differ from each other because…
1. the flower structures were different especially
the pistil structure and the number and position
of fertilized ovules that became the seeds.
2. the position of the ovary in respect to other
floral whorls and also the sepals, petals
stamens may/may not be retained as the fruit
forms.
39
Summary
Fruits differ from each other because…
3. parts such as the receptacle or flower stalk
may become incorporated in the fruit wall.
4. the ovary (fruit) wall changes in different ways
e.g. becoming dry/fleshy, coloured, hairy etc.
The next slide gives a summary diagram of the
cycle of development from formation of the zygote
to fruit.
40
Summary
http://leavingbio.net/The%20Structure%20Functions%20of%20Flowers_files/image031.jpg
41

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Biology M4 Flowers to fruits and seeds

  • 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nectarine_Fruit_Development.jpg From Flowers to Fruits Module 4 Unit 13 Lesson 3 How did that happen? Let’s find out! 1
  • 2. Introduction Young buds can be observed which must have grown into new flowering shoots. Some flowers are fully developed and more than likely some were already pollinated. Successful pollination and also fertilization has obviously occurred as ripened fruit are present observed. The plant has taken another journey from flowers to fruits! 2
  • 3. Objectives When you finish this section, you should be able to: 1. describe the structure of a ‘typical’ simple fruit. 2. relate the structure of selected fruits to the structure of the flowers from which they were formed. 3
  • 4. Fruit or Vegetable? 4 When you eat each of these vegetables, what part of a plant are you really eating? http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2e.html www.tntisland.com/fruits.html CHECKCHECK
  • 5. FEEDBACK Did you know that they are ALL ‘ripened’ ovaries and are really the products of fertilization? They are fruits. So, when you eat those vegetables shown, you’re really eating what was once the ovary! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit 5
  • 6. How is a fruit formed? Remind yourself of what happens during fertilization by clicking open this link>> http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~ghannan/systbot/do Stamen Stigma Ovary Pea flower Ovule Seed Pea fruit Simple fruit 6
  • 7. As a fruit forms… …. sepals, petals, stamens wither and usually fall off. (Sometimes sepals may remain attached to the fruit.) Look at the sepals that remain on the Rose hips. 7
  • 8. As a fruit forms…. …. its weight might cause it to hang in an upside down position in relation to the flower from which it formed. Its wall can dry out. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fru it_I_IMG_8692.jpg http://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/c21/0665.jpg 8 Barbados Pride Poinciana fruits
  • 9. What is a fruit? A fruit is the packaging for seeds! • It is an ovary in which further development of the fertilized ovule/s has taken place, resulting in seed formation. • A fruit has a fruit wall or pericarp, a placenta to which each seed is attached by a stem called the funicle. 9
  • 10. What is a Fruit? • Each fruit has two scars – one where the style was attached to the ovary, the other on the opposite side, where it was attached by the pedicel to the plant. • The two functions of a fruit are: 1. to protect the seed/s and 2. to aid in seed dispersal. A fruit is a guarantee of the next generation because it contains the seed with an embryo plant in it. 10
  • 11. exocarp or skin The seed is protected inside the hard endocarp The Parts of a fruit and its seed http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm scar of pedicel scar of the style 11
  • 12. The Parts of a fruit and its seed The pericarp is different from the seed coat or testa. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drupe_fruit_diagram-en.svg12
  • 13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Puni ca_granatum2.jpg Pomegranate – Look at this diagram (Top left) and photo (Top Right) of a flower. Ovary with ovules Stamens Pistil Here are photos of the whole fruit and one cut open (Right). Sepal http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph20.htm 13
  • 14. Activity Label three parts of the fruit and explain from which part of a Pomegranate flower each part grew. CHECKCHECK 14
  • 15. FEEDBACK Click open this website, scroll down to see photos of pomegrante fruit: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm . fruit wall comprising leathery exocarp, mesocarp = ovary wall and receptacle scar = remains of pedicel seeds = fertilized ovules persistent sepals (with stamen cluster inside) Pomegranate fruit formed from an inferior ovary 15
  • 16. Why aren’t all fruits exactly alike? Well…. that depends on the flowers from which they form, and how they formed after fertilization! Depending on the structure of the flower, fruits develop with different structures which enables us to put them into one of several groups. 16
  • 17. How fruits develop: 1. Simple Fruit 1. Simple fruit - develop from one carpel from a single, separate flower and can be: • Dry (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_simp.htm ) • Fleshy (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_flsh.htm ) • Accessory e.g. peas/ other pods, tomatoes, oranges, capsules, grains, plums, mangoes. Click open and read from the above websites. 17 http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm
  • 18. Simple fruits The fruit wall may dry out as the fruit develops from the ovary. L – R: Peanut, Tamarind are Simple Fruits 18http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr1.htm#baobab
  • 19. Simple fruit- Sunflower • Forms small, one-seeded simple fruits with dried-out pericarps. • The three pericarp layers are not distinguishable. 19 http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit3.html
  • 20. Simple fruit - Orange 20 http://visual.merriam-webster.com/plants-gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit-citrus-fruit.php The middle layer of the pericarp often becomes fleshy with stored food. The outer layer often changes colour when ripe.
  • 21. Simple fruit - Cucumber Female flower will develop into the fruit after fertilization. Prickly inferior ovary, which is the future cucumber http://www.backyardnature.net/fl_def.htm 21
  • 22. How fruits develop: 2. Compound Fruit 2. Compound fruit - develops from several ovaries in either a single or multiple flower/s. Includes: • Aggregate fruits - has many small fruits each with a seed; develops from different ovaries of a single flower e.g. Strawberry • Multiple fruits – with fruits of separate flowers merged or packed closely together e.g. Pineapple, Jackfruit, Breadfruit. 22
  • 23. As a fruit forms… The single flower has several pistils that mature together and stick/aggregate together as a clustered unit on a single receptacle, forming an Aggregate fruit. It has seeds from different ovaries of the single flowers. 23 flowerhttp://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm
  • 24. Aggregate fruit Stamen Stigma Ovary Raspberry flower Stamen Carpels Carpel (fruitlet) Raspberry fruit Aggregate fruit Raspberry http://visual.merriam- webster.com/plants- gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit- berry-fruit_2.php 24
  • 25. How fruits develop Soursop is a large, fleshy, berrylike Aggregate fruit. It is formed by the aggregation of ripened ovaries + the fleshy receptacle. Click open this link. Read to see how Soursop and paw-paw fruits relate to the flowers from which they were formed: http://www.biology-resources.com/plants-fruit-tropical.html 25http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/pawpaw.html
  • 26. Activity On the next slides, look at the Soursop and Strawberry diagrams, then examine actual samples. Check for paw=paw at http://www.biology- resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-tropical-2.doc 26
  • 27. Accessory fruit forms… …. some or all of the fleshy, usually edible, part might not be formed from the ovary, but instead is derived from the receptacle that holds the ovaries or from some other adjacent tissue e.g. receptacle, producing an Accessory fruit. Click open, scroll down and read about the (American) Apple and Strawberry at these websites. •http://www.biology-resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-3.doc •http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm Cut open and examine samples of the fruits. 27
  • 28. Skin Receptacle Ovary /real fruit wall American Apple – an Accessory fruit 28
  • 30. Close-up of the surface of a young strawberry shows simple fruits each with style and stigma. http://en.wikip edia.org/wiki/ Strawberry The receptacle and flower stalk form part of the Strawberry fruit wall. 30
  • 31. This accessory “fruit" is actually an enlarged receptacle. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm http://visual.merriam- webster.com/plants- gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy- fruit-berry-fruit_3.php “seed” is really a simple fruit Strawberry = Aggregate-accessory fruit 31
  • 32. As a fruit forms… …a Multiple Fruit may develop. Each fruit forms when a cluster of separate flowers (each with its own pistil) that are grouped together on the same inflorescence have their fertilized ovules mature together to form one fruit. 32
  • 33. Pineapple flowers (Diagram, left; photo, right) Pineapple inflorescence Flower ach egment evelops rom the arpel http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg Click open http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit5.html and read the information presented. Young pineapple inflorescence. Each unit is a flower. 33
  • 34. Pineapple = Multiple fruit Pineapple inflorescence Multiple fruit Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower Pineapple fruit http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT201/Angiosperm/FlowerFruit.htm Central axis is the receptacle 34
  • 35. Jackfruit - is a Multiple fruit; it is formed from the fusion of ovaries from many individual flowers plus the fleshy stem axis. single carpel of a single flower seeds and pericarp 35
  • 36. Breadfruit- a Compound False Fruit • Male and female flowers grow on the same breadfruit tree. (Only female flowers form fruits.) • The hexagon-like disks visible on the skin are flowers that became fruits. www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-359719.0.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit 36
  • 37. Breadfruit - this compound, false fruit develops from the swollen perianth of over 1,500 female flowers growing on a fleshy receptacle. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit 37
  • 38. Cashew Apple – a false fruit The fleshy Cashew ‘apple’ is the swollen succulent stalk/pedicel and base. The ‘nut’ is a dry fruit with one seed. Both parts store food. www.fao.org/.../vlibrary/ac306e/ac306e04.htm slog.thestranger.com/2008/04/new_fruit 38
  • 39. Summary Fruits differ from each other because… 1. the flower structures were different especially the pistil structure and the number and position of fertilized ovules that became the seeds. 2. the position of the ovary in respect to other floral whorls and also the sepals, petals stamens may/may not be retained as the fruit forms. 39
  • 40. Summary Fruits differ from each other because… 3. parts such as the receptacle or flower stalk may become incorporated in the fruit wall. 4. the ovary (fruit) wall changes in different ways e.g. becoming dry/fleshy, coloured, hairy etc. The next slide gives a summary diagram of the cycle of development from formation of the zygote to fruit. 40