2. Introduction
Young buds can be observed which
must have grown into new flowering
shoots.
Some flowers are fully developed
and more than likely some were
already pollinated. Successful
pollination and also fertilization has
obviously occurred as ripened fruit
are present observed.
The plant has taken another journey
from flowers to fruits!
2
3. Objectives
When you finish this section, you should be able to:
1. describe the structure of a ‘typical’ simple fruit.
2. relate the structure of selected fruits to the
structure of the flowers from which they were
formed.
3
4. Fruit or Vegetable?
4
When you eat each of these vegetables,
what part of a plant are you really eating?
http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2e.html
www.tntisland.com/fruits.html
CHECKCHECK
5. FEEDBACK
Did you know that they are ALL ‘ripened’
ovaries and are really the products of
fertilization? They are fruits.
So, when you eat those
vegetables shown, you’re really
eating what was once the ovary!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit 5
6. How is a fruit formed?
Remind yourself of what
happens during fertilization
by clicking open this
link>>
http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~ghannan/systbot/do
Stamen
Stigma
Ovary
Pea flower
Ovule
Seed
Pea fruit
Simple fruit
6
7. As a fruit forms…
…. sepals, petals, stamens wither and
usually fall off. (Sometimes sepals may
remain attached to the fruit.)
Look at the sepals
that remain on the
Rose hips.
7
8. As a fruit forms….
…. its weight might cause it to hang in an upside
down position in relation to the flower from
which it formed.
Its wall can
dry out.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fru
it_I_IMG_8692.jpg
http://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/c21/0665.jpg 8
Barbados Pride
Poinciana fruits
9. What is a fruit?
A fruit is the packaging for seeds!
• It is an ovary in which further development
of the fertilized ovule/s has taken place,
resulting
in seed formation.
• A fruit has a fruit wall or pericarp,
a placenta to which each seed is
attached by a stem called the funicle.
9
10. What is a Fruit?
• Each fruit has two scars – one where the style
was attached to the ovary, the other on the
opposite side, where it was attached by the
pedicel to the plant.
• The two functions of a fruit are:
1. to protect the seed/s and
2. to aid in seed dispersal.
A fruit is a guarantee of the next generation because it
contains the seed with an embryo plant in it.
10
11. exocarp or skin
The seed is protected inside the hard endocarp
The Parts of a fruit and its seed
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
scar of pedicel
scar of the style
11
12. The Parts of a fruit and its seed
The pericarp is different from the seed coat or testa.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drupe_fruit_diagram-en.svg12
14. Activity
Label three parts of the fruit and
explain from which part of a
Pomegranate flower each part grew.
CHECKCHECK 14
15. FEEDBACK
Click open this website, scroll down to see photos
of pomegrante fruit: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
.
fruit wall
comprising
leathery exocarp,
mesocarp = ovary
wall and
receptacle
scar = remains
of pedicel
seeds =
fertilized
ovules
persistent sepals
(with stamen
cluster inside)
Pomegranate fruit
formed from an
inferior ovary
15
16. Why aren’t all fruits exactly alike?
Well…. that depends on the flowers from
which they form, and how they formed
after fertilization!
Depending on the structure of the
flower, fruits develop with different
structures which enables us to put them
into one of several groups.
16
17. How fruits develop: 1. Simple Fruit
1. Simple fruit - develop from one carpel from a
single, separate flower and can be:
• Dry (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_simp.htm )
• Fleshy (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_flsh.htm )
• Accessory
e.g. peas/ other pods,
tomatoes, oranges,
capsules, grains, plums,
mangoes.
Click open and read from the above websites.
17
http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm
18. Simple fruits
The fruit wall may dry out as the fruit develops
from the ovary.
L – R: Peanut, Tamarind are Simple Fruits
18http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr1.htm#baobab
19. Simple fruit- Sunflower
• Forms small, one-seeded simple fruits with
dried-out pericarps.
• The three pericarp layers are not distinguishable.
19
http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit3.html
20. Simple fruit - Orange
20
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/plants-gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit-citrus-fruit.php
The middle layer of the pericarp often becomes fleshy
with stored food. The outer layer often changes
colour when ripe.
21. Simple fruit - Cucumber
Female flower will develop into the fruit after fertilization.
Prickly inferior
ovary, which is the
future cucumber
http://www.backyardnature.net/fl_def.htm
21
22. How fruits develop: 2. Compound Fruit
2. Compound fruit - develops from several
ovaries in either a single or multiple flower/s.
Includes:
• Aggregate fruits - has many small fruits each
with a seed; develops from different ovaries of
a single flower e.g. Strawberry
• Multiple fruits – with fruits of separate flowers
merged or packed closely together e.g.
Pineapple, Jackfruit, Breadfruit.
22
23. As a fruit forms…
The single flower has
several pistils that
mature together and
stick/aggregate together
as a clustered unit on a
single receptacle, forming
an Aggregate fruit.
It has seeds from different ovaries of the single
flowers.
23
flowerhttp://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm
25. How fruits develop
Soursop is a large, fleshy, berrylike
Aggregate fruit. It is formed by the
aggregation of ripened ovaries + the
fleshy receptacle.
Click open this link. Read to see how
Soursop and paw-paw fruits relate to
the flowers from which they were
formed:
http://www.biology-resources.com/plants-fruit-tropical.html
25http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/pawpaw.html
26. Activity
On the next slides, look at the Soursop
and Strawberry diagrams, then
examine actual samples.
Check for paw=paw at http://www.biology-
resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-tropical-2.doc
26
27. Accessory fruit forms…
…. some or all of the fleshy, usually edible, part
might not be formed from the ovary, but instead is
derived from the receptacle that holds the
ovaries or from some other adjacent tissue e.g.
receptacle, producing an Accessory fruit.
Click open, scroll down and read about the (American)
Apple and Strawberry at these websites.
•http://www.biology-resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-3.doc
•http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
Cut open and examine samples of the fruits.
27
30. Close-up of the surface
of a young strawberry
shows simple fruits each
with style and stigma.
http://en.wikip
edia.org/wiki/
Strawberry
The receptacle and flower stalk form part of the
Strawberry fruit wall.
30
31. This accessory “fruit"
is actually an enlarged
receptacle.
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
http://visual.merriam-
webster.com/plants-
gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-
fruit-berry-fruit_3.php
“seed” is really a
simple fruit
Strawberry = Aggregate-accessory fruit
31
32. As a fruit forms…
…a Multiple Fruit may
develop. Each fruit forms when
a cluster of separate flowers
(each with its own pistil) that are
grouped together on the same
inflorescence have their
fertilized ovules mature together
to form one fruit.
32
33. Pineapple flowers (Diagram, left; photo, right)
Pineapple inflorescence
Flower
ach
egment
evelops
rom the
arpel
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg
Click open http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit5.html
and read the information presented.
Young pineapple inflorescence.
Each unit is a flower.
33
34. Pineapple = Multiple fruit
Pineapple inflorescence
Multiple fruit
Each
segment
develops
from the
carpel
of one
flower
Pineapple fruit
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT201/Angiosperm/FlowerFruit.htm
Central
axis is the
receptacle
34
35. Jackfruit - is a Multiple fruit; it is formed
from the fusion of ovaries from many
individual flowers plus the fleshy stem axis.
single carpel of
a single flower
seeds and
pericarp
35
36. Breadfruit- a Compound False Fruit
• Male and female
flowers grow on the
same breadfruit tree.
(Only female flowers form fruits.)
• The hexagon-like
disks visible on the
skin are flowers
that became fruits.
www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-359719.0.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit
36
37. Breadfruit - this compound, false fruit
develops from the swollen perianth of over
1,500 female flowers growing on a fleshy
receptacle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit 37
38. Cashew Apple – a false fruit
The fleshy Cashew ‘apple’ is the swollen
succulent stalk/pedicel and base. The ‘nut’ is
a dry fruit with one seed. Both parts store food.
www.fao.org/.../vlibrary/ac306e/ac306e04.htm slog.thestranger.com/2008/04/new_fruit
38
39. Summary
Fruits differ from each other because…
1. the flower structures were different especially
the pistil structure and the number and position
of fertilized ovules that became the seeds.
2. the position of the ovary in respect to other
floral whorls and also the sepals, petals
stamens may/may not be retained as the fruit
forms.
39
40. Summary
Fruits differ from each other because…
3. parts such as the receptacle or flower stalk
may become incorporated in the fruit wall.
4. the ovary (fruit) wall changes in different ways
e.g. becoming dry/fleshy, coloured, hairy etc.
The next slide gives a summary diagram of the
cycle of development from formation of the zygote
to fruit.
40