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Louis isadore kahn 1
Louis isadore
Kahn.....
Submitted by:
Amandeep kaur(Ar/10/604)
Dutika gautam (Ar/10/612)
Gayatri dutt sharma (Ar/10/613)
Louis isadore kahn 2
INTRODUCTION
• Louis Isadore Kahn (1901-1974), U.S. architect,
educator, and philosopher, is one of the foremost
twentieth-century architects.
• Born in 1901 on the Baltic island of Osel, Louis Isadore
Kahn's family emigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
in 1905, where Louis Isadore Kahn lived the rest of his
life.
• Trained in the manner of the Ecole des Beaux Arts under
Paul Philippe Cret, Louis Isadore Kahn graduated from
the University of Pennsylvania School of Fine Arts in
1924.
• In the following years Louis Isadore Kahn worked in the
offices of Philadelphia's leading architects, Paul Cret
(1929-1930) and Zantzinger, Borie and Medary (1930-
1932).
Louis isadore kahn 3
 During the lean years of the 1930s, Louis Isadore
Kahn was devoted to the study of modern
architecture and housing in particular.
 Louis I. Kahn undertook housing studies for the
Architectural Research Group (1932-1933), a
short-lived organization Louis Isadore Kahn
helped to establish, and for the Philadelphia City
Planning Commission.
 The year 1947 was a turning point in Louis
Isadore Kahn 's career. Kahn established an
independent practice and began a distinguished
teaching career, first at Yale University as Chief
Critic in Architectural Design and Professor of
Architecture (1947-1957) and then at the
University of Pennsylvania as Cret Professor of
Architecture (1957-1974).
Louis isadore kahn 4
CHARACTERISTICS
• Louis I. Kahn evolved an original theoretical and
formal language that revitalized modern architecture.
• They reveal an integration of structure, a reverence
for materials and light, a devotion to archetypal
geometry, and a profound concern for humanistic
values.
• Eschewing the international style modernism that
characterized his earlier work, Kahn sought to
redefine the bases of architecture through a re-
examination of structure, form, space, and light.
• Beyond its functional role, Louis Isadore Kahn
believed architecture must also evoke the feeling and
symbolism of timeless human values.
• Louis I. Kahn attempted to explain the relationship
between the rational and romantic dichotomy in his
"form-design" thesis, a theory of composition
articulated in 1959.
Louis isadore kahn 5
PHILOSOPHY
• In his personal philosophy, form is
conceived as formless and
unmeasurable , a spiritual power
common to all mankind. It transcends
individual thoughts, feelings, and
conventions.
• Form characterizes the conceptual
essence of one project from another,
and thus it is the initial step in the
creative process.
• The union of form and design is
realized in the final product, and the
building's symbolic meaning is once
again unmeasurable.
Louis isadore kahn 6
ARCHITECTURE
IS THE
THOUGHTFUL
MAKING OF
SPACES
Louis isadore kahn 7
• Defined space by means of masonry
masses and a lucid structure laid out in
geometric, formal schemes and axial
layouts with a strong processional
character of space and images.
• Beaux-arts tradition- Neoclassical
architectural style, sculptural
decoration along conservative modern
lines.
• Natural Light-Brought architecture to
life.
• Modernisim.
• To design is to plan and to organize , to
order , to relate and to control in short
it embraces all means opposing
disorder and accident.
• Social responsibility reflected in his
later philosophy of the institutions of
man.
• Architecture is timeless.
Louis isadore kahn 8
SIGNIFICANT ELEMENTS OF
DESIGN
Kahn wanted to redefine the bases of architecture
through a re-examination of structure, form, space, and
light; since his earlier work abstained from the
international style modernism.
Earlier works of Kahn had a traditional international
style of architecture. However somewhere in the middle
of his career, Kahn turned his back on this traditional
approach and pursued innovation by redefining the use
of structure, light, form and space.
"Louis Kahn described his quest for meaningful form
as a search for "beginnings," a spiritual resource from
which modern man could draw inspiration“.
Louis isadore kahn 9
Kahn was also influenced by the part of Philadelphia
where he grew up. There were many factory buildings with
large windows. These brick structures were very solid. This
industrial design is apparent in several of Kahn's early
works.
Louis Kahn must be credited for re-introducing various
concepts which most of the modern architects had
deserted like centralized spaces, using extensive geometric
principles and demonstrating solid mural strength.
Kahn's buildings are admired for outstanding use of
geometric shapes and implementing platonic geometry
principles which creates magnificent experience for the
user.
 For Kahn it was NATURAL LIGHT that brought
architecture to life, the Artificial light had an unvarying
“DEAD” quality in contrast to the ever-changing daylight.
Kahn realised the importance of sunlight and was highly
impressed by its usage in Egyptians and Greek works.
Hence Kahn's works demonstrates wide-scale
implementation of sunlight through different kinds of
interesting windows and openings.
Louis isadore kahn 10
Kahn was known to appreciate the
appearance and feel of different materials
that he used in his work.
 Kahn is also known to have used brick
and concrete extensively and his
innovative usage of these materials
demonstrated his talent to the world.
Egyptian works also inspired Kahn to use
extensive geometric shapes and hence we
find many of his buildings taking shape of
squares, circles or triangles.
Louis isadore kahn 11
SERVED AND SERVENT.
1. SERVED-WORKING SPACES
2. SERVENT-SERVICE AREAS
In 1954, in his Yale Art Gallery the frame is
concealed while emphasis is placed on the
monumentalization of walls, floors, and
ceilings. The main orthogonal volume is
animated by a cylindrical form housing the
major access stair. Here, the cylinder is the
"servant" and the rectangle the "served" form.
This asymmetrical architecture depends no
longer on the manifestation of structure as
frame but rather on the manipulation of
surface as the ultimate agent for the revelation
of light, space and support.
Louis isadore kahn 12
EXAMPLES OF PROJECTS WHERE ELEMENTS OF
LOUIS KAHN DESIGN WERE IMPLEMENTED..
Yale University Art Gallery (New Haven,
Connecticut, 1951-1953).
Kahn's first architectural masterpiece.
the structural innovations demonstrated by
hollow tetrahedral concrete ceiling and floor
slab system.
Kahn's magnificent artistic sense can be seen
from the design of the triangle-shaped
staircase which sits in a rounded concrete
shell, defining the servant space to be
distinguished from the served spaces of the
building.
Richards Medical Research Building at the
University of Pennsylvania (1957-1965) and the
Salk Institute for Biological Studies (LaJolla,
California, 1959-1965) demonstrated
magnificent use of spaces and is the primarily
responsible for the origin of the phrase 'served
and servant spaces'. Richards Medical Research Building
Yale university
Louis isadore kahn 13
the Yale Art Gallery extension (1951-53) or
the Trenton Boathouse in New Jersey (1954-
59) or even the Richards Medical Towers in
Philadelphia (1957-62), create astonishing
effects with the change in light, all possible
due to the intelligent use of space and light.
As a result, the user gets an entirely different
experience of working in the building during
different times of a day.
Louis isadore kahn 14
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF
MANAGEMENT, AHMEDABAD IN
INDIA
ESTABLISHED 1961
TYPE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH INSTITUTION
LOCATION AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT INDIA
CAMPUS URBAN, 100 ACRES
Louis isadore kahn 15
HISTORY
IT WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1961 AS AN AUTONOMOUS
INSTITUTION BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN
COLLABORATION WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
AND INDIAN INDUSTRY. DR. VIKRAM SARABHAI, A NOTED
SCIENTIST AND INDUSTRIALIST AND OTHER AHMEDABAD
BASED INDUSTRIALISTS SUCH AS KASTURBHAI LALBHAI
PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE CREATION OF THE INSTITUTE.
ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
THE CAMPUS OF IIMA IS DOMINATED BY THE BAKED BRICK
STYLE FAVOURED BY THE ITS CHIEF ARCHITECT, THE
FAMOUS LOUIS KAHN. ALL THE STRUCTURES ARE
DESIGNED TO BE PART OF A WHOLE AND LOOKS ONE
INTEGRAL WHOLE. OTHER ARCHITECTS WHO
COLLABORATED ON THE CAMPUS INCLUDE THE
RENOWNED B. V. DOSHI AND ANANT RAJE.
Louis isadore kahn 16
BEGINNING WITH THE OVERALL PLAN OF IIM, KAHN’S
THINKING WAS THAT TO UNITE THE REQUIREMENTS:-
•CLASSROOMS
•OFFICES
•LIBRARY
•DINING HALL
•DORMITORIES
•FACULTY RESIDENCES
•WORKERS’ HOUSING
•MARKET
THE PREVIOUSLY FINALISED DESIGN FOR ERDMAN HALL
RECENTLY DONE BY HIM BEFORE IIM INSPIRED HIM TO
BASE HIS PLAN ON DIAGONALS, WITH LONG,
INTERCONNECTED DORMITORIES BLOCK STRETCHING
LIKE FINGERS FROM THE MAIN INSTRUCTIONAL
BUILDING, ENDING AT THE EDGE OF A LAKE.
Louis isadore kahn 17
Louis isadore kahn 18
•ACROSS THE LAKE , HOUSES OF FACULTY WERE ARRANGED IN
CLUSTERS.
•THE DIAGONAL LAYOUT HAD THE PARTICULAR ADVANTAGE OF
RESPONDING WELL TO THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE
BUILDINGS BE ORIENTED TOWARDS THE SOUTH WESTERLY
BREEZES.
•KAHN SUB-DIVIDED THE DORMITORIES INTO 20 BEDROOM
UNIT.
•KAHN USED THE LOCAL BRICK WHICH HE FOUND WAS MORE
EFFECTIVE IN ATTACHING THE SCHOOL DESIGN TO ITS INDIAN
ENVIRONMENT.
•ALTHOUGH HE HAD FREQUENTLY USED BRICK VENEER BEFORE
BUT HE WAS COMMITED TO USED BRICK AS A STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL IN AHMEDABAD AS HE COMPLETELY STUDIED ITS
PROPERTIES AND ADMITTED THAT HIS ARCHED FORMS BORE
WITNESS TO THE SINCERITY WITH BRICK.
•THE BUILDING INCLUDES FREE STANDING LECTURE ROOMS
AND BLOCKS OF FACULTY OFFICE WHICH STOOD ON OPPOSITE
SIDES OF A GREAT CENTRAL COURTYARD, LINKED NOT BY
CORRIDORS BUT BY SHADY WALKWAYS THAT OFFERED MANY
PLACES TO STOP AND TALK.
Louis isadore kahn 19
•ACCORDING TO KAHN THE LIFE OF LEARNING
AND SELF INSTRUCTION WAS ALSO INTEGRAL TO
THE DESIGN OF THE RESIDENTIAL PART OF THE
COMPLEX. FOR THIS HE CLOSLY LINKED THE
DORMITORIES TO THE MAIN BUILDING SO THAT
THE DORMITORY AND THE SCHOOL ARE REALLY
ONE AND ARE ALSO THE PLACES WHERE PEOPLE
CAN MEET.
VIEW SHOWING SHADY WALKWAY
Louis isadore kahn 20
•THIS THINKING GENERATED A WONDERFULY
RICH ARRANGEMENT OF PUBLIC, SEMI PRIVATE
AND PRIVATE SPACES IN AND AROUND THE 18
DORMITORY UNIT THAT GROUP ON TWO SIDE
OF THE MAIN BUILDING.
•THE CORRIDORS , DUE TO ITS GREATER
WIDTH COULD BE TRANSFORMED INTO
CLASSROOMS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF
STUDENTS.THESE COULD BECOME THE PLACES
WHERE BOY MEETS GIRL OR WHERE STUDENTS
DISCUSSES THE WORK WITH FELLOW
STUDENT. THUS PROVIDING PLACES OFFERING
POSSIBILITIES IN SELF LEARNING.
VIEW SHOWING DORMITORIES
Louis isadore kahn 21
DORMITORY BLOCK
•EACH FOUR STOREY DORMITORY BLOCK
ACCOMODATED 20 PRIVATE ROOMS, ARRANGED ON
THE TWO UPPER FLOORS AROUND TRIANGULAR
LOUNGES OR TEA ROOMS THAT OPENED TO THE
OUTSIDE THROUGH THE GIANT CIRCULAR
PERFORATIONS.
•KITCHEN AND TOILETS WERE CONTAINED WITHIN A
SQUARE TOWER ATTACH TO THE LONG FACE OF THE
OVERALL TRIANGULAR PLAN.
•THE LOWER FLOORS WERE ENTIRELY DEVOTED TO
COMMUNAL SPACE SERVING AS MEETING ROOMS
FOR STUDENT ORGANISATION AND OTHER
ACTIVITIES.
•THE DORMITORIES HAD A NETWORK OF SMALL
COURTYARD INTERCONNECTED BY PARTIALLY
ENCLOSED GROUND FLOOR.
Louis isadore kahn 22
EXTERIOR VIEW OF DORMITORIES
VIEW OF DORMITORIES SHOWING COURTYARD
Louis isadore kahn 23
•THE 53 HOUSES WERE ARTICULATED BY KAHN’S
COMPOSITE ORDER i.e. THE SYSTEM OF SHALLOW BRICK
ARCHES AND CONCRETE TIE BEAMS THAT HE INVENTED
FOR AHMEDABAD.
•THE HOUSES POSSESED THE VARIETY OF WONDERFUL
AMENTIES INCLUDING ENCLOSED UPPER FLOOR TERRACES
AND A STAGGERED SITTING SCHEME THAT SEGREGATED
EACH HOUSE FROM ITS NEIGHBOURS.
DUE TO SHORTAGE OF FUNDS AND
SLOWNESS IN WORK, RESPONSIBILITY WAS INCREASINGLY
SHIFTED TO B.V. DOSHI AND ANANT RAJE, A YOUNGER
ARCHITECT WHO WORKED ON THE PROJECT FOR A TIME
IN KAHN’S PHILADELPHIA OFFICE. ON KAHN’S DEATH, RAJE
DESIGNED THE DINING HALL, EXECUTIVE EDUCATION
CENTRE AND MARRIED STUDENTS HOUSING, WHICH HAD
BEEN LATER ADDITIONS TO THE PROGRAM.
Louis isadore kahn 24
VIEW OF FACULTY HOUSING
VIEW OF COURTYARD
Louis isadore kahn 25
VIEW OF STAIRCASE
Louis isadore kahn 26
SALK INSTITUTE
Louis isadore kahn 27
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is an
independent, non-profit, scientific research institute
located in La Jolla, California. It was founded in 1960
by Jonas Salk, the developer of the polio vaccine.
The Salk institute is composed of 2 groups of buildings
sited on the edge of a magnificent cliff, with the Pacific
Ocean falling behind in the horizon
The institute is housed in a complex designed by the firm
of Louis Kahn.
Michael Duff of the Kahn firm was the supervising
architect and a major design influence on the structure that
consists of two symmetric buildings with a stream of water
flowing in the middle of a courtyard that separates the two.
The buildings themselves have been designed to promote
collaboration, and thus there are no walls separating
laboratories on any floor.
Louis isadore kahn 28
There is one floor in the basement, and two
above it on both sides.
The lighting fixtures have been designed to easily
slide along rails on the roof, in tune with the
collaborative and open philosophy of the Salk
Institute's science.
According to A. Perez, the concrete was made
with volcanic ash relying on the basis of ancient
Roman concrete making techniques, and as a
result gives off a warm, pinkish glow.
The 2 buildings are mirrored around an open
plaza which forms a strong linear axis with the
Pacific Ocean on one end and the entrance on the
other, thus highlighting and framing the landscape
rather than imposing itself on it.
Louis isadore kahn 29
THE STRUCTURE THAT
CONSISTS OF TWO
SYMMETRIC BUILDINGS
WITH A STREAM OF WATER
FLOWING IN THE MIDDLE OF
A COURTYARD THAT
SEPARATES THE TWO.
Louis isadore kahn 30
 A diagonal wall allows each of the thirty-six
scientists using the studies to have a view of
the Pacific, and every study is fitted with a
combination of operable sliding and fixed
glass panels in teak wood frames.
Originally the design also included living
quarters and a conference building, but they
were never actually built.
Louis isadore kahn 31
In the courtyard is a citrus grove
containing several orderly rows of lime
trees.
The original grove contained orange and
kumquat trees which were then replaced
with lime trees in the 1995 grove
refurbishment.
Louis isadore kahn 32
Louis isadore kahn 33
The plaza is stark (unpleasant or sharply cleared
impossible to avoid), finished in travertine marble,
without anything in it except a single small linear
channel of water running down the centre.
Yet, it is complete, the simplicity being
highlighted by the magnificent backdrop of the sky
and the ocean with the seagulls fluttering in the
distance.
Louis isadore kahn 34
Louis isadore kahn 35
The buildings are 6 floors in height with 3 levels housing
the laboratories while the other 3 houses the services and
utilities.
Each laboratory block has five study towers, with each
tower containing four offices, except for those near the
entrance to the court, which only contain two.
Kahn used concrete, teak, lead glass and steel as his
material palette.
Made in exposed concrete, the walls are unfinished
showing clearly the shuttering marks and also the tie rod
holes.
The imperfections formed in the concrete surface during
casting were left as such and were not covered up and
finished, maintaining the integrity of the material.
Louis isadore kahn 36
Similarly, the teak & steel were also left unfinished to
weather naturally over time.
The scientists tell that not only is the building
beautiful, but it is functional as well.
It was one of the first buildings which he was really
satisfied with, a place which was really spiritual.
Louis isadore kahn 37
Alfred Newton Richard’s research centre..
Louis isadore kahn 38
Alfred Newton Richard’s
research centre..
The Richards Medical Research
Laboratories, located on the campus of the University
of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.,
were designed by architect Louis Kahn.
It is a research institute for biomedical sciences.
It has Greek cross planning.
It is made in two segments.
It has clustared planning.
Louis isadore kahn 39
Each laboratory tower has eight floors, each of which is a
45 foot (13.5 m) square that is entirely free of stairs,
elevators and internal support columns.
 Each tower is supported by eight external columns that
are attached to the four edges of each floor at "third-point"
locations, the two points on each side that divide it into
three equal parts.
That placement resulted in four column-free
cantilevered corners on each floor, which Kahn filled with
windows.
The support structure of these towers consists of pre-
stressed concrete elements that were fabricated off-site
and assembled on-site with a crane.
PLAN 40
Louis isadore kahn 41
Attached to the sides of the laboratory towers are large
vertical shafts, some of which hold exhaust ducts and
some of which hold stairwells.
Attached to its wall farthest from the three laboratory
towers are four large air intake shafts, each bringing air
to one of four conditioning units on the tower's roof from
a "nostril" near the ground, far away from the emissions
at the tops of the exhaust shafts.
These shafts, the most striking aspect of the building's
exterior, are made from cast-in-place concrete and clad
with brick.
In contrast to the three laboratory towers, which have
prominent windows and intricate structures that were
assembled from prefabricated elements, the central
tower of the Richards building, the one devoted to
service functions, has few windows and a structure that
is a single unit of cast-in-place concrete.
Louis isadore kahn 42
Louis isadore kahn 43
Three of those conditioning units provide fresh
air for the three laboratory towers and the fourth
serves the central service tower itself.
The Goddard building has the same basic design
as Richards.
Its two laboratory towers and service tower (for
stairs, elevators, etc.) are connected in a straight
line to the westernmost tower of the Richards
building
Louis isadore kahn 44
A research library is located in Goddard's upper floors
with reading carrels that cantilever from the building's
face.
The served spaces are the laboratories themselves.
The servant spaces are the independently structured
shafts for ventilation and stairways that are attached to
the outside of the laboratory towers and also the two
service towers , which house elevators, animal quarters,
mechanical systems, and other auxiliary areas.
Kahn spoke critically of laboratories that were
designed so that numbers on doors along a corridor are
the only distinction between the scientists' main work
areas and the areas for stairs, animal quarters and other
services.
Louis isadore kahn 45
By placing service areas in separate structures,
Kahn not only honored the services by giving them
their own architectural presence but also enhanced
the interior of the laboratory towers by removing
obstructions from within.
Louis isadore kahn 46
Structure:
In contrast to buildings in the style
of International Modernism, which typically had
structures of relatively light-weight steel
frames that were often hidden behind glass
walls, the laboratory towers have concrete
structures that are clearly visible and openly
depicted as bearing weight.
The structure was engineered by August
Komendant, a pioneer in the use of pre-stressed
concrete.
47
Entry porch ceiling
showing the building's
support structure,
which is composed of
prefabricated concrete
elements that were
assembled like
children's blocks.
Louis isadore kahn 48
The structure of the Richards building is composed of
1019 pre-stressed
concrete columns, beams, trusses and related items
that were trucked in from a factory, assembled with a
crane like children's blocks, and locked into place
with post-tensioning cables running in all three
dimensions, something like an old-style toy that is
floppy until its parts are pulled together tightly with a
string.
In line with his belief that structure should be made
visible, Kahn exposed these structural parts on the
building's exterior and in the laboratory ceilings.
For the post-tensioning to be effective, the
prefabricated concrete parts had to be precisely
dimensioned and perfectly formed.
Louis isadore kahn 49
Louis isadore kahn 50

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Louis i kahn

  • 1. Louis isadore kahn 1 Louis isadore Kahn..... Submitted by: Amandeep kaur(Ar/10/604) Dutika gautam (Ar/10/612) Gayatri dutt sharma (Ar/10/613)
  • 2. Louis isadore kahn 2 INTRODUCTION • Louis Isadore Kahn (1901-1974), U.S. architect, educator, and philosopher, is one of the foremost twentieth-century architects. • Born in 1901 on the Baltic island of Osel, Louis Isadore Kahn's family emigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1905, where Louis Isadore Kahn lived the rest of his life. • Trained in the manner of the Ecole des Beaux Arts under Paul Philippe Cret, Louis Isadore Kahn graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Fine Arts in 1924. • In the following years Louis Isadore Kahn worked in the offices of Philadelphia's leading architects, Paul Cret (1929-1930) and Zantzinger, Borie and Medary (1930- 1932).
  • 3. Louis isadore kahn 3  During the lean years of the 1930s, Louis Isadore Kahn was devoted to the study of modern architecture and housing in particular.  Louis I. Kahn undertook housing studies for the Architectural Research Group (1932-1933), a short-lived organization Louis Isadore Kahn helped to establish, and for the Philadelphia City Planning Commission.  The year 1947 was a turning point in Louis Isadore Kahn 's career. Kahn established an independent practice and began a distinguished teaching career, first at Yale University as Chief Critic in Architectural Design and Professor of Architecture (1947-1957) and then at the University of Pennsylvania as Cret Professor of Architecture (1957-1974).
  • 4. Louis isadore kahn 4 CHARACTERISTICS • Louis I. Kahn evolved an original theoretical and formal language that revitalized modern architecture. • They reveal an integration of structure, a reverence for materials and light, a devotion to archetypal geometry, and a profound concern for humanistic values. • Eschewing the international style modernism that characterized his earlier work, Kahn sought to redefine the bases of architecture through a re- examination of structure, form, space, and light. • Beyond its functional role, Louis Isadore Kahn believed architecture must also evoke the feeling and symbolism of timeless human values. • Louis I. Kahn attempted to explain the relationship between the rational and romantic dichotomy in his "form-design" thesis, a theory of composition articulated in 1959.
  • 5. Louis isadore kahn 5 PHILOSOPHY • In his personal philosophy, form is conceived as formless and unmeasurable , a spiritual power common to all mankind. It transcends individual thoughts, feelings, and conventions. • Form characterizes the conceptual essence of one project from another, and thus it is the initial step in the creative process. • The union of form and design is realized in the final product, and the building's symbolic meaning is once again unmeasurable.
  • 6. Louis isadore kahn 6 ARCHITECTURE IS THE THOUGHTFUL MAKING OF SPACES
  • 7. Louis isadore kahn 7 • Defined space by means of masonry masses and a lucid structure laid out in geometric, formal schemes and axial layouts with a strong processional character of space and images. • Beaux-arts tradition- Neoclassical architectural style, sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines. • Natural Light-Brought architecture to life. • Modernisim. • To design is to plan and to organize , to order , to relate and to control in short it embraces all means opposing disorder and accident. • Social responsibility reflected in his later philosophy of the institutions of man. • Architecture is timeless.
  • 8. Louis isadore kahn 8 SIGNIFICANT ELEMENTS OF DESIGN Kahn wanted to redefine the bases of architecture through a re-examination of structure, form, space, and light; since his earlier work abstained from the international style modernism. Earlier works of Kahn had a traditional international style of architecture. However somewhere in the middle of his career, Kahn turned his back on this traditional approach and pursued innovation by redefining the use of structure, light, form and space. "Louis Kahn described his quest for meaningful form as a search for "beginnings," a spiritual resource from which modern man could draw inspiration“.
  • 9. Louis isadore kahn 9 Kahn was also influenced by the part of Philadelphia where he grew up. There were many factory buildings with large windows. These brick structures were very solid. This industrial design is apparent in several of Kahn's early works. Louis Kahn must be credited for re-introducing various concepts which most of the modern architects had deserted like centralized spaces, using extensive geometric principles and demonstrating solid mural strength. Kahn's buildings are admired for outstanding use of geometric shapes and implementing platonic geometry principles which creates magnificent experience for the user.  For Kahn it was NATURAL LIGHT that brought architecture to life, the Artificial light had an unvarying “DEAD” quality in contrast to the ever-changing daylight. Kahn realised the importance of sunlight and was highly impressed by its usage in Egyptians and Greek works. Hence Kahn's works demonstrates wide-scale implementation of sunlight through different kinds of interesting windows and openings.
  • 10. Louis isadore kahn 10 Kahn was known to appreciate the appearance and feel of different materials that he used in his work.  Kahn is also known to have used brick and concrete extensively and his innovative usage of these materials demonstrated his talent to the world. Egyptian works also inspired Kahn to use extensive geometric shapes and hence we find many of his buildings taking shape of squares, circles or triangles.
  • 11. Louis isadore kahn 11 SERVED AND SERVENT. 1. SERVED-WORKING SPACES 2. SERVENT-SERVICE AREAS In 1954, in his Yale Art Gallery the frame is concealed while emphasis is placed on the monumentalization of walls, floors, and ceilings. The main orthogonal volume is animated by a cylindrical form housing the major access stair. Here, the cylinder is the "servant" and the rectangle the "served" form. This asymmetrical architecture depends no longer on the manifestation of structure as frame but rather on the manipulation of surface as the ultimate agent for the revelation of light, space and support.
  • 12. Louis isadore kahn 12 EXAMPLES OF PROJECTS WHERE ELEMENTS OF LOUIS KAHN DESIGN WERE IMPLEMENTED.. Yale University Art Gallery (New Haven, Connecticut, 1951-1953). Kahn's first architectural masterpiece. the structural innovations demonstrated by hollow tetrahedral concrete ceiling and floor slab system. Kahn's magnificent artistic sense can be seen from the design of the triangle-shaped staircase which sits in a rounded concrete shell, defining the servant space to be distinguished from the served spaces of the building. Richards Medical Research Building at the University of Pennsylvania (1957-1965) and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (LaJolla, California, 1959-1965) demonstrated magnificent use of spaces and is the primarily responsible for the origin of the phrase 'served and servant spaces'. Richards Medical Research Building Yale university
  • 13. Louis isadore kahn 13 the Yale Art Gallery extension (1951-53) or the Trenton Boathouse in New Jersey (1954- 59) or even the Richards Medical Towers in Philadelphia (1957-62), create astonishing effects with the change in light, all possible due to the intelligent use of space and light. As a result, the user gets an entirely different experience of working in the building during different times of a day.
  • 14. Louis isadore kahn 14 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, AHMEDABAD IN INDIA ESTABLISHED 1961 TYPE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH INSTITUTION LOCATION AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT INDIA CAMPUS URBAN, 100 ACRES
  • 15. Louis isadore kahn 15 HISTORY IT WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1961 AS AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN COLLABORATION WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT AND INDIAN INDUSTRY. DR. VIKRAM SARABHAI, A NOTED SCIENTIST AND INDUSTRIALIST AND OTHER AHMEDABAD BASED INDUSTRIALISTS SUCH AS KASTURBHAI LALBHAI PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE CREATION OF THE INSTITUTE. ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN THE CAMPUS OF IIMA IS DOMINATED BY THE BAKED BRICK STYLE FAVOURED BY THE ITS CHIEF ARCHITECT, THE FAMOUS LOUIS KAHN. ALL THE STRUCTURES ARE DESIGNED TO BE PART OF A WHOLE AND LOOKS ONE INTEGRAL WHOLE. OTHER ARCHITECTS WHO COLLABORATED ON THE CAMPUS INCLUDE THE RENOWNED B. V. DOSHI AND ANANT RAJE.
  • 16. Louis isadore kahn 16 BEGINNING WITH THE OVERALL PLAN OF IIM, KAHN’S THINKING WAS THAT TO UNITE THE REQUIREMENTS:- •CLASSROOMS •OFFICES •LIBRARY •DINING HALL •DORMITORIES •FACULTY RESIDENCES •WORKERS’ HOUSING •MARKET THE PREVIOUSLY FINALISED DESIGN FOR ERDMAN HALL RECENTLY DONE BY HIM BEFORE IIM INSPIRED HIM TO BASE HIS PLAN ON DIAGONALS, WITH LONG, INTERCONNECTED DORMITORIES BLOCK STRETCHING LIKE FINGERS FROM THE MAIN INSTRUCTIONAL BUILDING, ENDING AT THE EDGE OF A LAKE.
  • 18. Louis isadore kahn 18 •ACROSS THE LAKE , HOUSES OF FACULTY WERE ARRANGED IN CLUSTERS. •THE DIAGONAL LAYOUT HAD THE PARTICULAR ADVANTAGE OF RESPONDING WELL TO THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE BUILDINGS BE ORIENTED TOWARDS THE SOUTH WESTERLY BREEZES. •KAHN SUB-DIVIDED THE DORMITORIES INTO 20 BEDROOM UNIT. •KAHN USED THE LOCAL BRICK WHICH HE FOUND WAS MORE EFFECTIVE IN ATTACHING THE SCHOOL DESIGN TO ITS INDIAN ENVIRONMENT. •ALTHOUGH HE HAD FREQUENTLY USED BRICK VENEER BEFORE BUT HE WAS COMMITED TO USED BRICK AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL IN AHMEDABAD AS HE COMPLETELY STUDIED ITS PROPERTIES AND ADMITTED THAT HIS ARCHED FORMS BORE WITNESS TO THE SINCERITY WITH BRICK. •THE BUILDING INCLUDES FREE STANDING LECTURE ROOMS AND BLOCKS OF FACULTY OFFICE WHICH STOOD ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF A GREAT CENTRAL COURTYARD, LINKED NOT BY CORRIDORS BUT BY SHADY WALKWAYS THAT OFFERED MANY PLACES TO STOP AND TALK.
  • 19. Louis isadore kahn 19 •ACCORDING TO KAHN THE LIFE OF LEARNING AND SELF INSTRUCTION WAS ALSO INTEGRAL TO THE DESIGN OF THE RESIDENTIAL PART OF THE COMPLEX. FOR THIS HE CLOSLY LINKED THE DORMITORIES TO THE MAIN BUILDING SO THAT THE DORMITORY AND THE SCHOOL ARE REALLY ONE AND ARE ALSO THE PLACES WHERE PEOPLE CAN MEET. VIEW SHOWING SHADY WALKWAY
  • 20. Louis isadore kahn 20 •THIS THINKING GENERATED A WONDERFULY RICH ARRANGEMENT OF PUBLIC, SEMI PRIVATE AND PRIVATE SPACES IN AND AROUND THE 18 DORMITORY UNIT THAT GROUP ON TWO SIDE OF THE MAIN BUILDING. •THE CORRIDORS , DUE TO ITS GREATER WIDTH COULD BE TRANSFORMED INTO CLASSROOMS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF STUDENTS.THESE COULD BECOME THE PLACES WHERE BOY MEETS GIRL OR WHERE STUDENTS DISCUSSES THE WORK WITH FELLOW STUDENT. THUS PROVIDING PLACES OFFERING POSSIBILITIES IN SELF LEARNING. VIEW SHOWING DORMITORIES
  • 21. Louis isadore kahn 21 DORMITORY BLOCK •EACH FOUR STOREY DORMITORY BLOCK ACCOMODATED 20 PRIVATE ROOMS, ARRANGED ON THE TWO UPPER FLOORS AROUND TRIANGULAR LOUNGES OR TEA ROOMS THAT OPENED TO THE OUTSIDE THROUGH THE GIANT CIRCULAR PERFORATIONS. •KITCHEN AND TOILETS WERE CONTAINED WITHIN A SQUARE TOWER ATTACH TO THE LONG FACE OF THE OVERALL TRIANGULAR PLAN. •THE LOWER FLOORS WERE ENTIRELY DEVOTED TO COMMUNAL SPACE SERVING AS MEETING ROOMS FOR STUDENT ORGANISATION AND OTHER ACTIVITIES. •THE DORMITORIES HAD A NETWORK OF SMALL COURTYARD INTERCONNECTED BY PARTIALLY ENCLOSED GROUND FLOOR.
  • 22. Louis isadore kahn 22 EXTERIOR VIEW OF DORMITORIES VIEW OF DORMITORIES SHOWING COURTYARD
  • 23. Louis isadore kahn 23 •THE 53 HOUSES WERE ARTICULATED BY KAHN’S COMPOSITE ORDER i.e. THE SYSTEM OF SHALLOW BRICK ARCHES AND CONCRETE TIE BEAMS THAT HE INVENTED FOR AHMEDABAD. •THE HOUSES POSSESED THE VARIETY OF WONDERFUL AMENTIES INCLUDING ENCLOSED UPPER FLOOR TERRACES AND A STAGGERED SITTING SCHEME THAT SEGREGATED EACH HOUSE FROM ITS NEIGHBOURS. DUE TO SHORTAGE OF FUNDS AND SLOWNESS IN WORK, RESPONSIBILITY WAS INCREASINGLY SHIFTED TO B.V. DOSHI AND ANANT RAJE, A YOUNGER ARCHITECT WHO WORKED ON THE PROJECT FOR A TIME IN KAHN’S PHILADELPHIA OFFICE. ON KAHN’S DEATH, RAJE DESIGNED THE DINING HALL, EXECUTIVE EDUCATION CENTRE AND MARRIED STUDENTS HOUSING, WHICH HAD BEEN LATER ADDITIONS TO THE PROGRAM.
  • 24. Louis isadore kahn 24 VIEW OF FACULTY HOUSING VIEW OF COURTYARD
  • 25. Louis isadore kahn 25 VIEW OF STAIRCASE
  • 26. Louis isadore kahn 26 SALK INSTITUTE
  • 27. Louis isadore kahn 27 The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is an independent, non-profit, scientific research institute located in La Jolla, California. It was founded in 1960 by Jonas Salk, the developer of the polio vaccine. The Salk institute is composed of 2 groups of buildings sited on the edge of a magnificent cliff, with the Pacific Ocean falling behind in the horizon The institute is housed in a complex designed by the firm of Louis Kahn. Michael Duff of the Kahn firm was the supervising architect and a major design influence on the structure that consists of two symmetric buildings with a stream of water flowing in the middle of a courtyard that separates the two. The buildings themselves have been designed to promote collaboration, and thus there are no walls separating laboratories on any floor.
  • 28. Louis isadore kahn 28 There is one floor in the basement, and two above it on both sides. The lighting fixtures have been designed to easily slide along rails on the roof, in tune with the collaborative and open philosophy of the Salk Institute's science. According to A. Perez, the concrete was made with volcanic ash relying on the basis of ancient Roman concrete making techniques, and as a result gives off a warm, pinkish glow. The 2 buildings are mirrored around an open plaza which forms a strong linear axis with the Pacific Ocean on one end and the entrance on the other, thus highlighting and framing the landscape rather than imposing itself on it.
  • 29. Louis isadore kahn 29 THE STRUCTURE THAT CONSISTS OF TWO SYMMETRIC BUILDINGS WITH A STREAM OF WATER FLOWING IN THE MIDDLE OF A COURTYARD THAT SEPARATES THE TWO.
  • 30. Louis isadore kahn 30  A diagonal wall allows each of the thirty-six scientists using the studies to have a view of the Pacific, and every study is fitted with a combination of operable sliding and fixed glass panels in teak wood frames. Originally the design also included living quarters and a conference building, but they were never actually built.
  • 31. Louis isadore kahn 31 In the courtyard is a citrus grove containing several orderly rows of lime trees. The original grove contained orange and kumquat trees which were then replaced with lime trees in the 1995 grove refurbishment.
  • 33. Louis isadore kahn 33 The plaza is stark (unpleasant or sharply cleared impossible to avoid), finished in travertine marble, without anything in it except a single small linear channel of water running down the centre. Yet, it is complete, the simplicity being highlighted by the magnificent backdrop of the sky and the ocean with the seagulls fluttering in the distance.
  • 35. Louis isadore kahn 35 The buildings are 6 floors in height with 3 levels housing the laboratories while the other 3 houses the services and utilities. Each laboratory block has five study towers, with each tower containing four offices, except for those near the entrance to the court, which only contain two. Kahn used concrete, teak, lead glass and steel as his material palette. Made in exposed concrete, the walls are unfinished showing clearly the shuttering marks and also the tie rod holes. The imperfections formed in the concrete surface during casting were left as such and were not covered up and finished, maintaining the integrity of the material.
  • 36. Louis isadore kahn 36 Similarly, the teak & steel were also left unfinished to weather naturally over time. The scientists tell that not only is the building beautiful, but it is functional as well. It was one of the first buildings which he was really satisfied with, a place which was really spiritual.
  • 37. Louis isadore kahn 37 Alfred Newton Richard’s research centre..
  • 38. Louis isadore kahn 38 Alfred Newton Richard’s research centre.. The Richards Medical Research Laboratories, located on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., were designed by architect Louis Kahn. It is a research institute for biomedical sciences. It has Greek cross planning. It is made in two segments. It has clustared planning.
  • 39. Louis isadore kahn 39 Each laboratory tower has eight floors, each of which is a 45 foot (13.5 m) square that is entirely free of stairs, elevators and internal support columns.  Each tower is supported by eight external columns that are attached to the four edges of each floor at "third-point" locations, the two points on each side that divide it into three equal parts. That placement resulted in four column-free cantilevered corners on each floor, which Kahn filled with windows. The support structure of these towers consists of pre- stressed concrete elements that were fabricated off-site and assembled on-site with a crane.
  • 41. Louis isadore kahn 41 Attached to the sides of the laboratory towers are large vertical shafts, some of which hold exhaust ducts and some of which hold stairwells. Attached to its wall farthest from the three laboratory towers are four large air intake shafts, each bringing air to one of four conditioning units on the tower's roof from a "nostril" near the ground, far away from the emissions at the tops of the exhaust shafts. These shafts, the most striking aspect of the building's exterior, are made from cast-in-place concrete and clad with brick. In contrast to the three laboratory towers, which have prominent windows and intricate structures that were assembled from prefabricated elements, the central tower of the Richards building, the one devoted to service functions, has few windows and a structure that is a single unit of cast-in-place concrete.
  • 43. Louis isadore kahn 43 Three of those conditioning units provide fresh air for the three laboratory towers and the fourth serves the central service tower itself. The Goddard building has the same basic design as Richards. Its two laboratory towers and service tower (for stairs, elevators, etc.) are connected in a straight line to the westernmost tower of the Richards building
  • 44. Louis isadore kahn 44 A research library is located in Goddard's upper floors with reading carrels that cantilever from the building's face. The served spaces are the laboratories themselves. The servant spaces are the independently structured shafts for ventilation and stairways that are attached to the outside of the laboratory towers and also the two service towers , which house elevators, animal quarters, mechanical systems, and other auxiliary areas. Kahn spoke critically of laboratories that were designed so that numbers on doors along a corridor are the only distinction between the scientists' main work areas and the areas for stairs, animal quarters and other services.
  • 45. Louis isadore kahn 45 By placing service areas in separate structures, Kahn not only honored the services by giving them their own architectural presence but also enhanced the interior of the laboratory towers by removing obstructions from within.
  • 46. Louis isadore kahn 46 Structure: In contrast to buildings in the style of International Modernism, which typically had structures of relatively light-weight steel frames that were often hidden behind glass walls, the laboratory towers have concrete structures that are clearly visible and openly depicted as bearing weight. The structure was engineered by August Komendant, a pioneer in the use of pre-stressed concrete.
  • 47. 47 Entry porch ceiling showing the building's support structure, which is composed of prefabricated concrete elements that were assembled like children's blocks.
  • 48. Louis isadore kahn 48 The structure of the Richards building is composed of 1019 pre-stressed concrete columns, beams, trusses and related items that were trucked in from a factory, assembled with a crane like children's blocks, and locked into place with post-tensioning cables running in all three dimensions, something like an old-style toy that is floppy until its parts are pulled together tightly with a string. In line with his belief that structure should be made visible, Kahn exposed these structural parts on the building's exterior and in the laboratory ceilings. For the post-tensioning to be effective, the prefabricated concrete parts had to be precisely dimensioned and perfectly formed.