This PowerPoint is about qualitative research design and what are different approaches one can adopt This slides also talks about the importance of health care research and what different approaches one can adopt

1. Qualitative Research Methodology
DR NISHANT KUMAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
MADHUBANI MEDICAL COLLEGE , MADHUBANI , BIHAR

2. Understanding Research
Method
Ontology
Epistemology
Methodology

3. Ontology
Positivist Subjectivism
Post positivist Constructivism
Pragmatic
Advocacy /Participatory

4. Epistemology
 Greek origin with “episteme” referring to knowledge and “ology”
meaning discourse.
 How to understand the nature of reality ?
Etic Emic

5. Epistemology (contd.)
Postpositivism
• Determination
• Reductionism
• Empirical
Observation &
Measurement
• Theory
verification
Constructivism
• Understanding
• Multiple participant
meaning
• Social and historical
Construction
• Theory Generation
Advocacy/Participat
ory
• Political
• Empowerment
issue-oriented
• Collaborative
• Change oriented
Pragmatism
• Consequence of
Action
• Problem- Centered
• Pluralistic
• Real world
practice -oriented

6. Research Paradigm
 Window through which we see the world
 Based on Values and Belief
 Belief are non negotiable; Values measuring concept how one measure or
evaluate people around oneself
Defining
Factor
Manifestation
 Assumption
 Behavior
 Verbal
 Non Verbal
 Attitude

7. Research Paradigm
• Belief
• Value
Feel/
Input Principles
Think/
Process
• Verbal
• Nonverbal
• Relation
• Attitude
Behave/
Output

8. Research Design
Research
Knowledge
Gap
Positivist,
Post
Positivist
Etic Quantitative
Problem
Solving
Subjectivism
/Constructivi
sm
Emic Qualitative
Introduction,
Literature
Review
Hypothesis Collect data Analyze data Write up
Introduction, Research Aim
& Objective
Research
Methodology
Literature
Review Analyze data Validate

9. Methodology
 The “strategy of inquiry” through which a certain ontological
version of the reality with a particular epistemological claim can be
solved.
 There are three type
a) Quantitative
b) Qualitative
c) Mixed

10. Quantitative Methodology
a) Experimental- True experiments with random design or quasi
experimental type with nonrandom selection of study subjects
b) Non – experimental-Longitudinal and cross sectional studies employing
standardized questionnaire for data collection which is generated from
the sample population or whole population

11. Mixed methodology
a) Sequential
b) Concurrent
c) Transformative

12. Qualitative Research Methodology
a) Narrative research
b) Phenomenologies
c) Ethnographies
d) Grounded theory
e) Case studies

13. Narrative Research
 Narrative research is from where the researcher deliberates on
individual’s stories as they narrate it.
 The gathered information is then retold by researcher in
chronological order.
 The final research is a concerted narrative from the participant life
and researcher point of view.

14. Phenomenologies
Epoch
Be a
part of
group
Collect
Data
Essence of
experience

15. Ethnographies
 A type of research where the researcher studies human society and culture.
i. It should be shared by a significant number of member of social group
ii. Shared in the sense of being behaviorally enacted, physically possessed or internally
thought
iii. It must be recognized in some special way and at least some others are expected to know
about it
iv. It must have the potential of begin passed on to new group members to exist with some
permanency through time and across space.

16. Ethnographies (contd.)
• Daily notes
• Participant
Observation
• Formal /informal
Interview
• Know Spoken
language
• Part of Group
Cultural
Descripti
on
Collect
Data
Self
Feeling
Analyze
data

17. Grounded Theory
Data collection
by theoretical
sampling
Data analysis –
Constant Comparative
Method
Substantive
Theory
A substantive theory has a specificity and
usefulness to practice often lacking in theories
that cover more global concern

18. Case Studies
 It is a type of qualitative research which is bounded by the unit of analysis
unlike other type of qualitative study which is bounded by the focus of the study.
 The classical definition of case study is “an in-depth description and analysis of
a bounded system”.
 A bounded system is a single entity a unit around which there are boundaries.
 The term “case” is a noun, a thing an entity; it is seldom a verb, a participle, a
functioning.

19. Design of Qualitative Study
Theoretical
Framework
Purpose of Study
Problem Statement
 Selection of
Topic
 Research
Problem
 Theoretical
Framework

20. ReviewofLiterature
Knowledge Gap
Define Concepts
Theoretical
Framework
Review Of Literature

21.  In qualitative study generalization in a statistical sense is not a goal so non
probability sampling methods are of choice.
 “Logical as long as field worker expects to use his data not answer
questions like ‘how much’ and ‘how often’ but to solve qualitative problems
such as discovering what occurs, the implication of what occurs and the
relationship linking occurrences”
Sampling Technique(contd.)

22. Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling
technique
Typical
Maximum
Variation
Convenience
Unique
Snowball or
chain sampling

23. Sample Size (contd.)
 The sample size in qualitative study is determined by
informational consideration. If the purpose is to maximize the
information, then sampling is terminated when no new
information is forthcoming from the new sampled units thus
redundancy is the primary criterion.

24. Technique for Data collectionParticipantobservation
• Ethnographic
roots
• Time
consuming
and is not
practical
IndepthInterview
• Participants
engages in a
conversation
• Conversation
with purpose.
FocusGroup
Discussion
• Study group
dynamics
• Constructivist
perspective
underlies .

25. In Depth InterviewInDepthInterview
Structured Interview
Semi structured
Interview
Un structured Interview
IndepthInterview
Feminist interviewing
Postmodern interviewing
Cross cultural interviewing

26. IndepthInterview
Neo-positivist interview
Romantic conception
Constructionist:
Postmodern interview
Transformative interview
Decolonizing
In Depth Interview (contd.)

27. Focus Group Discussion
 A focus group is an interview with a group of people who have knowledge about the
topic.
 The data collected here is socially constructed with the interaction of the group, a
constructivist perspective underlies this data collection procedure.
 The data is generated through an interactive discussion which leads to a different
type of data not accessible through individual interview.
 During the interview the participants share their views of others and perhaps refine
their own view in light of what they have heard.

28.  During the interview the participants share their views of others and perhaps refine
their own view in light of what they have heard.
 It is also recommended moderator or the interviewer of the group be familiar with
group process and with the range of possible role as moderator.
 A focus group work best for topics which people could talk to each other in
everyday life but they don’t, it is not good choice to have a focus group interview
on issues which are highly personal, sensitive and culturally inappropriate to talk
in front of strangers.
Focus Group Discussion (contd.)

29. Data Analysis
 All qualitative data is inductive and comparative with the sole purpose of developing a
common theme or pattern or categories that cut across the data.
 Ideally data analysis in qualitative study should be conducted along the with data
collection and not after data collection.
i. Category Construction
ii.Sorting Categories and Data
iii.Naming the Categories
iv.Becoming more theoretical

30.  The qualitative data analysis has become easier with use of computers which
have capacity of organizing massive amount of data, facilitating analysis and
assisting communication among team members of research team.
 The CAQDAS (computer assisted qualitative data analysis software) is one
example which helps in organizing the data while the human counterpart does
the analysis part.
Data Analysis (contd.)

31. Validity and Reliability
Be a worthy topic ; that it be conducted with
Rich rigor
Sincerity- that is, transparency of method and
Credibility
Resonates with variety of audiences
Makes a significant contribution
Attends to ethical consideration
Meaningful coherence.

32. Critical Appraisal
 Qualitative research is based on subjective belief and hence
generalization cant be done .
 The data generated in qualitative in nature and voluminous and
analysis can often lead to loss of data which may be vital.
 Pragmatic ontology with mixed approach is perhaps the most
suitable.

33. Summary
VS

34. Thank you
“WITHIN INFINITE TRUTHS
LIES THE ETERNAL TRUTH
WHO SEES IT ALL ?
VARUNA HAS BUT A
THOUSAND EYES,
INDRA HAS A HUNDRED,
YOU AND I, ONLY TWO.”-
VEDIC HYMN