The following slides are about a brief history of modern medicine and its evolution over the generation

1. HISTORY OF MEDICINE
Dr Nishant Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Madhubani Medical College

2. Learning Objective
• Origin
• Systems of Medicine in Antiquity
• Dawn of Scientific Medicine
• Modern Medicine and changing Concepts
• Failure of Modern Medicine
• A way forward

3. “Medicine was conceived in sympathy and
born out of necessity”

4. Systems of Medicine in Antiquity
Indian System of
Medicine-
Ayurveda, Siddha,
Unani,
Homeopathy
Chinese System of
Medicine
Egyptian and
Mesopotamian
System of
Medicine
Greek System of
Medicine
Persian & Arabic
System of
Medicine

5. Indian System of Medicine
Ayurveda ( “Knowledge of Life”)
Dhanvantari Atreya (800BC) Charaka (200 AD) Susruta (400AD)

6. Vata (Wind)
Pitta(Gal)Kapha (Mucus)

7. Siddha , Unani , Homeopathy
• Siddha – Origin in the Tamil -speaking areas of South India
• Unani- Tibb – Origin in the middle east in was influenced by
Greek system of medicine and the Persian system , and came to
India in 10th century AD . Important system of medicine in
Delhi , Aligarh , Lucknow, and Hyderabad
• Homeopathy- Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) , a system of
pharmacodynamics based on “treatment of diseases by the use
of small amount of drug that in healthy person , produces
symptoms similar to those disease begin treated”

8. Chinese System of Medicine
• World first organized body of medical
knowledge dating back to 2700 BC
• Concept of Yin (feminine principle) and
Yang ( masculine principle)
• Early pioneers of immunization,
acupuncture , hygiene, dietetics,
massages, drugs
• Concept of bare foot doctors
• “The great doctor is one who treat not
someone who is ill but someone not yet
ill”

9. Egyptian system of Medicine
Imotep
• Disease is absorption of
harmful substance from the
intestine
• Pulse is the speech of the heart
• Edwin Smith papyrus( 3000-
2500 BC) – surgery , partial
paralysis , prescription of drugs
700 drugs , disease like diabetics
, rheumatism , polio,
schistosomiasis .

10. Mesopotamian Medicine
• Cradle of civilization (6000 BC )
• Oldest medical prescription ( 2100 BC)
• Hammurabi code of law – Governed the code of conduct of
Doctors
• Codification of Medical practice

11. Greek Medicine(460-136BC)
Aesculapius Hygiea Panacea Hippocrates
“Life is short ,the art of medicine is long ,opportunity fleeting ,
experience treacherous and judgments difficult”
Galen

12. Persian & Arabic system of
Medicine
Abu Becr- Rhazes( 865-925) Ibn Sina – Avicenna( 980-1037)

13. Dawn of Scientific Medicine
Paracelsus
(1493-1541)
Fracastorius
(1514-1564)
Andreas
Vasslius
(1514-1564)

14. Ambroise Pare
(1510-1590)
John Hunter
(1728-1793)
William Harvey
(1578-1657)
Antonie Van
Leeuwenoek
(1632-1723)

15. Great
sanitary
Awakening –
Edwin
Chadwick
(1800-1890)
Rise of
Public
Health
Cholera –
Father of
Public
Health
Jon Snow
Germ theory
of Diseases
Birth of
preventive
Medicine

16. Modern Medicine Changing
Concepts
Curative
PreventiveSocial

17. Social Determinants
4213
961
323
1959
33% 12% 9% 82%22 12 42 32
67%
83%
42%
49%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Sikkim Kerala Bihar ArunachalP
Public Spending in Health (INR) % of Registed allopatic Doctors in Public Sector
IMR Social Determinants (% of women who are liiterate

18. Changing concept of Public Health
Disease
control
Phase
(1880-1920)
Health
promotional
Phase (1920-
1960)
Social
engineering
phase
(1960-1980)
Health
for All
1980-

19. Failure of Medicine
• The increasing cost of medical care
• Re emerging disease and Emerging disease
• Inequality , life expectancy and child mortality
• Access to health services
• Inequitable growth
• Elitist orientation and social disparities.

20. A way forward
• Social Medicine –
“Medicine is a social science and politics is medicine on large
scale”
• Family and Community Medicine

21. Thank You