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DEVELOPING
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
The structure of the
presentation
What is conceptual frame work?
What are the purposes of conceptual
framework ?

What are ingredients of a conceptual
framework?

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The structure of the
presentation
What are the steps in Developing a conceptual
framework.
How will you present a conceptual framework?
What are the pros and cons of conceptual
frameworks.

Conclusion.
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Introduction
• Conceptual framework represent ways of
thinking about a problem.
• It deals with abstractions ( concepts) that

are assembled by virtue of relevance to a
common theme.

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INTRODUCTION
• CF is an explanation of how a researcher
sees the different concepts and outcomes
of study and its relations with each other.
• It can be developed from the researcher's
personal experience, previous studies, or
from more than one theory or models

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A written or visual presentation that:

“explains either graphically, or by narration,
the main things to be studied – the key
factors, concepts or variables - and the
presumed

relationship

among

them”.

(Miles and Huberman, 1994, P18)
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• A CF provides a coherent, unified and orderly
way of seeing related events or processes
relevant to a study/ research and less formal than
theories.
• It can be :

• Rudimentary or elaborate,
• Theory driven or commonsensical ,

• Descriptive or casual (Miles, and Huberman cited
Veal p.54)
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• It broadly presents understanding of the
phenomenon of interest and reflects the
assumptions and philosophic view of the
designer
• It is researcher‟s own position on the
problem- the way the researcher shapes it
together.
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What it does?
• Conceptual frameworks serve as the
springboard for theory development

• CF shows the relationship of the stated
hypotheses with central factors or key
concepts.
• Part of CF offers a synopsis of the study's
main points.
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What it does??
• Each framework highlights or emphasizes
different aspects of a problem or research
question.
• Any one conceptual framework presents
only a partial view of reality.
• Focuses attention on and amplify certain
elements of a problem like a magnifying
glass
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Purposes
• Conceptual Framework
• Keeps research on track
• Provides clear links from the literature to the
research goals and questions
• Helps the researcher to see clearly the variables
of the study
• Clarifies concepts and propose relationships
among concepts
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Purposes
• Provides an organizing structure for the
research design and methods.
• Useful to prepare research proposal using
experimental or descriptive methods

• Guides the development and testing of
interventions and hypotheses
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Purposes
• Provides general framework for data
analysis
• The interpretation of findings flows from
the conceptualization represented by the
framework
• Makes research findings meaningful and
generalizable

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Purposes
• Provides reference points for discussion of the
methodology and analysis of the data.
• Explains observations

• Contributes to the trustworthiness of the study.
• Encourages theory development that is useful to
practice
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Ingredients
• A conceptual framework is composed of concepts and
the relational linkages between them ( called
propositional statements)

• Concepts abstractly describes and names an object or
phenomenon, thus providing it with separate identity or
meaning.
• It is actually the intellectual representation of some
aspect of reality, derived from observations made from
phenomenon.
• Example: Anxiety, stress or pain
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Concepts

Basic elements
Relational statement
as propositions.

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Concept synthesis
Conceptual definition

Concept derivation

Concept analysis

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Concept synthesis
• Process of describing and naming a previously
unrecognized concept
Eg:- Selye performed concept synthesis to
identify and define the concept stress.
Concept derivation
• Meanings are derived from other disciplines
may be modified and carefully evaluated to fit
in the nursing knowledge
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Conceptual analysis
• A strategy through a set of characteristics
essential to the connotative meaning of a
concept is identified.

• A strategy that involves examining the
attributes  characteristics of a concept.
(Walker & Avant 1983)

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A philosophical inquiry –
Researcher explores various ways the term is
used and try to identify set of characteristics
that can be used to describe the concept.
How?
By × search of literature
× personal experience
and thought
× Reasoning

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Walker & Avant
1985.

20
Types of concepts
• Three types of concepts

According to level of abstraction:
1. Abstract concepts or theoretical concepts
2. Empirical or descriptive concepts

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According to level of categorization:

1. Global or domain concepts
2. Middle range concepts

3. Empirical concepts

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• According to levels of measurements

• 1. Nominal
• 2. Ordinal

• 3. Interval
• 4. Ratio
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• Concepts are important because they
provide a road map
• Give the big picture ideas (the concepts)
up front, and then fit in the smaller facts
and details
• Provide the context for the researcher
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Next steps is to state Relations with
concepts.
? Relational statement- declares that a
relationship of some kind exists between
two or more concepts. (Walker & Avant
1980)

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Importance of relational
statements/ propositions

• Core of frame work
• Relational statement are tested through
research.
• Relational statements determines the
- Objectives
- Research questions and hypothesis
- Research design
- Statistical analysis
- Type of findings expected.
N.B: For critiquing a study too the link between the
hypothesis, design and frame work are examined.
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Special features
It describes
* Direction

* Sequencing

* Shape

* Probability of occurrence

* Strength

* Necessity

* Symmetry

* Sufficiency

Depicted with diagrams or by literary means.
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What inputs go into
developing a conceptual
framework?
• Experiential knowledge of researcher and supervisor

– Literature review
– Technical knowledge.
– Research background.
– Personal experience.
– Data (particularly for qualitative).
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How might a conceptual
framework be developed?
1. Explore/
explain
relationship
between concepts

4. Operationalise
concepts

2. Identify the
concept

3. Define concepts

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Identify concepts
• Identify the concept and categorize them

• It can be abstract or concrete.
• For an abstract concept it is broad and may not be
readily observable and the meaning of which are
more far from time, space and referent group and is
not easily measurable

• Specific or concrete concepts are amenable to
measurements
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Define concepts
• This is the main function of a conceptual

framework in descriptive study/ research
• Example
• Quality of life
• Accessibility of care
• Regular users
• Visitor demand
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Operationalise concepts
• In other words, how can abstract
intangible concepts be made tangible
• How can concepts like
• Regeneration
• Community
• Deprivation
• Local etc be recognized , assessed,
measured or counted
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• Empirical referents or indicators must be find
• out to depict the existence of concepts after
operationalising the concept.
• Example
• Numerical pain scale to measure the pain
intensity
• Depression scale to measure depression etc
• Empirical referents is a means of
measurement of concepts
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Develop relational
statements/ propositions
• State the relation between concepts
• This

provides

idea

for

testing

and

hypothesis development
• Hypothesis are developed from these
propositional statements of a conceptual

framework
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In nut shell
Develop the structure by:
•

Identifying the key words used in the subject area of the study.

•

Draw out the key things within something that have already written
about the subject area – literature review.

•

Take one key concept, idea or term at a time and brainstorm all the

other things that might be related and then go back and select those that
seem most relevant.
•

It will take time and a number of iterations and the focus should be

both on the content and the inter-relationships.

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General forms of CF
• Process frameworks
– Set out the stages through which an action moves from initiation to
conclusion. These relate to the ‘how?’ question.

• Content frameworks
• Set out the variables, and possibly the relationship (with
relative strengths) between them, that together answer the
‘why?’ question.

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36
What specific forms might a conceptual framework take?

• The possibilities include:

– Flow charts.
– Tree diagrams.
– Shape based diagrams – triangles, concentric circles,
overlapping circles.

– Mind maps.
– Soft systems.
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37
The pros and cons of conceptual
frameworks
• Why are conceptual frameworks useful?
•

Conceptual frameworks provide researchers with:

– The ability to move beyond descriptions of „what‟ to
explanations of „why‟ and „how‟.
– A means of setting out an explanation set that might be used to
define and make sense of the data that flow from the research
question.
– A filtering tool for selecting appropriate research questions and
related data collection methods.
– A reference point/structure for the discussion of the literature,
methodology and results.
– The boundaries of the work.
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38
The pros and cons of conceptual
frameworks

• Allow researchers to build upon one
another‟s work; thereby building a body
of knowledge
• Programmatic,
conceptually
based
research
that
accumulate
deeper
understanding over time and this moves a
discipline (such as nursing) forward.
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39
What are the cons/ limitations
• Conceptual framework:
– Is influenced by the experience and knowledge of the
individual – initial bias.
– Once developed will influence the researcher‟s
thinking and may result in some things being given
prominence and others being ignored – ongoing bias.
• The solution is to revisit the conceptual framework,
particularly at the end when evaluating your work.

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40
Criteria to evaluate conceptual
framework

• Comprehensiveness of content
• logical congruence
• conceptual clarity

• level of abstraction
• clinical utility (Fawcett's (1995))
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41
CF for infant/child pain
parent coping

INFANT
AND
CHILD

Bradykinin
Serotonin
K+
Histamines

Physiologic
Behavioural
Miscellaneous
Characteristics

Infant and child
Characteristics
SURGERY
PAIN

APAT

Biological
PARENT

Personality
Characteristics

2/18/2014

Social

Psychological

Coping
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Strategies

COPING

42
Conclusion
•

The conceptual framework encapsulates the research as it:
– Sets out the focus and content.

– Acts as the link between the literature, the methodology and the
results
•

Thus it can be/will be the focus/starting point of the evaluation of
originality of a research to find
– Whether what has been focussed on entirely new?
– Is the way the subject been investigated different to the „normal‟

approaches?
– Has new light been shed on previously explored issues?

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43
References
•
•
•
•
•
•

•

Hart C. (1998): Doing a Literature Review.” London, Sage.
Jennings G. (2001): Tourism Research. Australia, John Wiley and
Sons.
Maslow A (1954): “Motivation and Personality.” New York: Harper.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. A. (1994): “Qualitative Data Analysis:
An Expanded Sourcebook” (2nd edition). Beverley Hills, Sage.
Rogers, E.M. (2003): “Diffusion of Innovations.” 5 th Edition. London,
Simon and Schuster.
Smyth R. (2004): “Exploring the Usefulness of a Conceptual
Framework as a Research Tool: A Researcher's Reflections.” Issues In
Educational Research, Volume 14.
Yin R. K. (1994): “Case Study Research: Design and Methods.” (2 nd
edition) California, Sage.

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Ppt. developing a conceptual framework

  • 2. The structure of the presentation What is conceptual frame work? What are the purposes of conceptual framework ? What are ingredients of a conceptual framework? www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2
  • 3. The structure of the presentation What are the steps in Developing a conceptual framework. How will you present a conceptual framework? What are the pros and cons of conceptual frameworks. Conclusion. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 3
  • 4. Introduction • Conceptual framework represent ways of thinking about a problem. • It deals with abstractions ( concepts) that are assembled by virtue of relevance to a common theme. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 4
  • 5. INTRODUCTION • CF is an explanation of how a researcher sees the different concepts and outcomes of study and its relations with each other. • It can be developed from the researcher's personal experience, previous studies, or from more than one theory or models 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 5
  • 6. A written or visual presentation that: “explains either graphically, or by narration, the main things to be studied – the key factors, concepts or variables - and the presumed relationship among them”. (Miles and Huberman, 1994, P18) 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 6
  • 7. • A CF provides a coherent, unified and orderly way of seeing related events or processes relevant to a study/ research and less formal than theories. • It can be : • Rudimentary or elaborate, • Theory driven or commonsensical , • Descriptive or casual (Miles, and Huberman cited Veal p.54) 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 7
  • 8. • It broadly presents understanding of the phenomenon of interest and reflects the assumptions and philosophic view of the designer • It is researcher‟s own position on the problem- the way the researcher shapes it together. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 8
  • 9. What it does? • Conceptual frameworks serve as the springboard for theory development • CF shows the relationship of the stated hypotheses with central factors or key concepts. • Part of CF offers a synopsis of the study's main points. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 9
  • 10. What it does?? • Each framework highlights or emphasizes different aspects of a problem or research question. • Any one conceptual framework presents only a partial view of reality. • Focuses attention on and amplify certain elements of a problem like a magnifying glass 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 10
  • 11. Purposes • Conceptual Framework • Keeps research on track • Provides clear links from the literature to the research goals and questions • Helps the researcher to see clearly the variables of the study • Clarifies concepts and propose relationships among concepts 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 11
  • 12. Purposes • Provides an organizing structure for the research design and methods. • Useful to prepare research proposal using experimental or descriptive methods • Guides the development and testing of interventions and hypotheses 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 12
  • 13. Purposes • Provides general framework for data analysis • The interpretation of findings flows from the conceptualization represented by the framework • Makes research findings meaningful and generalizable 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 13
  • 14. Purposes • Provides reference points for discussion of the methodology and analysis of the data. • Explains observations • Contributes to the trustworthiness of the study. • Encourages theory development that is useful to practice 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 14
  • 15. Ingredients • A conceptual framework is composed of concepts and the relational linkages between them ( called propositional statements) • Concepts abstractly describes and names an object or phenomenon, thus providing it with separate identity or meaning. • It is actually the intellectual representation of some aspect of reality, derived from observations made from phenomenon. • Example: Anxiety, stress or pain 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 15
  • 16. Concepts Basic elements Relational statement as propositions. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 16
  • 17. Concept synthesis Conceptual definition Concept derivation Concept analysis 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 17
  • 18. Concept synthesis • Process of describing and naming a previously unrecognized concept Eg:- Selye performed concept synthesis to identify and define the concept stress. Concept derivation • Meanings are derived from other disciplines may be modified and carefully evaluated to fit in the nursing knowledge 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 18
  • 19. Conceptual analysis • A strategy through a set of characteristics essential to the connotative meaning of a concept is identified. • A strategy that involves examining the attributes characteristics of a concept. (Walker & Avant 1983) 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 19
  • 20. A philosophical inquiry – Researcher explores various ways the term is used and try to identify set of characteristics that can be used to describe the concept. How? By × search of literature × personal experience and thought × Reasoning 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Walker & Avant 1985. 20
  • 21. Types of concepts • Three types of concepts According to level of abstraction: 1. Abstract concepts or theoretical concepts 2. Empirical or descriptive concepts 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 21
  • 22. According to level of categorization: 1. Global or domain concepts 2. Middle range concepts 3. Empirical concepts 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 22
  • 23. • According to levels of measurements • 1. Nominal • 2. Ordinal • 3. Interval • 4. Ratio 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 23
  • 24. • Concepts are important because they provide a road map • Give the big picture ideas (the concepts) up front, and then fit in the smaller facts and details • Provide the context for the researcher 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 24
  • 25. Next steps is to state Relations with concepts. ? Relational statement- declares that a relationship of some kind exists between two or more concepts. (Walker & Avant 1980) 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 25
  • 26. Importance of relational statements/ propositions • Core of frame work • Relational statement are tested through research. • Relational statements determines the - Objectives - Research questions and hypothesis - Research design - Statistical analysis - Type of findings expected. N.B: For critiquing a study too the link between the hypothesis, design and frame work are examined. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 26
  • 27. Special features It describes * Direction * Sequencing * Shape * Probability of occurrence * Strength * Necessity * Symmetry * Sufficiency Depicted with diagrams or by literary means. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 27
  • 28. What inputs go into developing a conceptual framework? • Experiential knowledge of researcher and supervisor – Literature review – Technical knowledge. – Research background. – Personal experience. – Data (particularly for qualitative). 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 28
  • 29. How might a conceptual framework be developed? 1. Explore/ explain relationship between concepts 4. Operationalise concepts 2. Identify the concept 3. Define concepts 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 29
  • 30. Identify concepts • Identify the concept and categorize them • It can be abstract or concrete. • For an abstract concept it is broad and may not be readily observable and the meaning of which are more far from time, space and referent group and is not easily measurable • Specific or concrete concepts are amenable to measurements 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 30
  • 31. Define concepts • This is the main function of a conceptual framework in descriptive study/ research • Example • Quality of life • Accessibility of care • Regular users • Visitor demand 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 31
  • 32. Operationalise concepts • In other words, how can abstract intangible concepts be made tangible • How can concepts like • Regeneration • Community • Deprivation • Local etc be recognized , assessed, measured or counted 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 32
  • 33. • Empirical referents or indicators must be find • out to depict the existence of concepts after operationalising the concept. • Example • Numerical pain scale to measure the pain intensity • Depression scale to measure depression etc • Empirical referents is a means of measurement of concepts 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 33
  • 34. Develop relational statements/ propositions • State the relation between concepts • This provides idea for testing and hypothesis development • Hypothesis are developed from these propositional statements of a conceptual framework 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 34
  • 35. In nut shell Develop the structure by: • Identifying the key words used in the subject area of the study. • Draw out the key things within something that have already written about the subject area – literature review. • Take one key concept, idea or term at a time and brainstorm all the other things that might be related and then go back and select those that seem most relevant. • It will take time and a number of iterations and the focus should be both on the content and the inter-relationships. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 35
  • 36. General forms of CF • Process frameworks – Set out the stages through which an action moves from initiation to conclusion. These relate to the ‘how?’ question. • Content frameworks • Set out the variables, and possibly the relationship (with relative strengths) between them, that together answer the ‘why?’ question. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 36
  • 37. What specific forms might a conceptual framework take? • The possibilities include: – Flow charts. – Tree diagrams. – Shape based diagrams – triangles, concentric circles, overlapping circles. – Mind maps. – Soft systems. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 37
  • 38. The pros and cons of conceptual frameworks • Why are conceptual frameworks useful? • Conceptual frameworks provide researchers with: – The ability to move beyond descriptions of „what‟ to explanations of „why‟ and „how‟. – A means of setting out an explanation set that might be used to define and make sense of the data that flow from the research question. – A filtering tool for selecting appropriate research questions and related data collection methods. – A reference point/structure for the discussion of the literature, methodology and results. – The boundaries of the work. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 38
  • 39. The pros and cons of conceptual frameworks • Allow researchers to build upon one another‟s work; thereby building a body of knowledge • Programmatic, conceptually based research that accumulate deeper understanding over time and this moves a discipline (such as nursing) forward. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 39
  • 40. What are the cons/ limitations • Conceptual framework: – Is influenced by the experience and knowledge of the individual – initial bias. – Once developed will influence the researcher‟s thinking and may result in some things being given prominence and others being ignored – ongoing bias. • The solution is to revisit the conceptual framework, particularly at the end when evaluating your work. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 40
  • 41. Criteria to evaluate conceptual framework • Comprehensiveness of content • logical congruence • conceptual clarity • level of abstraction • clinical utility (Fawcett's (1995)) 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 41
  • 42. CF for infant/child pain parent coping INFANT AND CHILD Bradykinin Serotonin K+ Histamines Physiologic Behavioural Miscellaneous Characteristics Infant and child Characteristics SURGERY PAIN APAT Biological PARENT Personality Characteristics 2/18/2014 Social Psychological Coping www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com Strategies COPING 42
  • 43. Conclusion • The conceptual framework encapsulates the research as it: – Sets out the focus and content. – Acts as the link between the literature, the methodology and the results • Thus it can be/will be the focus/starting point of the evaluation of originality of a research to find – Whether what has been focussed on entirely new? – Is the way the subject been investigated different to the „normal‟ approaches? – Has new light been shed on previously explored issues? 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 43
  • 44. References • • • • • • • Hart C. (1998): Doing a Literature Review.” London, Sage. Jennings G. (2001): Tourism Research. Australia, John Wiley and Sons. Maslow A (1954): “Motivation and Personality.” New York: Harper. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. A. (1994): “Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook” (2nd edition). Beverley Hills, Sage. Rogers, E.M. (2003): “Diffusion of Innovations.” 5 th Edition. London, Simon and Schuster. Smyth R. (2004): “Exploring the Usefulness of a Conceptual Framework as a Research Tool: A Researcher's Reflections.” Issues In Educational Research, Volume 14. Yin R. K. (1994): “Case Study Research: Design and Methods.” (2 nd edition) California, Sage. 2/18/2014 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 44