The document discusses menstruation and the hormones involved. It defines menstruation and explains that it is one phase of the menstrual cycle. The hormones estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH play key roles in regulating the cycle and triggering changes in the uterus and ovaries. Estrogen stimulates uterine lining growth, while progesterone further develops the lining. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins as the lining detaches from the uterus. Problems with these hormones can cause irregularities in the cycle.

1. WHPL

2. 1. What is menstruation?
2. Significance
3. Which hormones play a role in
menstruation?
4. Significance of each hormone
5. What medical conditions will arise due
to problems in hormones associated?

3. The process in a woman of discharging
blood and other material from the
lining of the uterus at intervals of
about one lunar month (28 days) from
puberty until the menopause, except
during pregnancy.

4.  Menstruation is not the same as the menstrual
cycle.
 The Menstrual cycle describes the cyclic
changes in a woman’s body going through
menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation,
the luteal phase and back to menstruation
again to begin the cycle.
 Menstruation is therefore one of the 4 phases
of the menstrual cycle.

5. 1. Cycle of natural changes that occurs in
the uterus and ovary as an essential part of
making sexual reproduction possible.
2. Essential for the production of eggs.
3. Preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.
4. Fertile period of a woman’s life between
menarche and menopause.

6.  Menarche: Age at onset of menstruation
 Primary amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation
despite signs of puberty
 Secondary amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation
for 3-6 months in a woman who previously
menstruated
 Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: Irregular bleeding
due to anovulation or anovulatory cycle
Menarche age 12
9 years 16 years

7.  Menorrhagia: Regular menstrual intervals,
excessive flow and duration
 Metrorrhagia: Irregular menstrual intervals,
excessive flow and duration
 Oligomenorrhea: Menstrual interval greater
than 35 days
 Anovulation / anovulatory: Menstrual cycle
without ovulation
 Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual cramping/pain

8. 1. Duration of menstrual flow
2. Quality of the menstruum,
3. Amount of blood loss,
4. The flow pattern and
5. Associated symptoms.

9. Last from 3 to 7 days.
 The exact duration varies from woman to woman.
 It however shows little or no variation for the
same woman from cycle to cycle.
 Most women do not experience cycle to cycle
changes more than 1 or 2 days.
 It is unusual for the same woman to have wide
swings such as 3 days duration in one cycle and 7
days in another.

10.  Menstrual blood is normally bright or light
red in color like the bleeding that occurs after
a knife cut or similar injury.
 It could look brown in some few
women and still be normal menstruation.
 It must not have a foul odor.
 Small clots may be a normal part of menstrual
blood.

11. The average blood loss during normal
menstruation is about 35 ml, with a
range of 10 to 80 ml.
 Usually understood from the number of
pads soaked.

12. Normally, as menses begin to flow, the
amount of blood loss seems to increase
gradually until it attains a maximum and
then starts diminishing as the end of the
flow draws near.
This pattern is described as crescendo-
decrescendo pattern.

13.  Normal menstruation may be accompanied by other
symptoms such as
 Breasts fullness,
 Mild lower abdominal pain or Irritability.
 Fluid retention
 Cramping
 Mood swings
 Weight gain
 Breast tenderness
 Diarrhea
 Constipation
 These symptoms are never debilitating.

15. Begins when estrogen levels are low
Anterior pituitary secretes FSH and
LH, stimulation follicle to develop
Cells around egg enlarge, releasing
estrogen
This causes this uterine lining to
thicken

16. LH and FSH still being released, for
another 3-4 days
Follicle ruptures, releasing ova into
the Fallopian tubes

17. Now empty follicle changes to a yellow
colour, becomes corpus luteum
Continues to secrete estrogen, but now
beings to release progesterone
Progesterone further develops uterine
lining
If pregnant, embryo will release
hormones to preserve corpus luteum

18. If no embryo, the corpus luteum begins
to disintegrate
Progesterone levels drop, uterine lining
detaches, menstruation can begin
Tissue, blood, unfertilized egg all
discharged
Can take from 3-7 days

20. T r ig g e r s u t e r in e lin in g t h ic k e n in g
P r o d u c e s
E s t r o g e n & O v u m
T r ig g e r s f o r m a t io n o f t h e
F o llic le
W it h in t h e o v a ry
P r o d u c e s
F S H
F o llic le S t im u la t in g H o r m o n e
P it u it a r y
G la n d

21. C o n t in u e s u t e r in e lin in g t h ic k e n in g
P r o d u c e s
P r o g e s t e r o n e
T r ig g e r s O v u la t io n
a n d t h e f o r m a t io n o f t h e
C o r p u s L u t iu m
W i t h i n t h e o v a r y
P r o d u c e s
L H
L u t i n i z i n g H o r m o n e
P it u it a r y
G la n d

23. Hormonal
Regulation
of Menstruation
WITHOUT
ESTROGEN AND
PROGESTERONE,
ENDOMETRIUM
BREAKS DOWN –
MENSTRUATION
OCCURS.