2. Contents
What are standards?
Types of standards
Specifications of standards with examples
What are Codes?
Types of codes
Code’s specification with examples
3. What is Standard?
“A document that provides
requirements, specifications, guidelines
or characteristics used consistently to
ensure an organizational purposes about
their products”.
Standards are everywhere in everything.
4. Types of Standards
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
National Aerospace Standards (NASM )
United States Military Standard
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
British Standards Institution (BSI)
ASTM International American Society for Testing and
Materials .
7. Use and field of application
of EN ISO 3834
This International Standard is structured in five parts:
− EN ISO 3834-1: Guidelines for selection and use;
− EN ISO 3834-2: Comprehensive quality requirements;
− EN ISO 3834-3: Standard quality requirements;
− EN ISO 3834-4: Elementary quality requirements;
− EN ISO 3834-5: Normative references to fulfil the
requirements of EN ISO 3834-2, EN ISO 3834-3 and EN
ISO 3834-4.
8. Welding process Material Applicable standard
Arc welding, manual and
partly mechanised
Steel EN 287 – 1, ISO 9606-1
Aluminium and aluminium
alloys
ISO 9606-2 (EN 287 – 2)
ISO 9606-3
Nickel and nickel alloys
ISO 9606-4
Arc welding, fully mechanised
and automatic
All EN 1418 (ISO 14732)
Underwater welding All ISO 15618-1 and 2
11. Type “O” Tower Bolts
Hughes Brothers Type “O” Tower Bolts are manufactured
in accordance with ASTM A394.
12. Ordering Information
BT 6 4-1/2 - 3-1/4
Designates type "O" tower bolt
The first digit in decimal equivalent
(see chart on next pages)
Bolt length in inches
Full body length in inches
14. Square Head Bolts
Hughes Brothers Square Head Machine Bolts are
manufactured in accordance with ASTM A36 steel.
15. Ordering Information
B 7 1 6 - 6
Designates square head machine bolts
First digit in decimal equivalent
Bolt length in inches
Thread length in inches
17. A514 steel
The tensile yield strength of A514 alloys is specified as
at least 100 ksi (689 MPa) for thicknesses up to 2.5
inches (63.5 mm) thick plate.
ultimate tensile strength at least 110 ksi (758 Mpa).
Plates from 2.5 to 6.0 inches thick have specified
strength of 621 MPa (yield) and(689–896 MPa)
(ultimate).
A514 steels are used where a weldable, machinable,
very high strength steel is required to save weight or
meet ultimate strength requirements.
19. ISO/TR 29381:2008
Metallic materials -- Measurement of
mechanical properties by an instrumented
indentation test -- Indentation tensile
properties.
ISO/TR 29381:2008 describes methods for
evaluating tensile properties of metallic
materials using an instrumented
indentation test.
20. ISO 13314:2011
Mechanical testing of metals -- Ductility testing --
Compression test for porous and cellular metals.
ISO 13314:2011 specifies a test method for
compressive properties of porous and cellular
metals with a porosity of 50 % or more.
Compressive tests can be carried out at ambient
temperature under quasi-static strain rate
conditions.
22. ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 in
brief
ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are among ISO's most well
known standards ever.
They are implemented by more than a million
organizations in some 175 countries.
ISO 9001 helps organizations to implement quality
management.
ISO 14001 helps organizations to implement
environmental management.
23. ISO 9001 is for quality management
Quality management means what the organization
does to :
ensure that its products or services satisfy the
customer's quality requirements and
comply with any regulations applicable to those
products or services.
enhance customer satisfaction, and
achieve continual improvement of its performance
24. ISO 14001 is for environmental management. This
means what the organization does to:
minimize harmful effects on the environment caused
by its activities,
to conform to applicable regulatory requirements, and
to
achieve continual improvement of its environmental
performance.
25. Processes, not products
Both ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 concern the way an
organization goes about its work.
They are not product standards.
They are not service standards.
They are process standards.
They can be used by product manufacturers and
service providers.
26. Processes, not products
(cont.)
Processes affect final products or services.
ISO 9001 gives the requirements for what the
organization must do to manage processes affecting
quality of its products and services.
ISO 14001 gives the requirements for what the
organization must do to manage processes affecting
the impact of its activities on the environment.
29. Codes
“A standard is a code when it has been adopted by
one or more governmental bodies and is enforceable
by law, or when it has been incorporated into a
business contract”
30. Material classification MC-codes
ISO P Steel
ISO M Stainless steel
ISO K Cast iron
ISO N Non-ferrous materials
ISO S HRSA and Titanium
ISO H Hardened steel
31. MC code structure
“The structure is set up so that the MC
code can represent a variety of workpiece
material properties and characteristics
using a combination of letters and
numbers.”
33. ISO P Steel
Unalloyed steel – P 1.1-1.5
Low alloyed steel – P 2.1-2.6
High alloyed steel – P 3.0-3.2
34. ISO P steel Example 1:The
code P1.2.Z.AN
P is the ISO-code for steel
1 is the material group unalloyed steel
2 is the material sub-group for carbon
content >0.25% ≤0.55 % C
Z is the manufacturing process:
forged/rolled/cold drawn
AN is the heat treatment, annealed,
supplied with hardness values
35. ISO N Non-ferrous materials
Alluminium based N1.1-4.6
Magnesium based N2.0.C.UT
Copper based N3.1-4.5
Zinc based N4.0.C.UT
36. ISO N (non ferrous) Example 2
N1.3.C.AG
N is the ISO-code for non-ferrous metals
1 is the material group aluminium
3 is the sub-group aluminium with Si
content 1-13%
C is the manufacturing process: casting
AG for the heat treatment: ageing
37. ISO M Stainless steel
Ferritic and martensitic stainless steel –
P5.0-5.1
Austenitic and super-austenitic stainless
steel – M1.0-2.0
Duplex stainless steel – M 3.41-3.42
38. ISO M stainless steel Example
M.3.1.C.AQ
M is ISO code for stainless steel
3 is for material group duplex steel
1 is for sub group of material in which
ferrite is >60%
C is for manufacturing process cast
manufactured
AQ is for annealed or quenched annealed
(heattreatment)
39. ISO K Cast iron
Malleable Cast Iron (MCI) K 1.1-1.2 and
Grey Cast Iron (GCI) K 2.1-2.3
Nodular Cast Iron (NCI) K 3.1-3.5
Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) K 4.1-4.2
Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) K 5.1- 5.3
40. ISO K cast iron Example
K3.3.C.UT
K is ISO code for cast iron
3 is for material group nodular
3 is for material sub group perlitic
C is for manufacturing process cast
manufactured
UT is for untreated (heatreatment
process)
41. ISO S HRSA and Titanium
HRSA (heat resistant super alloys)
materials – S 1.0-3.0
Titanium– S 4.1-4.4
42. ISO S HRSA & Titanium
example S4.4.Z.AG
S is for ISO S group
4 is for material group titanium based
4 is for material sub group beta alloys
Z is for manufacturing process
forged/rolled/cold drawn
AG is for aged (heat treated)
43. ISO H Hardened steel
Steel(extra hard) H1.1-4.3
Chilled cast iron H2.0.4
Stellities H3.0.5
Ferro TIC H4.0.6
44. ISO H
Example H1.3.Z.HA
H is for ISO H hardened steel
1 is for material group steel(extra hard)
3 is for material sub group in which
hardness level is 60
Z is for manufacturing process
forged/rolled/cold drawn
HA is for hardened+tempered(heat
treatment)
48. context
Ethics
Ethical Behavior
Alternative Views
Code of ethics
How ethical dilemma complicate workplace
How can ethical standards be maintained
Management ethics types
Sources of ethical views
Overlap model of law moral and ethics
How companies manage ethics
49. What is Ethics
Ethics involves
Having guidelines for human behavior
Studying moral choices and values
Choosing between right and wrong
50. What is ethical behaviour
Ethics
Code of moral principles.
Set standards of “good” and “bad” as opposed
to “right” and “wrong”
Ethical behavior
What is accepted as good and right in the
context of the governing moral code
51. Law, values, and ethical behavior:
Legal behavior is not necessarily ethical
behavior
Personal values help determine individual
ethical behavior
Terminal values
Instrumental values
53. What is code of ethics
A code of ethics is
A systematic set of rules and procedure used to guide
the behavior of an individual, a business or a culture
The code of ethics is in writing and available to
everyone who is expected to abide them
54. How do ethical dilemmas
complicate the workplace?
An ethical dilemma occurs when choices, although
having potential for personal and/or organizational
benefit, may be considered unethical.
Ethical dilemmas include:
Discrimination
Sexual harassment
Conflicts of interest
Customer confidence
Organizational resources
55. Ethical behavior can be rationalized by convincing
yourself that:
Behavior is not really illegal.
Behavior is really in everyone’s best interests.
Nobody will ever find out.
The organization will “protect” you
56. Factors influencing ethical behavior include:
The person
Family influences, religious values, personal
standards, and personal needs.
The organization
Supervisory behavior, peer group norms and
behavior, and policy statements and written
rules.
The environment
Government laws and regulations, societal
norms and values, and competitive climate in
an industry.
57. How can high ethical
standards be maintained?
Checklist for dealing with ethical dilemmas
Step 1. Recognize the ethical dilemma
Step 2: Get the facts
Step 3. Identify your options
Step 4. Test each option: Is it legal? Is it right? Is it
beneficial?
Step 5. Decide which option to follow
Step 6. Double-check decision by asking the “spotlight”
questions: “How would I feel if my family found out
about my decision?” “How would I feel about this if my
decision were printed in the local newspaper?”
Step 7. Take action.
58. Types of Management Ethics
Immoral
Recognize the ethical issues involved and choose to do the
wrong thing.
Moral
Recognize the ethical issues involved and choose to do the
right thing.
Amoral
Do not consider the ethical implications of an action or
believe that ethics are irrelevant.
60. The Overlap Model of Law,
Ethics and Morals
While all three approaches of law, ethics, and morals
attempt to give us guidance as to the propriety of our
conduct, they do not always give us the same answers.
61. Definitions
Ethics: Rules of conduct based on consensually-
accepted standards of behavior. (Conventional
Approach)
Morals: Absolute Precepts of personal behavior based
on religion or philosophy. (Principles Approach)
Law: Formal standards that permit or forbid certain
behaviors.
62. How Companies Manage Ethics
Seven Steps:
Establish compliance standards and procedures
Code of Conduct
Ethical oversight occurs at high levels of management
Do not delegate authority to persons who are prone to
engage in criminal behavior
Use background checks
63. Communicate standards to all employees
Ethics Training Programs
Establish Monitoring and ethical auditing systems
Consistently enforce standards
Immediately after an offence take steps to prevent
future offences