3. INTRODUCTION
Enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis
of starch into sugars.
As diatase,it was the first enzyme to
be discovered and isolated in 1833.
Present in saliva of humans.
Acts on α(1-4) glycosidic bond.
6. α-AMYLASE
Are calcium metalloenzymes.
Breaks down long chain carbohydrates.
Faster acting than β-Amylase.
Major digestive enzyme in animals.
Optimum pH is 6.7-7.0.
Also found in plant, fungi and bacteria.
7. β-AMYLASE
Synthesised by bacteria, fungi and
plants.
β-Amylase catalyses the hydrolysis of
the second α(1-4) glycosidic bond,
working from the non-reducing end.
Present in seeds in an inactive form
prior to germination.
Optimum pH is 4.0-5.0.
8. γ-AMYLASE
It cleaves α(1-6) glycosidic linkages, and
the last α(1-4) glycosidic linkages at the
non-reducing end.
Most acidic optimum pH is 3.
9. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Starch conversion-
α-Amylase used for starch hydrolysis in
starch liquefaction process that converts
starch into fructose and glucose syrups.
Detergent industry-
Use of enzymes enhances the detergents
ability to remove tough stains and making
the detergent environmentally safe.
10. Food industry-
Amylases are used in processed food
industry such as baking, fruit juices,
starch syrups.
Fuel alcohol production-
The conversion of starch into ethanol
involves liquefaction and
saccharification, where starch is
converted into sugar using α-Amylase.
11. ENZYMES SOURCE APPLICATIONS
α-amylase Bacterial(Bacillus)
or
Fungal(Aspergillu
s)
Textiles, fructose
syrups, detergents.
β-amylase Strain of Bacillus Maltose syrups
γ-amylase Aspergillus niger Dextrose syrups
and high fructose
syrups
12. PRODUCTION
SOURCES-
Can be isolated from plants, animals,
microorganisms.
Bacterial species- Bacillus
licheniformis, Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens.
Fungal species- Mostly Aspergillus
species and some species of
Penicllium.
13. METHODS-
Two methods used –
1) Submerged fermentation-
Employs free flowing liquid substrates
like molasses and broth.
2) Solid state fermentation-
Solid substrates are used like bran,
bagasse, paper pulp.
14. SUBMERGED
FERMENTATION
Employs free flowing liquid substrates
such as molasses and broth.
The products yielded in fermentation
are secreted into the fermentation
broth.
Suitable for microorganisms like
bacteria that require high moisture
content for their growth.
15. ADVANTAGES-
Allows the utilization of genetically
modified organisms to a greater
extent.
The sterilization of medium and
purification of end products is easy.
The control of process parameters like
temperature, pH, aeration can be
done conveniently.
16. SOLID STATE
FERMENTATION
Solid substrates are used like bran,
bagasse, paper pulp.
Method for microbes which require less
moisture content for their growth.
Fermentation takes place in the
absence of free water, being close to
the natural environment to which the
microorganisms are adapted.
17. ADVANTAGES-
The nutrient-rich waste materials can
be easily recycled and used as
substrates.
Simpler equipments, higher volumetric
productivity, higher concentration of
products and lesser effluent
generation.
The substrates are used very slowly
and steadily.
18. CONCLUSION
Nowadays enzymes are used for various
reactions because they are biodegradable
and can be produced using biological
sources.
Amylases catalyses the hydrolysis of
starch into sugar.
It has various applications like production
of fructose syrups, safe detergents, baked
products.
Can be produced by SSF and SmF.
19. REFERENCES
Sundarram Ajita, Murthy Krishna,
Pandurangappa Thirupathihalli.
“Amylase production and
applications”. Journal of applied and
environmental microbiology, 2014
2(4), pp 166-175.
Salwa Elamin, Nasir Hassan.
“Amylase production”. Food and public
Health, 2012 2(1),30-35.
Patel A.H.; “Industrial microbiology”,
‘published by Macmillan India Ltd’.