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Romans In Depth
by David Witthoff
Romans Introduction
1. Who wrote it?
2. Who was it sent to?
3. Why was it sent?
Who Wrote it, to Whom, and Why?
1. Paul (1:1)
2. Paul wanted to come to Rome (1:10)
3. He wrote for a few reasons:
1. To get support for his mission
2. To explain the gospel
3. To unite Jew and Gentile
4. Paul wanted to see the believers there (1:11-13)
5. Missionary Support! (15:20-25, 28)
Paul’s Introduction 1:1-7
1. Paul identifies himself as the author
2. He states he is a descendant of David
3. He cites the resurrection of Jesus
4. He talks about the “obedience of faith”
Paul’s Words of Friendship 1:8-13
1. What does Paul mean when he says “some
spiritual gift”? (Verses 11-12)
Paul summarizes his Mission 1:14-18
Summary:
1. The mission was to Greek and Barbarians, wise and foolish
2. The obligation is to preach the gospel!
Questions:
1. But why preach the gospel to believers?
2. Why is Paul not ashamed?
3. What does “first for Jew, then for Gentile” mean?
The Righteousness of God 1:17
What is the “righteousness of God”?
1. An attribute?
2. An action (making people right)?
3. A status given to believers?
4. A combination of God’s act and our new status?
What does “from faith to faith” mean towards the end of the verse?
The use of Hab 2:4 in Rom 1:17
Does “by faith” go with “righteous” or “will live”?
1. The righteous person lives-by-faith (manner of living)
OR
2. The person who is righteous by (because of) faith will
then live.
The use of Hab 2:4 in Rom 1:17
Some scholars think that the entire book of Romans is
written around these two ideas: the first part is “Being
righteous by faith” and the second is “will live.” In between
is a discussion of questions raised by the issues of human
faith, God’s faithfulness, God’s righteousness, and other
significant issues.
The Wrath of God and the Sin of Man
Outline:
1. The Wrath of God revealed (18a)
2. The Suppression of God’s Revelation (18b-
23)
3. Sinners given over to Sin (24-32)
The Wrath of God Revealed 1:18a
What is the wrath of God?
i. It is God’s actions in punishing sin where he will.
ii. It is God’s disposition toward evil, but not action.
iii. A form of both: We should probably not consider God’s wrath
on evil to be a random event, so that when disaster strikes we find its
cause in human sin. But it does not seem to be only God’s
disposition.
The Suppression of God’s Revelation (18b-23)
Is Paul making a contrast between the “Righteous by faith” and those “who
suppress the truth in unrighteousness.” ?
Three specific aspects of God’s revelation are suppressed by people:
i. Invisible attributes
ii. Eternal power
iii. Divine nature
Sinners Given Over to Sin 1:24-32
In the following three sections, Paul mentions the same idea three times with slightly
different nuances. In each case though he states how people are given over to what
they want: sin.
I. Verses 24-25
a. Themes:
i. bodies dishonored
ii. truth of God for lie
iii. serving creature rather than creator
II. Verses 26-27
a. Themes:
i. bodies dishonored (receiving in person penalty)
ii. Natural for unnatural (truth for lie)
III. Verses 28-32
a. Themes:
i. Depraved mind (perhaps in contrast to body)
ii. Knowing ordinances (truth for lie)
Summary of 1:18-32
I. To show the sinfulness of man
II. To show that, in some respect, God lets people go on in their sin
III. To show that sinners are judged by God because of what they do!
Romans 2
1. You (The Jews) Have No Right To Judge (2:1-8)
2. There Is No Partiality With God (2:9-16)
3. The Jews Are Held Accountable Too (2:17-29)
You (The Jews) Have No Right To Judge (2:1-8)
1. Where do you find Paul writing about “works,” “deeds,” “doing,” and
similar words?
2. Who might be doing this judging, Jews or Gentiles?
3. Right! “Don’t judge me man!” Right?
-But what about sin?
There Is No Partiality With God (2:9-16)
2:9-11 has a familiar parallel and verse 11 is the basic idea.
To have the Law, or not: Is there a difference?
- What would that difference mean?
Read this with 3:1 in mind!
The Jews Are Held Accountable Too (2:17-29)
1. Right in verse 17 is where Paul actually addresses the Jews. This is how they can be
correlated to the beginning of the chapter.
2. Verses 17-29 are a basic question of hypocrisy, but underlying it all is a slightly
different point: The Jews break the law which they have. Also, while they break the
law they also dishonor God through their sin since they represent him to the world!
Yikes! The point is that even with the Law, it doesn’t confer some status of
immunity to God’s judgment.
3. What is the circumcision of the heart? (Verse 29)
-Deuteronomy 30:6 (“It all goes back to Deuteronomy”)
Summary of Romans 2
So what is the point?
Paul is showing that in some ways, there is no difference between
Jew and Gentile: both will be judged for what they have done.
Romans 3
Section 1
1. Objections to God’s Punishment of Sin
2. No One is Righteous
3. No One is Justified through the Law
Section 2
1. Righteousness Comes Apart from the Law
2. Christ’s sacrifice is a demonstration of God’s righteousness
3. People are Justified by Faith
Objections to God’s Punishment of Sin
1. What benefit is there being a Jew?
2. Why didn’t they believe Moses and the prophets?
3. Doesn’t this show that God was faithless to his people?
No One is Righteous
1. Verse 9 is Paul’s way of restating the ‘level footing’ idea
of chapter 2
2. He backs this up with a reference to the Psalms
3. How should we understand some of the strong
statements? (Verse 10, 12)
No One is Justified through the Law
1. Verses 19-20 show that being under the law does not
help one be righteous. In fact, the law only highlights
and shows how one has failed.
2. Verse 20 is the balance between works and faith
swinging to the other side. But also notice that Paul
makes this statement in relation to people who
might try to be justified through the law.
Righteousness Comes Apart from the Law
1. Justification comes apart from the Law. (Verse 23?)
1. Just as all people are sinners, so salvation is available to all sinners.
Because salvation didn’t come through the law, it’s not limited to only
those who have the law.
Christ’s Sacrifice is a Demonstration of God’s
Righteousness
1. God had promised to deal with the sin of the people.
The sacrificial system was not meant to take away the
sin of the people. Only Jesus could do that.
1. Gen 22 “The LORD will Provide”
People are Justified by Faith
1. Once again, Paul reiterates that since salvation came apart from Law, it is
for all people. And since it is not Law, it must come by faith.
1. And verse 31 seems to be a quick counter to the idea that the Law is
useless. But Paul quickly shows that it is useful and valuable, likely in that
it shows people God’s hope and direction for life.
Summary of Romans 3
1. Though the Jewish people, or anyone, never really
understood God, it does not mean God is faithless.
Romans 4 & 5
Chapter 4
Verses 1-8 – How was Abraham Justified?
Verses 9-25 – What was the basis of God’s promises to
Abraham?
Chapter 5
Verses 1-11 - What justification means for us
Verses 12-21 – Adam’s sin and Christ’s sacrifice
Romans 4:1-8
1. Paul has just shown in Chapter 3 how we are justified by faith. Going to the
patriarch of Judaism, he shows that Abraham himself was justified by faith. It
was not his work that made him right with God, but his trust in God.
2. Some might say that faith itself is a work, but this is inaccurate. Faith does
not earn us salvation. It’s not as if God is looking for us to have faith because
that is “good enough” or the right move to be save. Faith is the recognition that
one cannot earn salvation. It is trust in God because He is the Savior.
Romans 4:9-25
1. In verses 9-12 Paul shows that circumcision is only the sign of the faith that Abraham
had, and which the people were supposed to have. It was the sign of the covenant. The
problem was that the people forgot the meaning for the symbol. Faith is what was
needed. Paul is showing here that Abraham himself was justified before being
circumcised!
2. Verses 13-15 are probably the most difficult. It seems to be that Paul is saying that the
promises to Abraham and his descendants, the promises of the covenant, were not
“through” the law, but through faith. In the related passages in Genesis, God’s covenant
is given in stages. So the law was given to show the people how to live, but God would
bring about his purposes either way.
3. In Verses 16-25 Paul reiterates on the unity between those who follow the law (as
Abraham did) and those who have faith (as Abraham did). He goes on then to expound
on how Abrahams faith story came about.
Romans 5:1-11
1. Verses 1-11 is a great passage about the joy and wonder of justification, of
being made right with God. A great truth within this section is the joy we can
have in knowing how God views us. Paul basically says that while we were
sinners he died for us, so how much more will we be saved now that we belong
to God!
Romans 5:12-21
1. Verse 13, no law = no imputation of sin?
2. Verses 12-14 shows that sin is pervasive; it affects all people
3. In Verses 16-19 Paul gives the same idea a few times with some different
nuances each time. His point seems to be this: As bad as Adam’s sin was for
humanity, think how much greater Christ’s blessing will be! Christ is so much
greater than Adam, so His blessing will be much greater than the curse which
Adam brought.
Question: Universalism?
4. In Verses 20-21 Paul shows how the law revealed sin, but God’s grace is not
outmatched. And as great as sin and death are, how much greater are the
grace, righteousness, and eternal life of Jesus Christ?
Summary of Romans 4-5
1. Paul uses the story of Abraham to “prove” his point, especially to his Jewish audience.
2. The promises of God come by faith, and always have. The Law was given to show people how to
live, but the blessing was always about faith as well (think about the prophets!)
3. Christ’s work has reconciled us to God. Be happy about it!
4. Christ’s accomplishment of salvation is so much greater than the curse that Adam brought about.
So: 1. Faith is the proper and best response to God.
2. Anyone can be saved, because anyone can have faith!
3. God’s plan is better and greater
Romans 6
1. United through baptism 1-4
1. United in Death and Life 5-11
1. How should we now live? 12-23
United through Baptism 6:1-4
1. 6:1-2 Paul counters an argument which may have arisen from the previous
chapter. There he spoke about how Christ’s salvation for us is enough to
take away our sin. You can never out-sin salvation. But here in 1-2 Paul
quickly shows that this is no excuse to go on sinning just because you can
be forgiven.
1. 6:3-4 He reasons that since we have been baptized into Christ Jesus and
into his death, how can we keep on sinning. His point is that if one “dies”
to sin, why does that person keep acting like he’s alive to that sin? The
Death/Life analogy it what Paul uses to explain how we should view sin
and obedience.
United in Death and Life 6:5-11
1. 6:5-7 These verses show the parallel between Christ’s death to sin and
resurrection life, and how we are made dead to sin, but are alive through
Jesus. The language is very strong “free from sin.”
a. What does it mean to be freed from sin?
2. 6:8-11 Since Christ now lives and will never die, Paul explains that the life
we live through him will be of the same type. Because we share in Christ’s
life, we will not die either!
How should we now Live? 6:12-23
1. 16:12-14 So the logical conclusion is that believers should not live as if
they were “alive” to sin! Sin is not the master.
2. 16:5-19 Paul then comes back to defend against the same argument from
before: If we are under grace, if sin isn’t our master, then why not enjoy it
right? If it has no power we could do whatever we want right? WRONG!
Paul shows that that doesn’t make any sense! He goes on to show in a
“simple way” that our goal now should be to do what is right. So in the
same way we might have sought out sin before hand, now we should seek
out ways to do what is right!
a. Verse 16 – Obedience leads to righteousness?
How should we now Live? 6:12-23
1. 6:20-21 Paul shows here that the things we may have worked for or done
before, when we were dead in sin, only lead to death. We didn’t consider
righteousness as something to strive for. But now that we see how those
things only brought death, why would we want to keep doing them?
2. 6:22-23 There is an interesting progression in 22:
a. Freed from sin → enslaved to God → “Derive benefit” → sanctification
→ eternal life.
b. 6:23 Finally this familiar verse ends the chapter. It concludes on the
same note that sin brings death but Christ brings life.
Summary of Romans 6
Dr. Ciampa’s Quote: “If Paul says “Don’t ______” the application is not “Paul
wants his readers to know that they should not _______” He wants them not
to do it!”
The point from this passage is:
Stop sinning!
You don’t need to sin anymore!
Sin doesn’t make any sense, so stop!
Sin leads to death! Live according to Christ’s life!
Romans 7
1. 7:1-6 Death and Law
1. 7:7-13 The Law is Good/Sin Takes Advantage
1. 7:14-25 The Internal War
Death and Law
1. 7:1-4 Paul brings an analogy to explain the relationship people (particularly Jewish people) now
have with the Law. Paul has just spoken in Chapter 6 about not sinning, and in Chapter 7 he
speaks about the law, since through the law we know what sin is.
1. 7:5-6 Here Paul gives the application of the analogy. Since we have “died” spiritually with
Christ, the force of the law in the lives of the Jews is gone. Just as a married woman does not
have a legal obligation once her husband is gone, so the Jews do not have an obligation now
that they are “dead” in Christ.
a. This also connects with the earlier sections about being buried with Christ and living in his
resurrection.
1. How might this section apply to “Gentiles”?
The Law is Good, but Sin takes Advantage
1. 7:7-8 Here he shows that the Law is not a bad thing, but that sin is highlighted through it. Paul
personifies sin, saying that it took opportunity through the law to produce in him all kinds of sin.
Obviously “sin” is not a thing that can “do” anything. He speaks in this way to show how the
Law brought to light everything, even things people may not have noticed.
1. 7:9 The first part of this verse is odd. When did Paul live apart from the law?
1. 7:10 The law was supposed to result in life. Did God make a mistake?
1. 7:11-13 We make the mistakes! Sin leads us to death!
The Internal War
1. 7:14-19 This is a somewhat confusing section where Paul takes about doing certain things and
not doing other things, and whether or not he wants to do them. The difficulty is whether or not
he is speaking in confident Christian terms, or humble sinner terms.
a.
Confident Christian: The things you want to do = what is right
Humble Sinner: The things you want to do = sin
b.
Confident Christian: The things you hate = sin
Humble Sinner: The things you hate = what is right.
2. It seems that Paul has the view of the Humble Sinner. Verses 19-20 seem to clear this up.
The Internal War
1. 7:21-25 Finally he ends this section with a bit of frustration. In his mind he
agrees with the Law and with God (22) but can’t seem to shake the
internal struggle! In verse 25 he even ends with this “limbo” state where
states plainly the difference of his mind and actions.
1. We’ll get to the good part next week, but it continues into Chapter 8 with
the solution to this predicament. It might surprise you to know that that
inward struggle is not supposed to be the way things are. As familiar as it
may be to us, the victory in Christ and the Holy Spirit can lead us to a life
away from this struggle.
Summary of Romans 7
From this passage we learn:
1. Our spiritual death makes the law void
2. God didn’t make a mistake with the Law
3. There is a spiritual struggle going on (but it doesn’t have to be that way…)
Romans 8
1. 8:1-8 According to the Spirit
1. 8:9-17 The Spirit that Dwells in Us
1. 8:18-25 Awaiting our future Hope
1. 8:26-39 Ultimate Victory
According to the Spirit 8:1-8
1. In this section we have the other side to chapter 7. While the inward
struggle may appear to be the way things are, we have victory in Christ
now.
1. There are two sides to this section as well. First is that Christ came and did
everything the Law required. So while it might have pointed out how sinful
we are, it could not do the same to him.
1. Second is the idea of walking according to the Spirit. Through this we
experience “life and peace.” The issue then is what does it mean to walk
“according to the Spirit?”
The Spirit that Dwells in us 8:9-17
1. It seems that Paul answers the question here. If we have the Spirit, it
means in some way, we are walking with him.
1. Verse 11 is an interesting “prooftext” on the bodily resurrection
1. The end of this section just shows how important it is to live according to
what we are subject to. We don’t have to follow the flesh anymore. And
since the Spirit is within us, we should follow Him.
Awaiting our Future Hope 8:18-25
1. In this section, Paul’s brief mention of suffering in verse
17 seems to have reminded him of suffering in general,
and how it relates to our victory. He goes on to explain
how all creation is awaiting the time when things will be
made right.
1. He finishes the section with the reminder that
perseverance is necessary until that time.
Ultimate Victory 8:26-39
1. Questions:
a. Verse 26 → Speaking in Tongues?
b. Predestination, individual or corporate?
1. Paul seems to keep a balance between the victory we have now in Christ,
and our final victory over death with Christ. It would seem that at this
point he is emphasizing that the victory is most dramatically seen in our
final victory. So while they may be put to death all day long, there is
nothing that can separate them from God.
Summary of Romans 8
1. The difficult part about applying such a passage to life is that the passage
is so optimistic while our experience does not often match up. We should
be reminded of the great hopes that we have in Christ, that is, his Spirit
within us, adoptions as children, victory over sin, and final victory over
death.
1. The application to our lives is to live according to this reality, not according
to a world that will pass away. Whenever your experience does not match
the victory you read here, remind yourself what the victory means: Sin has
no power over us – Any pain we experience now will be done away with in
the end.
Romans 9
1. 9:1-5 Paul’s grief over Israel
2. 9:6-13 True Israel are the people of Promise
3. 9:14-24 God’s justice: Did he Abandon Israel?
4. 9:25-33 God draws all peoples, but some misunderstand Christ
Pauls’ Grief over Israel 9:1-5
1. In this first section Paul moves from chapter eight and the joy that he
knows to grief over Israel. He knows about Christ, but by this point after
Christ, many of the Jews had rejected Him as the Messiah.
2. It is also interesting to note that he calls them “kinsmen according to the
flesh.” Paul is going to make a distinction here between those related by
promise and those related by flesh.
True Israel are the People of Promise 9:6-13
1. The question Paul is pre-empting is: Isn’t God unfaithful to Israel since so
many of them are not saved by Christ? What about the covenants? The
Promise to Abraham?
2. Paul shows though that the promises to Abraham’s descendants were not
to all of his descendants, but only to those “of Promise.” By this, it seems
to show that the true descendants of Abraham are those that have faith
like he did. This was seen also in chapter 4.
3. Some of the odd language in verse 13 might strike some as odd. But it
seems that Paul is showing how God chose certain people to bring about
his purposes. It is not that only these people were the ones God loved, but
that these were the children of Promise who were so by their faith in God.
God’s Justice: Did He Abandon Israel? 9:14-24
1. This section is the most difficult. It would appear that Paul returns to the
first question, did God abandon Israel? Paul answers by saying that
certainly God is just. He uses certain people for certain purposes.
1. Verses 18-19 are the heart of the matter. Some have taken this passage
to mean that God chooses how people respond to Him. The voice that
asks “why does he still find fault” is a way of saying “how can he judge me
if He chose my destiny?” The answer being “God has the right to do what
he wants.” But understanding the dialogue in this way just doesn’t seem
right. The better understanding is that God saves by faith, and those who
do not accept God by faith cannot say God is unfair. The difference is
between the faithful and the unfaithful.
God Draws all peoples, but some do not
Misunderstand Christ 9:23-33
1. In the final section Paul shows that both kinds of
people, Jews and Gentiles, are part of the people of
promise. The trouble was that so many of the Jews
didn’t understand Christ when he came.
Summary of Romans 9
1. This passage means that it doesn’t matter where one comes from, if you
have faith, you are part of the people of God, a true descendant of
Abraham.
2. It means that God is fair in what he does. If some people don’t believe in
Him, God is still just. If people are angry that there is only one way to
God, it is still God’s choice.
3. Finally, thanksgiving should be a response. We should be grateful for the
knowledge of God that we have, and that through his direction in our lives
we did come to know Christ and salvation. We should be thankful that we
are part of the people of Promise.
Romans 10
1. 10:1-5 Law of Righteousness
2. 10:6-13 Righteousness of Faith
3. 10:14-16 The Word came to the Jews
4. 10:17-21 Jewish and Gentile responses to the Gospel
Law of Righteousness 10:1-5
1. Paul begins this chapter continuing right off of chapter 9. He states again
his wish for the salvation of the Jewish people, but he also explains where
their thinking is going wrong in verses 1-5.
1. Verse 3 is interesting with the distinction between God’s righteousness and
their own form. Perhaps Paul is indicating how the Jewish people generally
did not understand God’s salvation coming by faith, but worked for
righteousness through the law.
1. In 10:5 Paul writes about the trouble one gets into trying to practice
righteousness based on the law.
Righteousness of Faith 10:6-13
1. Here Paul makes reference back to Deuteronomy 30. This chapter is about
the blessing and restoration God promises to his people which would come
after their exile. It also speaks in verse 6 about a circumcision of the heart.
This is somewhat veiled language, but it would appear to say that God
would effect an internal change in them. Verses 10-14 of Deut 30 are most
interesting because they blend the need for obedience with the need for
faith. This is how Paul seems to understand it, especially with reference to
the faith aspect.
1. Perhaps Paul is even saying that the obedience and “turning” which Deut
30:10 speaks of is accomplished by faith in Christ. In this way he cites
verse 12 about Christ, and verse 14 then is the concept of faith.
The Word came to the Jews 10:14-16
1. Here Paul returns again to the question of the Jews it seems. He states a
line of questions that lead one into another. While it may seem that Paul is
indicating some sort of call for evangelism, that wouldn’t really fit the
context. Verse 16 also states that they all didn’t listen to the Gospel,
meaning that the evangelism has already happened. This section is Paul’s
way of saying that the Gospel has come to the Jews, but as Isaiah says,
no one believed the report.
2. Paul then moves into a brief discussion on the responses of the Jews and
Gentiles to the Gospel
Jewish and Gentile Responses to the
Gospel 10:17-21
1. This section is best seen through an outline:
a.
18: The Jewish people heard the word about Christ
19: But they didn’t understand
19b: The belief of Gentiles works to make the Jewish nation jealous of what the Gentiles
have found and received from God.
20: Isaiah confirms in another place the friendship God would have with all peoples
21: God’s own people were obstinate.
2. So Paul has answered his own anguish from the beginning of the chapter. The Jewish people
have not followed God because they have not had faith. The reception of the Gospel by Gentiles
is also not a surprise, since Isaiah predicted this happening.
Summary of Romans 10
1. God is faithful to do what he promised.
2. God is sovereign and accomplished salvation in His way
3. People must deal with Christ and make a decision on who they believe he
is. Hopefully this passage would encourage us to really consider Christ
and help others to do the same.
Romans 11-12
1. Further Thoughts on Israel
a. 11:1-10 A Remnant Remains
b. 11:11-24 The Branch analogy
c. 11:25-36 “True Israel” and Doxology
2. A Call for Response:
a. 12:1-2 Do not conform to the world
A Remnant Remains 10:1-11
1. Here Paul uses an argument from the life of Elijah to show how God has
always had at least a remnant of his Chosen people. Never has all Israel
been faithless. He uses this and shows that some of the Jewish people
were then accepting Christ. There were Jews among the elect.
1. The difficult phrases in verses 5 and 7 about the remnant being “chosen by
grace” or being “elect” is something we’ve already talked about. I don’t
think this passage says that God picked some Jews and not others. But
this is one of the most difficult passages to understand about election.
The Branch Analogy 10:11-24
1. In this section Paul is showing how the faith of the Gentiles serves to make
the Jews jealous. In a way it makes them “look up” to see what is going on.
Paul also gives a warning to the Gentiles not to be conceited about their
status before God.
1. He uses an analogy of trees and branches to explain himself. To be frank,
this passage is strong evidence for the concept of backsliding, or losing
one’s salvation. This is especially evident in verse 21
1. His final point is how much sense it makes for the natural branches to be
grafted back in.
“True” Israel and Doxology 11:25-26
1. This passage has brought forth a lot of debate about what Paul means
when he says “and all Israel will be saved.” We’ve already seen how
Israelites though the Old Testament had failed to have faith in God. Paul
has also mentioned that without faith, no one would be saved, and it is
certain that not all Jews had faith. So what does he mean?
1. It seems best to understand this as a reference to the “New Israel.” All
Israel is that group of people that has faith. All Israel is a way of saying
“God’s people” or God’s faithful ones.” It does not mean that everyone who
is ethnically Jewish is going to heaven. That would go against the flow of
the entire book.
Do not Conform to the World 12:1-2
1. At this point Paul finally writes about what kind of
response we can give to God in thanks for his grace. He
calls our worship the giving of our bodies. What I think
he means is that our response should be a life of
worship, that is, doing whatever He wants us to do with
out lives. Verse two answer just this: we will know what
his will is when our minds are renewed (by his work in
us).
Do no think of yourself more than you
should 12:3-8
1. Once again he warns against pride. Christians should
consider themselves as a body, in which different parts
have different roles. The danger is to think more highly
of yourself than you should. We each have a part.
Final Exhortations 12:9-21
1. In this last section Paul gives a sort of list of different
things Christians should do or not do as we live this new
life with a renewed mind.
Summary of Romans 11-12
1. From Chapter 11 we learn:
a. God is faithful to his people, to Israel in the past, and to the Church
right now.
b. We should examine our spiritual condition from time to time to
understand our salvation, that way it does not grow stale.
2. From Chapter 12 we learn:
a. We should give up our own desire for the direction of our lives. God
deserves worship, and we do that by following his will for our lives. We
learn how to do this by following the Holy Spirit and working with him
in the renewing of our minds.
b. We should not be proud. We are saved by grace. We’ve done nothing
Romans 13-14
1. 13:1-7 Being subject to civil authority.
2. 13:8-14 The Christian Priority should be to love others.
3. 14:1-12 How to treat a weaker Christian
4. 14:13-23 Stumbling over conscience
Being Subject to Civil Authority 13:1-7
1. This passage is difficult to understand because of what we know about
governments. Not all of them are good, and even the good ones have
some amount of corruption. But all this verse says is that God is the main
authority over all life and that He establishes governments. But this doesn’t
mean that God is responsible for everything those governments do. They
are still made up of people who make bad choices sometimes.
2. How does this passage apply to revolution, rebellion, or coups?
The Christian Priority should be to Love
Others 13:8-14
1. In this section Paul tells the Christians that love should be the
status quo. I think this relates to the civic nature of the previous
section. Paul has been thinking about governments and citizens,
and so now he offers the “main thing” that Christians should do and
be known for: loving others. In the last few verses it appears that
Paul is looking to the future. So he encourages Christians to love
others with love that comes from hope. This hope comes from a
present knowledge of the future resurrection.
How we Treat a Weaker Christian 14:1-12
1. I think that Paul is addressing a Jew/Gentile issue here. It seems likely that
some of the Jewish people were still practicing some of their old rituals.
Paul is trying to tell both groups to get along. Neither side was supposed to
judge the other. I think this can apply in the church now in some ways, but
not in others. I think this is the same way Paul wanted to be understood by
the people he wrote to.
2. The real issue is sin. I don’t think Paul is advocating that we ignore sin in
our Christian communities. I think what he is saying is that we are not to
judge other Christians in their expression of worship or in how their
conscience pushes them to worship, so long as they are not sinning.
Stumbling over Conscience 13:13-23
1. In this section Paul takes his thinking to the next level. In addition to not
judging, Christians should refrain from behavior that leads others to sin.
Even a Christian who goes against his conscience has a problem. An
issue might not be sin, but it would be sin to go against one’s conscience.
2. A word about reason can be applied here though. Remember that we use
all sorts of avenues for interpreting scripture. That is, maybe a Christian
has a really rough time going to the movies, because he grew up thinking
that going to the movies was the epitome of debauchery. Now if we
followed this teaching rigidly we might never talk about movies in front of
this guy. The logical balance is that we should care and be concerned for
other Christians, but we should also teach what is right and wrong and why
it is so. Legalism will get us nowhere.
Summary of Romans 13-14
1. From Chapter 13
a. Perhaps we should be slower to judge our government or complain about it. Perhaps we
should respect what God has put over us. It doesn’t mean we can’t speak out against what
we oppose, but Christians should always show respect. We represent God, not just
ourselves.
b. Similarly, love is the status quo. Let our country and world know who we are by how we
love others.
2. From Chapter 14
a. Have patience with those who worship or love God in ways we might not understand. Just
because it is different from what you may know does not mean it is necessarily wrong.
b. Refrain from activity that leads other Christians to violate their consciences. But also, teach
others what is truly right and wrong, and why it is so. This will help us all live in peace.
Romans 15-16
1. 15:1-7 Bear with and Build up Neighbors
2. 15:8-13 Christ is the Hope of all People
3. 15:14-21 Paul’s Ambition
4. 15:22-33 Paul’s Hope to Visit Believers in Rome
5. 16:1-16 General Greetings
6. 16:17-23 Final Appeals and Greetings
7. 16:24-27 Doxology
Bear with and Build up Neighbors 15:1-7
1. This sections continues the train of thought from
chapter 14 about weaker believers.
2. Paul seems especially concerned with harmony and
unity, and this is likely the driving force for his
exhortation.
3. While Christians should surely sacrifice for the sake of
fellow believers, correct teaching from scripture is
certainly the best solution for unity.
Christ the Hope of all Peoples 15:8-13
1. It seems the idea of unity might be related here (as in various parts of the
whole book!) to the relationship of Jewish and Gentile Christians
2. Paul shows once again that Christ came for Israel and also for the Gentiles
(15:8-9).
3. Paul then cites three passages from the OT that alluded to or stated quite
clearly that God had the Gentiles in mind the whole time:
a. Psalm 18:49 (~2 Sam 22:50)
b. Psalm 117:1
c. Isaiah 11:10
Paul’s Ambition 15:14-21
1. Paul takes a moment to affirm the Christians he is
writing to (15:14-15)
2. Then he moves to restate his mission (15:16-19)
3. Paul’s ambition: to preach Christ where He has not
been preached! (15:20-21)
Paul’s Hope to Visit Believers in Rome 15:22-33
1. I think one of the main reasons Paul wrote
this entire book was as a missionary support
letter! (15:24)
Final Appeals and Greetings 16:17-23
1. Paul’s final word is a warning against those who cause divisions. He
described the people as:
a. Serving themselves and not Christ
b. Deceiving the naive through flattery
2. Paul closes this section by encouraging them again and reminding them of
God’s final victory over Satan.
Doxology 16:24-27
1. Paul’s doxology touches on a number of points he wrote about in his book:
a. The Gospel and preaching of Jesus
b. The revelation of mystery
c. The obedience of faith
Summary of Romans 15-16
1. From Romans 15:
a. The theme of unity is strong in chapter 15 and can even be seen in Paul’s warning about
division in chapter 16. His passion for the Gospel is strong, but he also looks to the daily
life the church to be unified. Preaching the Gospel is his mission, but the unity of the
Church seems to be his ongoing concern.
b. Paul writes this work to raise support for his mission. It goes together that a unified Church
would be in a much better position to support his mission than a Church divided into
factions. Any Church today is likely to find the same truth: a divided church will spend its
time and resources on internal matters, but a united Church can focus on the mission and
Gospel of Jesus.
2. From Romans 16:
a. While much of this chapter is greetings, Paul lays out his warning against division and
leaves the Church with a word of encouragement.

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Romans in Depth

  • 1. Romans In Depth by David Witthoff
  • 2. Romans Introduction 1. Who wrote it? 2. Who was it sent to? 3. Why was it sent?
  • 3. Who Wrote it, to Whom, and Why? 1. Paul (1:1) 2. Paul wanted to come to Rome (1:10) 3. He wrote for a few reasons: 1. To get support for his mission 2. To explain the gospel 3. To unite Jew and Gentile 4. Paul wanted to see the believers there (1:11-13) 5. Missionary Support! (15:20-25, 28)
  • 4. Paul’s Introduction 1:1-7 1. Paul identifies himself as the author 2. He states he is a descendant of David 3. He cites the resurrection of Jesus 4. He talks about the “obedience of faith”
  • 5. Paul’s Words of Friendship 1:8-13 1. What does Paul mean when he says “some spiritual gift”? (Verses 11-12)
  • 6. Paul summarizes his Mission 1:14-18 Summary: 1. The mission was to Greek and Barbarians, wise and foolish 2. The obligation is to preach the gospel! Questions: 1. But why preach the gospel to believers? 2. Why is Paul not ashamed? 3. What does “first for Jew, then for Gentile” mean?
  • 7. The Righteousness of God 1:17 What is the “righteousness of God”? 1. An attribute? 2. An action (making people right)? 3. A status given to believers? 4. A combination of God’s act and our new status? What does “from faith to faith” mean towards the end of the verse?
  • 8. The use of Hab 2:4 in Rom 1:17 Does “by faith” go with “righteous” or “will live”? 1. The righteous person lives-by-faith (manner of living) OR 2. The person who is righteous by (because of) faith will then live.
  • 9. The use of Hab 2:4 in Rom 1:17 Some scholars think that the entire book of Romans is written around these two ideas: the first part is “Being righteous by faith” and the second is “will live.” In between is a discussion of questions raised by the issues of human faith, God’s faithfulness, God’s righteousness, and other significant issues.
  • 10. The Wrath of God and the Sin of Man Outline: 1. The Wrath of God revealed (18a) 2. The Suppression of God’s Revelation (18b- 23) 3. Sinners given over to Sin (24-32)
  • 11. The Wrath of God Revealed 1:18a What is the wrath of God? i. It is God’s actions in punishing sin where he will. ii. It is God’s disposition toward evil, but not action. iii. A form of both: We should probably not consider God’s wrath on evil to be a random event, so that when disaster strikes we find its cause in human sin. But it does not seem to be only God’s disposition.
  • 12. The Suppression of God’s Revelation (18b-23) Is Paul making a contrast between the “Righteous by faith” and those “who suppress the truth in unrighteousness.” ? Three specific aspects of God’s revelation are suppressed by people: i. Invisible attributes ii. Eternal power iii. Divine nature
  • 13. Sinners Given Over to Sin 1:24-32 In the following three sections, Paul mentions the same idea three times with slightly different nuances. In each case though he states how people are given over to what they want: sin. I. Verses 24-25 a. Themes: i. bodies dishonored ii. truth of God for lie iii. serving creature rather than creator II. Verses 26-27 a. Themes: i. bodies dishonored (receiving in person penalty) ii. Natural for unnatural (truth for lie) III. Verses 28-32 a. Themes: i. Depraved mind (perhaps in contrast to body) ii. Knowing ordinances (truth for lie)
  • 14. Summary of 1:18-32 I. To show the sinfulness of man II. To show that, in some respect, God lets people go on in their sin III. To show that sinners are judged by God because of what they do!
  • 15. Romans 2 1. You (The Jews) Have No Right To Judge (2:1-8) 2. There Is No Partiality With God (2:9-16) 3. The Jews Are Held Accountable Too (2:17-29)
  • 16. You (The Jews) Have No Right To Judge (2:1-8) 1. Where do you find Paul writing about “works,” “deeds,” “doing,” and similar words? 2. Who might be doing this judging, Jews or Gentiles? 3. Right! “Don’t judge me man!” Right? -But what about sin?
  • 17. There Is No Partiality With God (2:9-16) 2:9-11 has a familiar parallel and verse 11 is the basic idea. To have the Law, or not: Is there a difference? - What would that difference mean? Read this with 3:1 in mind!
  • 18. The Jews Are Held Accountable Too (2:17-29) 1. Right in verse 17 is where Paul actually addresses the Jews. This is how they can be correlated to the beginning of the chapter. 2. Verses 17-29 are a basic question of hypocrisy, but underlying it all is a slightly different point: The Jews break the law which they have. Also, while they break the law they also dishonor God through their sin since they represent him to the world! Yikes! The point is that even with the Law, it doesn’t confer some status of immunity to God’s judgment. 3. What is the circumcision of the heart? (Verse 29) -Deuteronomy 30:6 (“It all goes back to Deuteronomy”)
  • 19. Summary of Romans 2 So what is the point? Paul is showing that in some ways, there is no difference between Jew and Gentile: both will be judged for what they have done.
  • 20. Romans 3 Section 1 1. Objections to God’s Punishment of Sin 2. No One is Righteous 3. No One is Justified through the Law Section 2 1. Righteousness Comes Apart from the Law 2. Christ’s sacrifice is a demonstration of God’s righteousness 3. People are Justified by Faith
  • 21. Objections to God’s Punishment of Sin 1. What benefit is there being a Jew? 2. Why didn’t they believe Moses and the prophets? 3. Doesn’t this show that God was faithless to his people?
  • 22. No One is Righteous 1. Verse 9 is Paul’s way of restating the ‘level footing’ idea of chapter 2 2. He backs this up with a reference to the Psalms 3. How should we understand some of the strong statements? (Verse 10, 12)
  • 23. No One is Justified through the Law 1. Verses 19-20 show that being under the law does not help one be righteous. In fact, the law only highlights and shows how one has failed. 2. Verse 20 is the balance between works and faith swinging to the other side. But also notice that Paul makes this statement in relation to people who might try to be justified through the law.
  • 24. Righteousness Comes Apart from the Law 1. Justification comes apart from the Law. (Verse 23?) 1. Just as all people are sinners, so salvation is available to all sinners. Because salvation didn’t come through the law, it’s not limited to only those who have the law.
  • 25. Christ’s Sacrifice is a Demonstration of God’s Righteousness 1. God had promised to deal with the sin of the people. The sacrificial system was not meant to take away the sin of the people. Only Jesus could do that. 1. Gen 22 “The LORD will Provide”
  • 26. People are Justified by Faith 1. Once again, Paul reiterates that since salvation came apart from Law, it is for all people. And since it is not Law, it must come by faith. 1. And verse 31 seems to be a quick counter to the idea that the Law is useless. But Paul quickly shows that it is useful and valuable, likely in that it shows people God’s hope and direction for life.
  • 27. Summary of Romans 3 1. Though the Jewish people, or anyone, never really understood God, it does not mean God is faithless.
  • 28. Romans 4 & 5 Chapter 4 Verses 1-8 – How was Abraham Justified? Verses 9-25 – What was the basis of God’s promises to Abraham? Chapter 5 Verses 1-11 - What justification means for us Verses 12-21 – Adam’s sin and Christ’s sacrifice
  • 29. Romans 4:1-8 1. Paul has just shown in Chapter 3 how we are justified by faith. Going to the patriarch of Judaism, he shows that Abraham himself was justified by faith. It was not his work that made him right with God, but his trust in God. 2. Some might say that faith itself is a work, but this is inaccurate. Faith does not earn us salvation. It’s not as if God is looking for us to have faith because that is “good enough” or the right move to be save. Faith is the recognition that one cannot earn salvation. It is trust in God because He is the Savior.
  • 30. Romans 4:9-25 1. In verses 9-12 Paul shows that circumcision is only the sign of the faith that Abraham had, and which the people were supposed to have. It was the sign of the covenant. The problem was that the people forgot the meaning for the symbol. Faith is what was needed. Paul is showing here that Abraham himself was justified before being circumcised! 2. Verses 13-15 are probably the most difficult. It seems to be that Paul is saying that the promises to Abraham and his descendants, the promises of the covenant, were not “through” the law, but through faith. In the related passages in Genesis, God’s covenant is given in stages. So the law was given to show the people how to live, but God would bring about his purposes either way. 3. In Verses 16-25 Paul reiterates on the unity between those who follow the law (as Abraham did) and those who have faith (as Abraham did). He goes on then to expound on how Abrahams faith story came about.
  • 31. Romans 5:1-11 1. Verses 1-11 is a great passage about the joy and wonder of justification, of being made right with God. A great truth within this section is the joy we can have in knowing how God views us. Paul basically says that while we were sinners he died for us, so how much more will we be saved now that we belong to God!
  • 32. Romans 5:12-21 1. Verse 13, no law = no imputation of sin? 2. Verses 12-14 shows that sin is pervasive; it affects all people 3. In Verses 16-19 Paul gives the same idea a few times with some different nuances each time. His point seems to be this: As bad as Adam’s sin was for humanity, think how much greater Christ’s blessing will be! Christ is so much greater than Adam, so His blessing will be much greater than the curse which Adam brought. Question: Universalism? 4. In Verses 20-21 Paul shows how the law revealed sin, but God’s grace is not outmatched. And as great as sin and death are, how much greater are the grace, righteousness, and eternal life of Jesus Christ?
  • 33. Summary of Romans 4-5 1. Paul uses the story of Abraham to “prove” his point, especially to his Jewish audience. 2. The promises of God come by faith, and always have. The Law was given to show people how to live, but the blessing was always about faith as well (think about the prophets!) 3. Christ’s work has reconciled us to God. Be happy about it! 4. Christ’s accomplishment of salvation is so much greater than the curse that Adam brought about. So: 1. Faith is the proper and best response to God. 2. Anyone can be saved, because anyone can have faith! 3. God’s plan is better and greater
  • 34. Romans 6 1. United through baptism 1-4 1. United in Death and Life 5-11 1. How should we now live? 12-23
  • 35. United through Baptism 6:1-4 1. 6:1-2 Paul counters an argument which may have arisen from the previous chapter. There he spoke about how Christ’s salvation for us is enough to take away our sin. You can never out-sin salvation. But here in 1-2 Paul quickly shows that this is no excuse to go on sinning just because you can be forgiven. 1. 6:3-4 He reasons that since we have been baptized into Christ Jesus and into his death, how can we keep on sinning. His point is that if one “dies” to sin, why does that person keep acting like he’s alive to that sin? The Death/Life analogy it what Paul uses to explain how we should view sin and obedience.
  • 36. United in Death and Life 6:5-11 1. 6:5-7 These verses show the parallel between Christ’s death to sin and resurrection life, and how we are made dead to sin, but are alive through Jesus. The language is very strong “free from sin.” a. What does it mean to be freed from sin? 2. 6:8-11 Since Christ now lives and will never die, Paul explains that the life we live through him will be of the same type. Because we share in Christ’s life, we will not die either!
  • 37. How should we now Live? 6:12-23 1. 16:12-14 So the logical conclusion is that believers should not live as if they were “alive” to sin! Sin is not the master. 2. 16:5-19 Paul then comes back to defend against the same argument from before: If we are under grace, if sin isn’t our master, then why not enjoy it right? If it has no power we could do whatever we want right? WRONG! Paul shows that that doesn’t make any sense! He goes on to show in a “simple way” that our goal now should be to do what is right. So in the same way we might have sought out sin before hand, now we should seek out ways to do what is right! a. Verse 16 – Obedience leads to righteousness?
  • 38. How should we now Live? 6:12-23 1. 6:20-21 Paul shows here that the things we may have worked for or done before, when we were dead in sin, only lead to death. We didn’t consider righteousness as something to strive for. But now that we see how those things only brought death, why would we want to keep doing them? 2. 6:22-23 There is an interesting progression in 22: a. Freed from sin → enslaved to God → “Derive benefit” → sanctification → eternal life. b. 6:23 Finally this familiar verse ends the chapter. It concludes on the same note that sin brings death but Christ brings life.
  • 39. Summary of Romans 6 Dr. Ciampa’s Quote: “If Paul says “Don’t ______” the application is not “Paul wants his readers to know that they should not _______” He wants them not to do it!” The point from this passage is: Stop sinning! You don’t need to sin anymore! Sin doesn’t make any sense, so stop! Sin leads to death! Live according to Christ’s life!
  • 40. Romans 7 1. 7:1-6 Death and Law 1. 7:7-13 The Law is Good/Sin Takes Advantage 1. 7:14-25 The Internal War
  • 41. Death and Law 1. 7:1-4 Paul brings an analogy to explain the relationship people (particularly Jewish people) now have with the Law. Paul has just spoken in Chapter 6 about not sinning, and in Chapter 7 he speaks about the law, since through the law we know what sin is. 1. 7:5-6 Here Paul gives the application of the analogy. Since we have “died” spiritually with Christ, the force of the law in the lives of the Jews is gone. Just as a married woman does not have a legal obligation once her husband is gone, so the Jews do not have an obligation now that they are “dead” in Christ. a. This also connects with the earlier sections about being buried with Christ and living in his resurrection. 1. How might this section apply to “Gentiles”?
  • 42. The Law is Good, but Sin takes Advantage 1. 7:7-8 Here he shows that the Law is not a bad thing, but that sin is highlighted through it. Paul personifies sin, saying that it took opportunity through the law to produce in him all kinds of sin. Obviously “sin” is not a thing that can “do” anything. He speaks in this way to show how the Law brought to light everything, even things people may not have noticed. 1. 7:9 The first part of this verse is odd. When did Paul live apart from the law? 1. 7:10 The law was supposed to result in life. Did God make a mistake? 1. 7:11-13 We make the mistakes! Sin leads us to death!
  • 43. The Internal War 1. 7:14-19 This is a somewhat confusing section where Paul takes about doing certain things and not doing other things, and whether or not he wants to do them. The difficulty is whether or not he is speaking in confident Christian terms, or humble sinner terms. a. Confident Christian: The things you want to do = what is right Humble Sinner: The things you want to do = sin b. Confident Christian: The things you hate = sin Humble Sinner: The things you hate = what is right. 2. It seems that Paul has the view of the Humble Sinner. Verses 19-20 seem to clear this up.
  • 44. The Internal War 1. 7:21-25 Finally he ends this section with a bit of frustration. In his mind he agrees with the Law and with God (22) but can’t seem to shake the internal struggle! In verse 25 he even ends with this “limbo” state where states plainly the difference of his mind and actions. 1. We’ll get to the good part next week, but it continues into Chapter 8 with the solution to this predicament. It might surprise you to know that that inward struggle is not supposed to be the way things are. As familiar as it may be to us, the victory in Christ and the Holy Spirit can lead us to a life away from this struggle.
  • 45. Summary of Romans 7 From this passage we learn: 1. Our spiritual death makes the law void 2. God didn’t make a mistake with the Law 3. There is a spiritual struggle going on (but it doesn’t have to be that way…)
  • 46. Romans 8 1. 8:1-8 According to the Spirit 1. 8:9-17 The Spirit that Dwells in Us 1. 8:18-25 Awaiting our future Hope 1. 8:26-39 Ultimate Victory
  • 47. According to the Spirit 8:1-8 1. In this section we have the other side to chapter 7. While the inward struggle may appear to be the way things are, we have victory in Christ now. 1. There are two sides to this section as well. First is that Christ came and did everything the Law required. So while it might have pointed out how sinful we are, it could not do the same to him. 1. Second is the idea of walking according to the Spirit. Through this we experience “life and peace.” The issue then is what does it mean to walk “according to the Spirit?”
  • 48. The Spirit that Dwells in us 8:9-17 1. It seems that Paul answers the question here. If we have the Spirit, it means in some way, we are walking with him. 1. Verse 11 is an interesting “prooftext” on the bodily resurrection 1. The end of this section just shows how important it is to live according to what we are subject to. We don’t have to follow the flesh anymore. And since the Spirit is within us, we should follow Him.
  • 49. Awaiting our Future Hope 8:18-25 1. In this section, Paul’s brief mention of suffering in verse 17 seems to have reminded him of suffering in general, and how it relates to our victory. He goes on to explain how all creation is awaiting the time when things will be made right. 1. He finishes the section with the reminder that perseverance is necessary until that time.
  • 50. Ultimate Victory 8:26-39 1. Questions: a. Verse 26 → Speaking in Tongues? b. Predestination, individual or corporate? 1. Paul seems to keep a balance between the victory we have now in Christ, and our final victory over death with Christ. It would seem that at this point he is emphasizing that the victory is most dramatically seen in our final victory. So while they may be put to death all day long, there is nothing that can separate them from God.
  • 51. Summary of Romans 8 1. The difficult part about applying such a passage to life is that the passage is so optimistic while our experience does not often match up. We should be reminded of the great hopes that we have in Christ, that is, his Spirit within us, adoptions as children, victory over sin, and final victory over death. 1. The application to our lives is to live according to this reality, not according to a world that will pass away. Whenever your experience does not match the victory you read here, remind yourself what the victory means: Sin has no power over us – Any pain we experience now will be done away with in the end.
  • 52. Romans 9 1. 9:1-5 Paul’s grief over Israel 2. 9:6-13 True Israel are the people of Promise 3. 9:14-24 God’s justice: Did he Abandon Israel? 4. 9:25-33 God draws all peoples, but some misunderstand Christ
  • 53. Pauls’ Grief over Israel 9:1-5 1. In this first section Paul moves from chapter eight and the joy that he knows to grief over Israel. He knows about Christ, but by this point after Christ, many of the Jews had rejected Him as the Messiah. 2. It is also interesting to note that he calls them “kinsmen according to the flesh.” Paul is going to make a distinction here between those related by promise and those related by flesh.
  • 54. True Israel are the People of Promise 9:6-13 1. The question Paul is pre-empting is: Isn’t God unfaithful to Israel since so many of them are not saved by Christ? What about the covenants? The Promise to Abraham? 2. Paul shows though that the promises to Abraham’s descendants were not to all of his descendants, but only to those “of Promise.” By this, it seems to show that the true descendants of Abraham are those that have faith like he did. This was seen also in chapter 4. 3. Some of the odd language in verse 13 might strike some as odd. But it seems that Paul is showing how God chose certain people to bring about his purposes. It is not that only these people were the ones God loved, but that these were the children of Promise who were so by their faith in God.
  • 55. God’s Justice: Did He Abandon Israel? 9:14-24 1. This section is the most difficult. It would appear that Paul returns to the first question, did God abandon Israel? Paul answers by saying that certainly God is just. He uses certain people for certain purposes. 1. Verses 18-19 are the heart of the matter. Some have taken this passage to mean that God chooses how people respond to Him. The voice that asks “why does he still find fault” is a way of saying “how can he judge me if He chose my destiny?” The answer being “God has the right to do what he wants.” But understanding the dialogue in this way just doesn’t seem right. The better understanding is that God saves by faith, and those who do not accept God by faith cannot say God is unfair. The difference is between the faithful and the unfaithful.
  • 56. God Draws all peoples, but some do not Misunderstand Christ 9:23-33 1. In the final section Paul shows that both kinds of people, Jews and Gentiles, are part of the people of promise. The trouble was that so many of the Jews didn’t understand Christ when he came.
  • 57. Summary of Romans 9 1. This passage means that it doesn’t matter where one comes from, if you have faith, you are part of the people of God, a true descendant of Abraham. 2. It means that God is fair in what he does. If some people don’t believe in Him, God is still just. If people are angry that there is only one way to God, it is still God’s choice. 3. Finally, thanksgiving should be a response. We should be grateful for the knowledge of God that we have, and that through his direction in our lives we did come to know Christ and salvation. We should be thankful that we are part of the people of Promise.
  • 58. Romans 10 1. 10:1-5 Law of Righteousness 2. 10:6-13 Righteousness of Faith 3. 10:14-16 The Word came to the Jews 4. 10:17-21 Jewish and Gentile responses to the Gospel
  • 59. Law of Righteousness 10:1-5 1. Paul begins this chapter continuing right off of chapter 9. He states again his wish for the salvation of the Jewish people, but he also explains where their thinking is going wrong in verses 1-5. 1. Verse 3 is interesting with the distinction between God’s righteousness and their own form. Perhaps Paul is indicating how the Jewish people generally did not understand God’s salvation coming by faith, but worked for righteousness through the law. 1. In 10:5 Paul writes about the trouble one gets into trying to practice righteousness based on the law.
  • 60. Righteousness of Faith 10:6-13 1. Here Paul makes reference back to Deuteronomy 30. This chapter is about the blessing and restoration God promises to his people which would come after their exile. It also speaks in verse 6 about a circumcision of the heart. This is somewhat veiled language, but it would appear to say that God would effect an internal change in them. Verses 10-14 of Deut 30 are most interesting because they blend the need for obedience with the need for faith. This is how Paul seems to understand it, especially with reference to the faith aspect. 1. Perhaps Paul is even saying that the obedience and “turning” which Deut 30:10 speaks of is accomplished by faith in Christ. In this way he cites verse 12 about Christ, and verse 14 then is the concept of faith.
  • 61. The Word came to the Jews 10:14-16 1. Here Paul returns again to the question of the Jews it seems. He states a line of questions that lead one into another. While it may seem that Paul is indicating some sort of call for evangelism, that wouldn’t really fit the context. Verse 16 also states that they all didn’t listen to the Gospel, meaning that the evangelism has already happened. This section is Paul’s way of saying that the Gospel has come to the Jews, but as Isaiah says, no one believed the report. 2. Paul then moves into a brief discussion on the responses of the Jews and Gentiles to the Gospel
  • 62. Jewish and Gentile Responses to the Gospel 10:17-21 1. This section is best seen through an outline: a. 18: The Jewish people heard the word about Christ 19: But they didn’t understand 19b: The belief of Gentiles works to make the Jewish nation jealous of what the Gentiles have found and received from God. 20: Isaiah confirms in another place the friendship God would have with all peoples 21: God’s own people were obstinate. 2. So Paul has answered his own anguish from the beginning of the chapter. The Jewish people have not followed God because they have not had faith. The reception of the Gospel by Gentiles is also not a surprise, since Isaiah predicted this happening.
  • 63. Summary of Romans 10 1. God is faithful to do what he promised. 2. God is sovereign and accomplished salvation in His way 3. People must deal with Christ and make a decision on who they believe he is. Hopefully this passage would encourage us to really consider Christ and help others to do the same.
  • 64. Romans 11-12 1. Further Thoughts on Israel a. 11:1-10 A Remnant Remains b. 11:11-24 The Branch analogy c. 11:25-36 “True Israel” and Doxology 2. A Call for Response: a. 12:1-2 Do not conform to the world
  • 65. A Remnant Remains 10:1-11 1. Here Paul uses an argument from the life of Elijah to show how God has always had at least a remnant of his Chosen people. Never has all Israel been faithless. He uses this and shows that some of the Jewish people were then accepting Christ. There were Jews among the elect. 1. The difficult phrases in verses 5 and 7 about the remnant being “chosen by grace” or being “elect” is something we’ve already talked about. I don’t think this passage says that God picked some Jews and not others. But this is one of the most difficult passages to understand about election.
  • 66. The Branch Analogy 10:11-24 1. In this section Paul is showing how the faith of the Gentiles serves to make the Jews jealous. In a way it makes them “look up” to see what is going on. Paul also gives a warning to the Gentiles not to be conceited about their status before God. 1. He uses an analogy of trees and branches to explain himself. To be frank, this passage is strong evidence for the concept of backsliding, or losing one’s salvation. This is especially evident in verse 21 1. His final point is how much sense it makes for the natural branches to be grafted back in.
  • 67. “True” Israel and Doxology 11:25-26 1. This passage has brought forth a lot of debate about what Paul means when he says “and all Israel will be saved.” We’ve already seen how Israelites though the Old Testament had failed to have faith in God. Paul has also mentioned that without faith, no one would be saved, and it is certain that not all Jews had faith. So what does he mean? 1. It seems best to understand this as a reference to the “New Israel.” All Israel is that group of people that has faith. All Israel is a way of saying “God’s people” or God’s faithful ones.” It does not mean that everyone who is ethnically Jewish is going to heaven. That would go against the flow of the entire book.
  • 68. Do not Conform to the World 12:1-2 1. At this point Paul finally writes about what kind of response we can give to God in thanks for his grace. He calls our worship the giving of our bodies. What I think he means is that our response should be a life of worship, that is, doing whatever He wants us to do with out lives. Verse two answer just this: we will know what his will is when our minds are renewed (by his work in us).
  • 69. Do no think of yourself more than you should 12:3-8 1. Once again he warns against pride. Christians should consider themselves as a body, in which different parts have different roles. The danger is to think more highly of yourself than you should. We each have a part.
  • 70. Final Exhortations 12:9-21 1. In this last section Paul gives a sort of list of different things Christians should do or not do as we live this new life with a renewed mind.
  • 71. Summary of Romans 11-12 1. From Chapter 11 we learn: a. God is faithful to his people, to Israel in the past, and to the Church right now. b. We should examine our spiritual condition from time to time to understand our salvation, that way it does not grow stale. 2. From Chapter 12 we learn: a. We should give up our own desire for the direction of our lives. God deserves worship, and we do that by following his will for our lives. We learn how to do this by following the Holy Spirit and working with him in the renewing of our minds. b. We should not be proud. We are saved by grace. We’ve done nothing
  • 72. Romans 13-14 1. 13:1-7 Being subject to civil authority. 2. 13:8-14 The Christian Priority should be to love others. 3. 14:1-12 How to treat a weaker Christian 4. 14:13-23 Stumbling over conscience
  • 73. Being Subject to Civil Authority 13:1-7 1. This passage is difficult to understand because of what we know about governments. Not all of them are good, and even the good ones have some amount of corruption. But all this verse says is that God is the main authority over all life and that He establishes governments. But this doesn’t mean that God is responsible for everything those governments do. They are still made up of people who make bad choices sometimes. 2. How does this passage apply to revolution, rebellion, or coups?
  • 74. The Christian Priority should be to Love Others 13:8-14 1. In this section Paul tells the Christians that love should be the status quo. I think this relates to the civic nature of the previous section. Paul has been thinking about governments and citizens, and so now he offers the “main thing” that Christians should do and be known for: loving others. In the last few verses it appears that Paul is looking to the future. So he encourages Christians to love others with love that comes from hope. This hope comes from a present knowledge of the future resurrection.
  • 75. How we Treat a Weaker Christian 14:1-12 1. I think that Paul is addressing a Jew/Gentile issue here. It seems likely that some of the Jewish people were still practicing some of their old rituals. Paul is trying to tell both groups to get along. Neither side was supposed to judge the other. I think this can apply in the church now in some ways, but not in others. I think this is the same way Paul wanted to be understood by the people he wrote to. 2. The real issue is sin. I don’t think Paul is advocating that we ignore sin in our Christian communities. I think what he is saying is that we are not to judge other Christians in their expression of worship or in how their conscience pushes them to worship, so long as they are not sinning.
  • 76. Stumbling over Conscience 13:13-23 1. In this section Paul takes his thinking to the next level. In addition to not judging, Christians should refrain from behavior that leads others to sin. Even a Christian who goes against his conscience has a problem. An issue might not be sin, but it would be sin to go against one’s conscience. 2. A word about reason can be applied here though. Remember that we use all sorts of avenues for interpreting scripture. That is, maybe a Christian has a really rough time going to the movies, because he grew up thinking that going to the movies was the epitome of debauchery. Now if we followed this teaching rigidly we might never talk about movies in front of this guy. The logical balance is that we should care and be concerned for other Christians, but we should also teach what is right and wrong and why it is so. Legalism will get us nowhere.
  • 77. Summary of Romans 13-14 1. From Chapter 13 a. Perhaps we should be slower to judge our government or complain about it. Perhaps we should respect what God has put over us. It doesn’t mean we can’t speak out against what we oppose, but Christians should always show respect. We represent God, not just ourselves. b. Similarly, love is the status quo. Let our country and world know who we are by how we love others. 2. From Chapter 14 a. Have patience with those who worship or love God in ways we might not understand. Just because it is different from what you may know does not mean it is necessarily wrong. b. Refrain from activity that leads other Christians to violate their consciences. But also, teach others what is truly right and wrong, and why it is so. This will help us all live in peace.
  • 78. Romans 15-16 1. 15:1-7 Bear with and Build up Neighbors 2. 15:8-13 Christ is the Hope of all People 3. 15:14-21 Paul’s Ambition 4. 15:22-33 Paul’s Hope to Visit Believers in Rome 5. 16:1-16 General Greetings 6. 16:17-23 Final Appeals and Greetings 7. 16:24-27 Doxology
  • 79. Bear with and Build up Neighbors 15:1-7 1. This sections continues the train of thought from chapter 14 about weaker believers. 2. Paul seems especially concerned with harmony and unity, and this is likely the driving force for his exhortation. 3. While Christians should surely sacrifice for the sake of fellow believers, correct teaching from scripture is certainly the best solution for unity.
  • 80. Christ the Hope of all Peoples 15:8-13 1. It seems the idea of unity might be related here (as in various parts of the whole book!) to the relationship of Jewish and Gentile Christians 2. Paul shows once again that Christ came for Israel and also for the Gentiles (15:8-9). 3. Paul then cites three passages from the OT that alluded to or stated quite clearly that God had the Gentiles in mind the whole time: a. Psalm 18:49 (~2 Sam 22:50) b. Psalm 117:1 c. Isaiah 11:10
  • 81. Paul’s Ambition 15:14-21 1. Paul takes a moment to affirm the Christians he is writing to (15:14-15) 2. Then he moves to restate his mission (15:16-19) 3. Paul’s ambition: to preach Christ where He has not been preached! (15:20-21)
  • 82. Paul’s Hope to Visit Believers in Rome 15:22-33 1. I think one of the main reasons Paul wrote this entire book was as a missionary support letter! (15:24)
  • 83. Final Appeals and Greetings 16:17-23 1. Paul’s final word is a warning against those who cause divisions. He described the people as: a. Serving themselves and not Christ b. Deceiving the naive through flattery 2. Paul closes this section by encouraging them again and reminding them of God’s final victory over Satan.
  • 84. Doxology 16:24-27 1. Paul’s doxology touches on a number of points he wrote about in his book: a. The Gospel and preaching of Jesus b. The revelation of mystery c. The obedience of faith
  • 85. Summary of Romans 15-16 1. From Romans 15: a. The theme of unity is strong in chapter 15 and can even be seen in Paul’s warning about division in chapter 16. His passion for the Gospel is strong, but he also looks to the daily life the church to be unified. Preaching the Gospel is his mission, but the unity of the Church seems to be his ongoing concern. b. Paul writes this work to raise support for his mission. It goes together that a unified Church would be in a much better position to support his mission than a Church divided into factions. Any Church today is likely to find the same truth: a divided church will spend its time and resources on internal matters, but a united Church can focus on the mission and Gospel of Jesus. 2. From Romans 16: a. While much of this chapter is greetings, Paul lays out his warning against division and leaves the Church with a word of encouragement.