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Financial Modeling
Tutorial
By EduCBA
What is Financial
Modeling ?

 A financial model represents the
financial performance of a company.
 It represents the financial
performance for
• Past
• Future
Historical input
 Historical input data should always
be taken from the right source.
 As while making assumption for the
forecasted year historical data is one
of the criteria needs to be
considered.
Assumption

 Referred to as “drivers”.
 Some criteria needs to be considered while
making an assumption are
• No bias should get into the assumptions on

the business
• Clearly understand the expected changes
in future performance
• Understand Management expectations
•

Check out what other analysts think about

the company
Color Coding
 One of the important formatting factor in a financial
model.
 This is done so that a person who has never seen your
model comes to know easily whether a certain financial
data is a historical input data, calculations or linkages.
Formatting Tip
If your year 2009 comes in cell B2 of
the income statement then it is
advisable that 2009 in other sheets like
balance sheet, cash flow statement
should also come in cell B2. This
formatting helps during linkages.
Preparation of financial modeling

To prepare a financial model one needs to understand the
company on which the person is preparing the model. The
person should also have a thorough knowledge about the
industry, its competitors in which his company belong to
Sources
In order to analyze a company the different sources that
needs to be referred are
• Annual report of the company
• Transcript
• Conference call
• Presentations published by the company
5 years of historical data should be used while
preparing a financial model

You are an “Analyst” not an “Auditor”. Historical
data in the annual report published by the company
does not compile then don’t sit to tally the financials.
For 2011 historical data pick the data from 20112012 and not 2010 -2011.Use the updated annual
report

Key financial terms like gross profit, EBITDA, EBIT,
net profit etc should be available in the income
statement

Compilation of
Historical
BASE Equation
For Fixed Asset
Equation

Items

Description

B (Beginning)

Beginning fixed asset

This is the fixed asset which is carried forward from
last year

A (Addition)

Capital expenditure

This is the extra asset you bought this financial year

S (Subtraction)

Depreciation/ sale of
asset

Depreciation being an expense you need to deduct it
Since the assets are sold in this financial year that
amount needs to be deducted.

E (Ending)

Ending fixed asset

This fixed asset amount is generated after the
addition and subtraction of all the necessary items in
this financial year and will be carried forward in the
next year
BASE Equation

For Shareholders Equity

For Long term Debt

Equation

Items

Equation

Items

B (Beginning)

Beginning shareholders fund

B (Beginning)

Beginning long term Debt

A (Addition)

Net income / Issuance of equity

A (Addition)

Issuance of debt

S (Subtraction)

Repurchase of equity / Dividend paid

S (Subtraction)

Repayment of Debt

E (Ending)

Ending equity balance

E (Ending)

Ending debt balance
Income Statement
 A financial statement which

measures the company’s financial
performance over a specific
accounting period.
 It gives a summary of how the
business incurs its revenues and

expenses through both operating and
non-operating activities.
Income Statement Projection
Company ABC
Income Sheet (Rs m)
Net Sales
(-)Direct cost
Gross profit
(-)Selling and admin cost
EBITDA
(-)Depreciation
EBIT
(-)Interest expense
EBT
(-) Income tax
Net profit

Net Sales
 Year on year growth
 CAGR
 Sales growth
percentage provided
by the management

FY10A

FY11A

FY12A

Historical
2904
(1600)
1304
(350)
954
(101)
853
(44)
809
(175)
634

3408
(2000)
1408
(441)
967
(127)
840
(60)
780
(215)
565

FY13E

FY14E

FY15E

FY16E

Forecast
3959
(2500)
1459
(508)
951
(135)
816
(63)
753
(255)
498

Direct Cost & selling &
admin cost
 Percentage on sales

Depreciation
 Percentage on fixed
asset
Income Statement Projection
Company ABC
Income Sheet (Rs m)
Net Sales
(-)Direct cost
Gross profit
(-)Selling and admin cost
EBITDA
(-)Depreciation
EBIT
(-)Interest expense
EBT
(-) Income tax
Net profit

Interest expense
 Can be calculated by
multiplying the
interest expense rate
and the average
closing debt balance

FY10A

FY11A

FY12A

Historical
2904
(1600)
1304
(350)
954
(101)
853
(44)
809
(175)
634

3408
(2000)
1408
(441)
967
(127)
840
(60)
780
(215)
565

FY13E

FY14E

FY15E

FY16E

Forecast
3959
(2500)
1459
(508)
951
(135)
816
(63)
753
(255)
498

Income tax
 Calculate the tax rate
using the historical
and use the same rate
in future

Profit
 Calculated by
deducting expenses
from the revenue
Balance Sheet Projection
Company ABC

FY10A

FY11A

FY12A

Historical

Goodwill
Goodwill is not amortized so
it needs to be kept constant
in the future years.

27
462
87
576

30
473
82
585

40
473
85
598

Fixed Assets
PP&E, net

851

950

1100

1671

1671

1671

3,098

3,206

3,369

Current Liabilities & Provisions
Accounts Payable
Other Current Liabilities
Total Current Liabilities

206
248
454

221
223
444

279
257
536

Long Term Debt

1600

1360

875

Shareholder's Funds

1044

1402

1958

3,098

3,206

3,369

Total Assets

Total Liabilities & Equity

FY14E

FY15E

Forecast

Balance Sheet (Rs m)
Current Assets, Loans and Advances
Cash
Accounts Receivable, net
Inventory
Total Current Assets

Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill

Fixed asset, long term debt,
shareholders fund
Calculate using the Base
equation and then needs to
be linked in the balance sheet

FY13E

FY16E
Balance Sheet Projection
Company ABC

FY10A

FY11A

FY12A

Historical
27
462
87
576

30
473
82
585

40
473
85
598

851

950

1100

Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill

Current assets and current
liabilities
These items needs to be
calculated in the working
capital schedule

1671

1671

1671

3,098

3,206

3,369

Current Liabilities & Provisions
Accounts Payable
Other Current Liabilities
Total Current Liabilities

206
248
454

221
223
444

279
257
536

Long Term Debt

1600

1360

875

Shareholder's Funds

1044

1402

1958

3,098

3,206

3,369

Total Assets

Total Liabilities & Equity

FY14E

FY15E

Forecast

Balance Sheet (Rs m)
Current Assets, Loans and Advances
Cash
Accounts Receivable, net
Inventory
Total Current Assets
Fixed Assets
PP&E, net

Cash
Cash item needs to be linked
by the ending cash balance
from the cash flow statement

FY13E

FY16E
Working Capital Projection
Current Asset

Current Liability

Accounts receivable
Accounts receivable in days = 365*Average
debtor divided by net sales.
Using the past historical data assume the
number of days for the forecasted years.

Accounts Payable
Accounts receivable in days = 365*Average
Payable divided by net purchases.
Using the past historical data assume the
number of days for the forecasted years.

Inventory
Inventory in days = 365*Average inventory
divided by net COGS.
Using the past historical data assume the
number of days for the forecasted years.

Other current liability
One can calculate the other current liability
for the historical as a percentage on the
COGS and then you can take an average
and assume for the future.

After completing this working capital schedule link it to the balance sheet
Cash Flow Statement
 Assess the amount, timing, and predictability of cash-inflows and cashoutflows, and are used as the basis for budgeting and business-planning.
 It answers the questions:
• Where the money came (will come) from?

• Where it went (will go)?
 The accounting data is presented usually in three main sections:
• Operating-activities (sales of goods or services),
• Investing-activities (sale or purchase of an asset

• Financing-activities (borrowings , or sale of common stock etc)
Cash Flow Projection
Company ABC
Cash Flow Statement

Whatever changes you
have incurred in the
amount of the item in
the income statement ,
balance sheet in the
financial year those
changes will be
recorded in the cash
flow statement
according to that items
cash inflows and
outflows.

Operating Activities

Net Income
Depreciation
Change in Working Capital
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Investment Activities

Capital Expenditures
Additions to Intangibles
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Financing Activities

Proceeds from/ (repayment of) Revolver
Issuance / (Repayment) of Long Term Debt
Issuance/ (Repurchase of) Equity
Dividends
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Net Change in Cash
Beginning Cash Balance
Ending Cash Balance

FY10A

FY11A
Historical

FY12A

FY13E

FY14E

FY15E

Forecast

FY16E
For More Information

Knowledge is like a line with no ends
so
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https://www.educorporatebridge.com/financialmodeling/financial-modeling-tutorial/
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Financial modeling tutorial

  • 2. What is Financial Modeling ?  A financial model represents the financial performance of a company.  It represents the financial performance for • Past • Future
  • 3. Historical input  Historical input data should always be taken from the right source.  As while making assumption for the forecasted year historical data is one of the criteria needs to be considered.
  • 4. Assumption  Referred to as “drivers”.  Some criteria needs to be considered while making an assumption are • No bias should get into the assumptions on the business • Clearly understand the expected changes in future performance • Understand Management expectations • Check out what other analysts think about the company
  • 5. Color Coding  One of the important formatting factor in a financial model.  This is done so that a person who has never seen your model comes to know easily whether a certain financial data is a historical input data, calculations or linkages.
  • 6. Formatting Tip If your year 2009 comes in cell B2 of the income statement then it is advisable that 2009 in other sheets like balance sheet, cash flow statement should also come in cell B2. This formatting helps during linkages.
  • 7. Preparation of financial modeling To prepare a financial model one needs to understand the company on which the person is preparing the model. The person should also have a thorough knowledge about the industry, its competitors in which his company belong to
  • 8. Sources In order to analyze a company the different sources that needs to be referred are • Annual report of the company • Transcript • Conference call • Presentations published by the company
  • 9. 5 years of historical data should be used while preparing a financial model You are an “Analyst” not an “Auditor”. Historical data in the annual report published by the company does not compile then don’t sit to tally the financials. For 2011 historical data pick the data from 20112012 and not 2010 -2011.Use the updated annual report Key financial terms like gross profit, EBITDA, EBIT, net profit etc should be available in the income statement Compilation of Historical
  • 10. BASE Equation For Fixed Asset Equation Items Description B (Beginning) Beginning fixed asset This is the fixed asset which is carried forward from last year A (Addition) Capital expenditure This is the extra asset you bought this financial year S (Subtraction) Depreciation/ sale of asset Depreciation being an expense you need to deduct it Since the assets are sold in this financial year that amount needs to be deducted. E (Ending) Ending fixed asset This fixed asset amount is generated after the addition and subtraction of all the necessary items in this financial year and will be carried forward in the next year
  • 11. BASE Equation For Shareholders Equity For Long term Debt Equation Items Equation Items B (Beginning) Beginning shareholders fund B (Beginning) Beginning long term Debt A (Addition) Net income / Issuance of equity A (Addition) Issuance of debt S (Subtraction) Repurchase of equity / Dividend paid S (Subtraction) Repayment of Debt E (Ending) Ending equity balance E (Ending) Ending debt balance
  • 12. Income Statement  A financial statement which measures the company’s financial performance over a specific accounting period.  It gives a summary of how the business incurs its revenues and expenses through both operating and non-operating activities.
  • 13. Income Statement Projection Company ABC Income Sheet (Rs m) Net Sales (-)Direct cost Gross profit (-)Selling and admin cost EBITDA (-)Depreciation EBIT (-)Interest expense EBT (-) Income tax Net profit Net Sales  Year on year growth  CAGR  Sales growth percentage provided by the management FY10A FY11A FY12A Historical 2904 (1600) 1304 (350) 954 (101) 853 (44) 809 (175) 634 3408 (2000) 1408 (441) 967 (127) 840 (60) 780 (215) 565 FY13E FY14E FY15E FY16E Forecast 3959 (2500) 1459 (508) 951 (135) 816 (63) 753 (255) 498 Direct Cost & selling & admin cost  Percentage on sales Depreciation  Percentage on fixed asset
  • 14. Income Statement Projection Company ABC Income Sheet (Rs m) Net Sales (-)Direct cost Gross profit (-)Selling and admin cost EBITDA (-)Depreciation EBIT (-)Interest expense EBT (-) Income tax Net profit Interest expense  Can be calculated by multiplying the interest expense rate and the average closing debt balance FY10A FY11A FY12A Historical 2904 (1600) 1304 (350) 954 (101) 853 (44) 809 (175) 634 3408 (2000) 1408 (441) 967 (127) 840 (60) 780 (215) 565 FY13E FY14E FY15E FY16E Forecast 3959 (2500) 1459 (508) 951 (135) 816 (63) 753 (255) 498 Income tax  Calculate the tax rate using the historical and use the same rate in future Profit  Calculated by deducting expenses from the revenue
  • 15. Balance Sheet Projection Company ABC FY10A FY11A FY12A Historical Goodwill Goodwill is not amortized so it needs to be kept constant in the future years. 27 462 87 576 30 473 82 585 40 473 85 598 Fixed Assets PP&E, net 851 950 1100 1671 1671 1671 3,098 3,206 3,369 Current Liabilities & Provisions Accounts Payable Other Current Liabilities Total Current Liabilities 206 248 454 221 223 444 279 257 536 Long Term Debt 1600 1360 875 Shareholder's Funds 1044 1402 1958 3,098 3,206 3,369 Total Assets Total Liabilities & Equity FY14E FY15E Forecast Balance Sheet (Rs m) Current Assets, Loans and Advances Cash Accounts Receivable, net Inventory Total Current Assets Other Intangible Assets Goodwill Fixed asset, long term debt, shareholders fund Calculate using the Base equation and then needs to be linked in the balance sheet FY13E FY16E
  • 16. Balance Sheet Projection Company ABC FY10A FY11A FY12A Historical 27 462 87 576 30 473 82 585 40 473 85 598 851 950 1100 Other Intangible Assets Goodwill Current assets and current liabilities These items needs to be calculated in the working capital schedule 1671 1671 1671 3,098 3,206 3,369 Current Liabilities & Provisions Accounts Payable Other Current Liabilities Total Current Liabilities 206 248 454 221 223 444 279 257 536 Long Term Debt 1600 1360 875 Shareholder's Funds 1044 1402 1958 3,098 3,206 3,369 Total Assets Total Liabilities & Equity FY14E FY15E Forecast Balance Sheet (Rs m) Current Assets, Loans and Advances Cash Accounts Receivable, net Inventory Total Current Assets Fixed Assets PP&E, net Cash Cash item needs to be linked by the ending cash balance from the cash flow statement FY13E FY16E
  • 17. Working Capital Projection Current Asset Current Liability Accounts receivable Accounts receivable in days = 365*Average debtor divided by net sales. Using the past historical data assume the number of days for the forecasted years. Accounts Payable Accounts receivable in days = 365*Average Payable divided by net purchases. Using the past historical data assume the number of days for the forecasted years. Inventory Inventory in days = 365*Average inventory divided by net COGS. Using the past historical data assume the number of days for the forecasted years. Other current liability One can calculate the other current liability for the historical as a percentage on the COGS and then you can take an average and assume for the future. After completing this working capital schedule link it to the balance sheet
  • 18. Cash Flow Statement  Assess the amount, timing, and predictability of cash-inflows and cashoutflows, and are used as the basis for budgeting and business-planning.  It answers the questions: • Where the money came (will come) from? • Where it went (will go)?  The accounting data is presented usually in three main sections: • Operating-activities (sales of goods or services), • Investing-activities (sale or purchase of an asset • Financing-activities (borrowings , or sale of common stock etc)
  • 19. Cash Flow Projection Company ABC Cash Flow Statement Whatever changes you have incurred in the amount of the item in the income statement , balance sheet in the financial year those changes will be recorded in the cash flow statement according to that items cash inflows and outflows. Operating Activities Net Income Depreciation Change in Working Capital Cash Flow from Operating Activities Investment Activities Capital Expenditures Additions to Intangibles Cash Flow from Investing Activities Financing Activities Proceeds from/ (repayment of) Revolver Issuance / (Repayment) of Long Term Debt Issuance/ (Repurchase of) Equity Dividends Cash Flow from Financing Activities Net Change in Cash Beginning Cash Balance Ending Cash Balance FY10A FY11A Historical FY12A FY13E FY14E FY15E Forecast FY16E
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