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the briefest of introductions to

    the psychology of creativity


                                               @clurr

Monday, 5 April 2010
this is                                [a tiny part of]              the science bit
Monday, 5 April 2010
Meaning empirical studies, and interesting theories that build on empirical work. Note that this is a massive field. I’ve tried to pick some useful and pragmatic bits but this is only
the briefest of introductions to a huge field.
image: woollywotnots.com




       it’s not
       about this
Monday, 5 April 2010
It’s not about De Bono. The empirical evidence for his approaches is actually very weak.

c.f. "Equally damaging to the scientific study of creativity, in our view, has been the takeover of the field, in the popular mind, by those who follow what might be referred to as a
pragmatic approach. Those taking this approach have been concerned primarily with developing creativity, secondarily with understanding it, but almost not at all with testing the
validity of their ideas about it." Sternberg continues, "Perhaps the foremost proponent of this approach is Edward De Bono, whose work on lateral thinking and other aspects of
creativity has had what appears to be considerable commercial success." Handbook of Creativity, Robert J. Sternberg
it’s totally not about this*




                                                                        *don’t even get me started...

Monday, 5 April 2010
Nor is it about left brains and right brains: there’s no basis in neuroscience for this idea at all. All cognitive processes of any complexity require both hemispheres to work
together in an integrated way and there’s no such thing as a left or right brained person or thinking. It’s acceptable as a
metaphor for balancing logical deduction with intuition. But that’s *it*.

for more on why this is hooey, see:

http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/10/the_left_brain_right_brain_myt.php

http://irvineccns.blogspot.com/2007/12/left-brainright-brain-wrong-minded.html
the certainty
                                                                                                     of
                                                                                                     pseudoscience
                                                                                                     can be
                                                                                                     seductive                                   (well, maybe)




                                                                                              “unique genetic memories and
                                                                                              messages of harmony and peace
                                                                                              are stored in algae”




Monday, 5 April 2010
The reason those theories are successful is because certainty sells, especially to desperate people. Even if it does require you to eat algae.
empirical science tends to
                                                                                                  offer discourse as much as
                                                                                                  certainties


                                                                                                  some of it may sound
                                                                                                  obvious :)


                                                                                                  but i hope this provides
                                                                                                  some critical basis for
                                                                                                  thinking about creativity



Monday, 5 April 2010
Right, let’s crack on. For those who are interested in the academic references, you can see them in the notes when this is uploaded to Slideshare.
what is
      creativity
      anyway?
Monday, 5 April 2010
Lots of scientific papers actually don’t define it.

[images: Gareth Pugh, afterprufrock.com]
guilford’s model of                         creative ability is old but still often used as a
      theoretical basis:

      • fluency                            - the ability to produce lots of ideas


      • flexibility                               - ability to produce lots of different types of ideas


      • originality                                - ability to produce unusual ideas


      • elaboration                                      - the ability to develop those ideas

      in the real world, it’s not just about having ideas. they must be innovative
      but also appropriate




Monday, 5 April 2010
Guilford, J.P. (1950) Creativity, American Psychologist,Volume 5, Issue 9, p444-454.

In experiments, these are often measured by how many uses you can think of for a brick. in the real world, ideas must also be appropriate
one relatively simple model defines the                                               creative process as:



                  finding                                                      solving                                implementing
             good problems                                             those problems                                              solutions




Monday, 5 April 2010
Basadur, M.S., Runco, M.A. and Vega, L.A. (2000) Understanding how creative thinking skills, attitudes and behaviors work together: A causal process model. The Journal of Creative
Behavior,Vol. 34, No. 2, 77-100.

This is one of the simpler statements and I think no less effective for it.
one relatively simple model defines the                                                  creative process as:



                 finding                                                    solving                                       implementing
            good problems                                             those problems                                                   solutions




                                                      it’s not just about having ideas




Monday, 5 April 2010
Note that it’s not just about having lots of ideas. As one of these researchers points out, in real life much of the challenge is about figuring out the problem in the first place...
and the hard work of actually making the idea happen.
“creativity is allowing
         yourself to make
         mistakes.
         “art is knowing which
         ones to keep.”

                        scott adams




Monday, 5 April 2010
psychologists tend to look at creativity in terms of one of the 4 Ps:

         •       product - looking at the outputs of creativity

         •       process - how do people produce creative products?

         •       person - what personal characteristics tend to produce creativity?

         •       press - the environment, and how this can influence creativity
Monday, 5 April 2010
Psychologists have tended to study one of these four. Some have looked at how the last two interact. The first one is interesting but tends to focus on great works, so doesn’t
tell us much about everyday creativity. The second is very interesting, but, for our purposes, inconclusive, though Kevin Dunbar’s study of biologists shows (again) that there’s a
lot of hard work involved (Dunbar, K. (1997)*).

*How scientists think: Online creativity and conceptual change in science. In T.B. Ward, S.M. Smith, & S.Vaid (Eds.) Conceptual structures and processes: Emergence, discovery and
Change. APA Press. Washington DC).

Today we’ll focus mostly on the last two.

[image: bordersmedia]
there are lots of interesting topics...
                                                   tips for enhancing creativity
           why are we creative?

                               children and education
                                                                  the unconscious

             madness
                                        intelligence
                                                                  motivation
                       personality

                                      environment         organisational creativity

       measuring creativity
                                       general vs domain-specific creativity

Monday, 5 April 2010
And not much time.
...but for lack of time we’ll cover:
            why are we creative          tips for enhancing creativity
                              children and education
                                                                the unconscious

             madness
                                       intelligence
                                                             motivation
                       personality
                                     environment         organisational creativity

       measuring creativity
                                      general vs domain-specific creativity

Monday, 5 April 2010
personality
Monday, 5 April 2010
There’s not much we can do to change this one but people tend to like to hear about personality stuff. Whilst I’m no fan of psychometric testing at
work, being aware of ways in which people may differ can be helpful in creating an environment they feel comfortable in.
openness to experience
           inventive / curious vs. cautious / conservative

      conscientiousness
           efficient / organised vs. easy-going / careless

      extroversion
           outgoing / energetic vs. shy / withdrawn                                                                             the big five
      agreeableness
           friendly / compassionate vs. competitive / outspoken

      neuroticism
           sensitive / nervous vs. secure /confident




Monday, 5 April 2010
The Big Five is the personality model with the best evidence base.

First identified by e.g. T upes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. USAF ASD Tech. Rep. No. 61-97, Lackland Airforce Base, TX: U. S.
Air Force (but described by many others).
openness to experience
           openness to fantasy - good imagination
           aesthetics - artistic interests
           feelings - experiencing and valuing feelings
           actions - trying new things, having many interests
           ideas - curious, smart, likes challenges
           values - unconventional,, liberal
      conscientiousness
      extroversion
      agreeableness
      neuroticism
                                                                                                                     strong +ve correlation
                                                                                                                     some +ve correlation
Monday, 5 April 2010
Of the big 5, the personality factor most associated with creativity is openness to experience across many, many studies.

See e.g. McCrae, Robert R, Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.Vol 52(6), Jun 1987, 1258-1265.

Openness to experience is split into openness to fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions , ideas, and values (unconventional, liberal). Actions, values and feelings are less strongly
related than the others - you can be calm or conservative and still creative, and liking to try new things doesn’t necessarily translate into creating new things.

This is related to work on sensation seeking* - e.g. Zuckerman - dimensions of sensation seeking are boredom susceptibility (intolerance for being bored), disinhibition (taking
social risks like heavy alcohol use. one night stands) experience seeking (needing new experiences, can include art or museums) and thrill and adventure seeking (physical risks,
extreme sports ).

(* Zuckerman, Marvin; Kolin, Elizabeth A.; Price, Leah; Zoob, Ina. , Development of a sensation-seeking scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology.Vol 28(6), Dec 1964, 477-482)
openness to experience
      conscientiousness
          ambition
          discipline
          responsibility
          self-control
      extroversion
      agreeableness
      neuroticism

                                                                          -ve correlation for arts but not science

Monday, 5 April 2010
Conscientiousness is generally associated with positive work outcomes, like showing up for work on time and getting things done by deadlines. But there’s evidence that in some
domains (e.g. art, possibly design and advertising)

G J Feist (1998): A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol 2, No 4, 290-309.

other factors are more complex - scientists tend to be conscientious to some extent - if you lack a certain level of conscientiousness you won’t make it as a scientist at all.
However, more conscientiousness isn’t necessarily better - the most creative scientists are no more conscientious. Perhaps creativity provides shortcuts for some types of work
which less intelligent people can achieve through sheer effort.
creativity
                                                                                                          WIN


                                                                                                          conscientiousness
                                                                                                          FAIL



Monday, 5 April 2010
Peter Saville’s FAC 001 publicity poster for the first Factory night in Manchester in 1978 may have been seminal, but was effectively useless for marketing. It was famously
delivered on the night of the event itself because Saville spent so long trying to find the perfect shade of yellow.
one study of advertising and design workers found:

                                                                  •       a negative correlation between creativity and
                                                                         conscientiousness

                                                                  • a positive correlation with neuroticism,
                                                                         extraversion and openness to experience

Monday, 5 April 2010
Far be it from me to pander to stereotypes about web designers.

G A Gelade (1997): Creativity in Conflict: The Personality of the Commercial Creative, The Journal of Genetic Psychology, Issue:Volume 158, Number 1 / March 1997, Pages:67 -
78

[image - Nathan Barley, Channel 4]

    •
individual differences have implications for managing people:

             •         people who score high on openness to experience
                       produced more creative results on open-ended tasks

             •         people who are high on conscientiousness will produce less
                       creative results when their work is closely monitored

             •         people who are low on emotional stability (especially those who are
                       also introverted) do particularly badly when they think they are being

                       evaluated




Monday, 5 April 2010
I’m not comfortable with personality psychometrics in the hiring process - individual differences explain much less of our behaviour than intuition would lead us to think (see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error for why this is).

But an understanding of how people may differ can help people to work together.

George JM, Zhou J., 1986, When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: an interactional approach. J Appl Psychol. 2001 Jun;86(3):513-24
Chamorro-Premuzic, & Reichenbacher, T, 2008, Effects of personality and threat of evaluation on divergent and convergent thinking, Journal of Research in Personality, 42,
1095-1101
motivation
Monday, 5 April 2010
[no apologies for this image: snowbombing]
much of the debate boils down to



      intrinsic motivation - doing something because you
      enjoy it or get personal meaning out of it
      vs

      extrinsic motivation - doing it for external reward, like
      money or praise


      neither one is objectively better or worse




Monday, 5 April 2010
lots of evidence suggests that high
                                    levels of intrinsic motivation
     to do something lead to more creative output



     this works even if you just prime                                              people to think about
     intrinsic motivations before doing a task




Monday, 5 April 2010
Ruscio, J., D. M. Whitney, and T. M. Amabile. "Looking Inside the Fishbowl of Creativity:Verbal and Behavioral Predictors of Creative Performance." Creativity Research Journal 11, no.
3 (1998): 243-263.

Greer, M & Levine, E (1991) Enhancing creative performance in college students. Journal of Creative Behaviour, 25, 250-255

Graef, R, Csikszentmihalyi, M, Giannino, SM (1983) Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life, Leisure Studies, 2, 155-168

Amabile, T. M., R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron. "Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity." Academy of Management Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1996):
1154-1184.
“to establish a place of work
       where engineers can feel the
       joy of technological
       innovation, be aware of their
       mission to society, and work
       to their heart’s content.”
       masaru ibuka, founder of sony




Monday, 5 April 2010
The first purposes of incorporation of Sony.

[image: sonyinsider.com]
•       involvement in the task is particularly important (e.g. being in flow
                   state)

           •       higher feelings of autonomy or freedom tend to be related to
                   higher levels of intrinsic motivation - i.e. if you can choose what to do,
                   and how to do it, you’ll probably enjoy it more and thus be more
                   creative
Monday, 5 April 2010
Ruscio, J., D. M. Whitney, and T. M. Amabile (1998)- "Looking Inside the Fishbowl of Creativity:Verbal and Behavioral Predictors of Creative Performance." Creativity Research Journal
11, no. 3: 243-263.

Zhou, J (1998) Feedback valence, feedback style, task autonomy, and achievement orientation: Interactive effects on creative performance. Journal of Applied Psychology.Vol 83
(2), Apr 1998, 261-276

See also Csikszentmihalyi on Flow, e.g. TED talk at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXIeFJCqsPs

[image - idancerecords.com]
•       if you offer people a reward
             to do something that they
             already find interesting, you
             may decrease intrinsic
             motivation and thus
             creativity

     •       priming people to think about
             extrinsic motivations
             (money, status, evaluation)
             reduces creativity, but only
             on open ended tasks




Monday, 5 April 2010
Amabile, T. M. "Brilliant but Cruel: Perceptions of Negative Evaluators." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19 (March 1983): 146-156.

Amabile, T. M. "Attributions of Creativity: What Are the Consequences?" Creativity Research Journal 8, no. 4 (1995): 423-426.
R. Eisenberger, M. Selbst (1994), "Does reward increase or decrease creativity?", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,Vol. 66 pp.1116 - 1127.
Greene, D., & Lepper, M. R. (1974, September). Intrinsic motivation: How to turn play into work. Psychology Today, 49-54.

Kohn, A. (1993), Punished by Reward: The Trouble With Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A ́s, Praise, and Other Bribes, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
photo by tim_caynes




              • the negative effects depend on whether the extrinsic motivation is
                seen as controlling or supportive

              • extrinsic motivation helps improve intrinsic motivation when
                you’re given constructive feedback that recognizes your
                creative accomplishment
Monday, 5 April 2010
e.g. Amabile, T. M. "Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace."Human Resource Management Review 3, no. 3
(autumn 1993): 185-201.
this is the difference between QA...

         i’m supervising you to make sure
         you don’t f*** up




Monday, 5 April 2010
...and support

                        gosh, this is interesting, isn’t it? how
                       can we learn more about it?

Monday, 5 April 2010
it’s OK to have an ego


       many great people have
       combined high intrinsic
       motivation with a strong
       desire for recognition




Monday, 5 April 2010
Howard E. Gruber (1981) Darwin on man: A psychological study of scientific creativity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
remember this?




                 finding       solving        implementing
            good problems   those problems      solutions




Monday, 5 April 2010
remember this?




                 finding                                                 solving                                     implementing
            good problems                                          those problems                                                solutions




                       loving what you do                                                          the prospect of
                       supports you at the                                                         money and
                       fun, idea generation                                                        recognition helps
                       stages                                                                      you get through the
                                                                                                   hard work needed to
                                                                                                   develop those ideas


Monday, 5 April 2010
   e.g. Amabile, T. M. 1993: "Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace."Human Resource Management
       Review 3, no. 3


   PS: If you want to read more on this I recommend looking up Teresa Amabile: http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=ovr&facId=6409
photo by rogoyski




                                                                                                            tips for
                                                                                                           enhancing
                                                                                                           creativity



Monday, 5 April 2010
OK, the soundbitey quick wins bit. Some of this may sound flippant but all of it has a basis in evidence.
photo by jeevs




                                                                                                  enjoy what you do
                                                                                                  did I say that already? :)




Monday, 5 April 2010
Csikszentmihalyi talks about immersing yourself in whatever you do by finding something meaningful in it. People who find this easy have autotelic personalities but we can all
cultivate it. And if you can’t find anything meaningful in it, you ought to be doing something else.
the ‘conscious’ bits
                                                                                                        of the mind are serial
                                                                                                        - they can only process
                                                                                                        one thing at a
                                                                                                        time

                                                                                                        remind you of anything?




Monday, 5 April 2010
Don’t rely on your conscious mind. If you even believe in consciousness. Some very clever people don’t, e.g. see Dennett:

Dennett, Daniel (1991), Allen Lane, ed., Consciousness Explained, The Penguin Press.

Unintentionally summed up nicely by Radiohead as “just cos you feel it, doesn’t mean it’s there.”
the       unconscious bits are massively parallel
    which would you rather rely on?


Monday, 5 April 2010
        NASA’s Pleiades supercomputer - an SGI® Altix® ICE system with 14,080 Intel® Xeon® quad-core processors (56,320 cores, 110 racks) running at 544 trillion floating
        point operations per second (teraflops). (see nasa.gov).
the unconscious mind is a much more powerful information processor but
        it won’t get a word in edgeways until you distract the conscious mind

        engaging the conscious mind in something else, even just for a few
        minutes, results in much more creative outputs


Monday, 5 April 2010
See the works of Ap Dijksterhuis at http://www.unconsciouslab.com/index.php?page=People&subpage=Ap%20Dijksterhuis, e.g.

Dijksterhuis at al (2006) On Making the Right Choice: The Deliberation-Without-Attention Effect Science 311, 1005
the presence of green
              things increases creative
              output, perhaps because
              makes us feel calm and
              positive




Monday, 5 April 2010
May sound like it’s from the department of the bleeding obvious, but no less valid for it.
e.g. R. S. Ulrich (1993): "Biophilia, Biophobia, and Natural Landscapes." In S. Kellert and E. O. Wilson (Eds.), The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press
photo by a r pratana




    balance group and individual work
    social loafing/diffusion of responsibility result in fewer ideas




Monday, 5 April 2010
A meta analysis of 20 studies showed that in most cases, people working on their own produced more and better ideas than those working in groups.

Brian Mullen ; Craig Johnson ;Eduardo Salas, (1991), Productivity Loss in Brainstorming Groups: A Meta-Analytic Integration, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Volume 12,
Issue 1 March 1991 , pages 3 - 23
photo: dom dada




                                                              switch some members of groups

Monday, 5 April 2010
The most successful Broadway musicals are produced by teams comprised of a combination of people who have worked together before and those who have not.

Guimerà, Roger, Brian Uzzi, Jarrett Spiro, and Luís A. Nunes Amaral (2005). “Team Assembly Mechanisms Determine Collaboration Network Structure and Team Performance.”
Science 308(5722): 697-702.

Summarised at http://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/index.php/Kellogg/article/collaboration_and_creativity
X         X         X         X         X        X         X         X
                                                                                                   X         X         X         X         X        X         X         X
        look at something
                                                                                                   X         X         X         X         X        X         X         X
        unconventional
                                                                                                   X         X         X         X         X        X         X         X
                                                                                                   X         X         X         X         X        X         X         X
                                                                                                   X         X         X         X         X        X         X         X




Monday, 5 April 2010
Förster, J. (2009). Cognitive consequences of novelty and familiarity: How mere exposure influences level of construal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 444-447.
lie down




Monday, 5 April 2010
Perhaps because it makes you relaxed. Noradrenaline, of which you produce more when standing up, may inhibit creativity.

Lipnicki, DM, and Byrne, DG,(2005), Thinking on your back: Solving anagrams faster when
supine than when standing, Cognitive Brain Research,Volume 24, Issue 3, Pages 719-722
and more, hot off the press from psyblog today:

      http://www.spring.org.uk/2010/03/boost-creativity-7-unusual-psychological-
      techniques.php?
      utm_campaign=twitter&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitter




Monday, 5 April 2010
thank you
                         @clurr



Monday, 5 April 2010
you may like:


      Robert J Sternberg, 1998, ‘Handbook of Creativity’
      Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, 1988, ‘Creativity’
      J C Kaufman, 2009, ‘Creativity 101’
      Richard Wiseman, 2009, ‘59 Seconds’         (for quick fixes)



      Psyblog: http://www.spring.org.uk/


      full academic references are in the notes



Monday, 5 April 2010

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Psychology Of Creativity - London IA 30.03.10

  • 1. the briefest of introductions to the psychology of creativity @clurr Monday, 5 April 2010
  • 2. this is [a tiny part of] the science bit Monday, 5 April 2010 Meaning empirical studies, and interesting theories that build on empirical work. Note that this is a massive field. I’ve tried to pick some useful and pragmatic bits but this is only the briefest of introductions to a huge field.
  • 3. image: woollywotnots.com it’s not about this Monday, 5 April 2010 It’s not about De Bono. The empirical evidence for his approaches is actually very weak. c.f. "Equally damaging to the scientific study of creativity, in our view, has been the takeover of the field, in the popular mind, by those who follow what might be referred to as a pragmatic approach. Those taking this approach have been concerned primarily with developing creativity, secondarily with understanding it, but almost not at all with testing the validity of their ideas about it." Sternberg continues, "Perhaps the foremost proponent of this approach is Edward De Bono, whose work on lateral thinking and other aspects of creativity has had what appears to be considerable commercial success." Handbook of Creativity, Robert J. Sternberg
  • 4. it’s totally not about this* *don’t even get me started... Monday, 5 April 2010 Nor is it about left brains and right brains: there’s no basis in neuroscience for this idea at all. All cognitive processes of any complexity require both hemispheres to work together in an integrated way and there’s no such thing as a left or right brained person or thinking. It’s acceptable as a metaphor for balancing logical deduction with intuition. But that’s *it*. for more on why this is hooey, see: http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/10/the_left_brain_right_brain_myt.php http://irvineccns.blogspot.com/2007/12/left-brainright-brain-wrong-minded.html
  • 5. the certainty of pseudoscience can be seductive (well, maybe) “unique genetic memories and messages of harmony and peace are stored in algae” Monday, 5 April 2010 The reason those theories are successful is because certainty sells, especially to desperate people. Even if it does require you to eat algae.
  • 6. empirical science tends to offer discourse as much as certainties some of it may sound obvious :) but i hope this provides some critical basis for thinking about creativity Monday, 5 April 2010 Right, let’s crack on. For those who are interested in the academic references, you can see them in the notes when this is uploaded to Slideshare.
  • 7. what is creativity anyway? Monday, 5 April 2010 Lots of scientific papers actually don’t define it. [images: Gareth Pugh, afterprufrock.com]
  • 8. guilford’s model of creative ability is old but still often used as a theoretical basis: • fluency - the ability to produce lots of ideas • flexibility - ability to produce lots of different types of ideas • originality - ability to produce unusual ideas • elaboration - the ability to develop those ideas in the real world, it’s not just about having ideas. they must be innovative but also appropriate Monday, 5 April 2010 Guilford, J.P. (1950) Creativity, American Psychologist,Volume 5, Issue 9, p444-454. In experiments, these are often measured by how many uses you can think of for a brick. in the real world, ideas must also be appropriate
  • 9. one relatively simple model defines the creative process as: finding solving implementing good problems those problems solutions Monday, 5 April 2010 Basadur, M.S., Runco, M.A. and Vega, L.A. (2000) Understanding how creative thinking skills, attitudes and behaviors work together: A causal process model. The Journal of Creative Behavior,Vol. 34, No. 2, 77-100. This is one of the simpler statements and I think no less effective for it.
  • 10. one relatively simple model defines the creative process as: finding solving implementing good problems those problems solutions it’s not just about having ideas Monday, 5 April 2010 Note that it’s not just about having lots of ideas. As one of these researchers points out, in real life much of the challenge is about figuring out the problem in the first place... and the hard work of actually making the idea happen.
  • 11. “creativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes. “art is knowing which ones to keep.” scott adams Monday, 5 April 2010
  • 12. psychologists tend to look at creativity in terms of one of the 4 Ps: • product - looking at the outputs of creativity • process - how do people produce creative products? • person - what personal characteristics tend to produce creativity? • press - the environment, and how this can influence creativity Monday, 5 April 2010 Psychologists have tended to study one of these four. Some have looked at how the last two interact. The first one is interesting but tends to focus on great works, so doesn’t tell us much about everyday creativity. The second is very interesting, but, for our purposes, inconclusive, though Kevin Dunbar’s study of biologists shows (again) that there’s a lot of hard work involved (Dunbar, K. (1997)*). *How scientists think: Online creativity and conceptual change in science. In T.B. Ward, S.M. Smith, & S.Vaid (Eds.) Conceptual structures and processes: Emergence, discovery and Change. APA Press. Washington DC). Today we’ll focus mostly on the last two. [image: bordersmedia]
  • 13. there are lots of interesting topics... tips for enhancing creativity why are we creative? children and education the unconscious madness intelligence motivation personality environment organisational creativity measuring creativity general vs domain-specific creativity Monday, 5 April 2010 And not much time.
  • 14. ...but for lack of time we’ll cover: why are we creative tips for enhancing creativity children and education the unconscious madness intelligence motivation personality environment organisational creativity measuring creativity general vs domain-specific creativity Monday, 5 April 2010
  • 15. personality Monday, 5 April 2010 There’s not much we can do to change this one but people tend to like to hear about personality stuff. Whilst I’m no fan of psychometric testing at work, being aware of ways in which people may differ can be helpful in creating an environment they feel comfortable in.
  • 16. openness to experience inventive / curious vs. cautious / conservative conscientiousness efficient / organised vs. easy-going / careless extroversion outgoing / energetic vs. shy / withdrawn the big five agreeableness friendly / compassionate vs. competitive / outspoken neuroticism sensitive / nervous vs. secure /confident Monday, 5 April 2010 The Big Five is the personality model with the best evidence base. First identified by e.g. T upes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. USAF ASD Tech. Rep. No. 61-97, Lackland Airforce Base, TX: U. S. Air Force (but described by many others).
  • 17. openness to experience openness to fantasy - good imagination aesthetics - artistic interests feelings - experiencing and valuing feelings actions - trying new things, having many interests ideas - curious, smart, likes challenges values - unconventional,, liberal conscientiousness extroversion agreeableness neuroticism strong +ve correlation some +ve correlation Monday, 5 April 2010 Of the big 5, the personality factor most associated with creativity is openness to experience across many, many studies. See e.g. McCrae, Robert R, Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.Vol 52(6), Jun 1987, 1258-1265. Openness to experience is split into openness to fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions , ideas, and values (unconventional, liberal). Actions, values and feelings are less strongly related than the others - you can be calm or conservative and still creative, and liking to try new things doesn’t necessarily translate into creating new things. This is related to work on sensation seeking* - e.g. Zuckerman - dimensions of sensation seeking are boredom susceptibility (intolerance for being bored), disinhibition (taking social risks like heavy alcohol use. one night stands) experience seeking (needing new experiences, can include art or museums) and thrill and adventure seeking (physical risks, extreme sports ). (* Zuckerman, Marvin; Kolin, Elizabeth A.; Price, Leah; Zoob, Ina. , Development of a sensation-seeking scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology.Vol 28(6), Dec 1964, 477-482)
  • 18. openness to experience conscientiousness ambition discipline responsibility self-control extroversion agreeableness neuroticism -ve correlation for arts but not science Monday, 5 April 2010 Conscientiousness is generally associated with positive work outcomes, like showing up for work on time and getting things done by deadlines. But there’s evidence that in some domains (e.g. art, possibly design and advertising) G J Feist (1998): A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol 2, No 4, 290-309. other factors are more complex - scientists tend to be conscientious to some extent - if you lack a certain level of conscientiousness you won’t make it as a scientist at all. However, more conscientiousness isn’t necessarily better - the most creative scientists are no more conscientious. Perhaps creativity provides shortcuts for some types of work which less intelligent people can achieve through sheer effort.
  • 19. creativity WIN conscientiousness FAIL Monday, 5 April 2010 Peter Saville’s FAC 001 publicity poster for the first Factory night in Manchester in 1978 may have been seminal, but was effectively useless for marketing. It was famously delivered on the night of the event itself because Saville spent so long trying to find the perfect shade of yellow.
  • 20. one study of advertising and design workers found: • a negative correlation between creativity and conscientiousness • a positive correlation with neuroticism, extraversion and openness to experience Monday, 5 April 2010 Far be it from me to pander to stereotypes about web designers. G A Gelade (1997): Creativity in Conflict: The Personality of the Commercial Creative, The Journal of Genetic Psychology, Issue:Volume 158, Number 1 / March 1997, Pages:67 - 78 [image - Nathan Barley, Channel 4] •
  • 21. individual differences have implications for managing people: • people who score high on openness to experience produced more creative results on open-ended tasks • people who are high on conscientiousness will produce less creative results when their work is closely monitored • people who are low on emotional stability (especially those who are also introverted) do particularly badly when they think they are being evaluated Monday, 5 April 2010 I’m not comfortable with personality psychometrics in the hiring process - individual differences explain much less of our behaviour than intuition would lead us to think (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error for why this is). But an understanding of how people may differ can help people to work together. George JM, Zhou J., 1986, When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: an interactional approach. J Appl Psychol. 2001 Jun;86(3):513-24 Chamorro-Premuzic, & Reichenbacher, T, 2008, Effects of personality and threat of evaluation on divergent and convergent thinking, Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1095-1101
  • 22. motivation Monday, 5 April 2010 [no apologies for this image: snowbombing]
  • 23. much of the debate boils down to intrinsic motivation - doing something because you enjoy it or get personal meaning out of it vs extrinsic motivation - doing it for external reward, like money or praise neither one is objectively better or worse Monday, 5 April 2010
  • 24. lots of evidence suggests that high levels of intrinsic motivation to do something lead to more creative output this works even if you just prime people to think about intrinsic motivations before doing a task Monday, 5 April 2010 Ruscio, J., D. M. Whitney, and T. M. Amabile. "Looking Inside the Fishbowl of Creativity:Verbal and Behavioral Predictors of Creative Performance." Creativity Research Journal 11, no. 3 (1998): 243-263. Greer, M & Levine, E (1991) Enhancing creative performance in college students. Journal of Creative Behaviour, 25, 250-255 Graef, R, Csikszentmihalyi, M, Giannino, SM (1983) Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life, Leisure Studies, 2, 155-168 Amabile, T. M., R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron. "Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity." Academy of Management Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1996): 1154-1184.
  • 25. “to establish a place of work where engineers can feel the joy of technological innovation, be aware of their mission to society, and work to their heart’s content.” masaru ibuka, founder of sony Monday, 5 April 2010 The first purposes of incorporation of Sony. [image: sonyinsider.com]
  • 26. involvement in the task is particularly important (e.g. being in flow state) • higher feelings of autonomy or freedom tend to be related to higher levels of intrinsic motivation - i.e. if you can choose what to do, and how to do it, you’ll probably enjoy it more and thus be more creative Monday, 5 April 2010 Ruscio, J., D. M. Whitney, and T. M. Amabile (1998)- "Looking Inside the Fishbowl of Creativity:Verbal and Behavioral Predictors of Creative Performance." Creativity Research Journal 11, no. 3: 243-263. Zhou, J (1998) Feedback valence, feedback style, task autonomy, and achievement orientation: Interactive effects on creative performance. Journal of Applied Psychology.Vol 83 (2), Apr 1998, 261-276 See also Csikszentmihalyi on Flow, e.g. TED talk at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXIeFJCqsPs [image - idancerecords.com]
  • 27. if you offer people a reward to do something that they already find interesting, you may decrease intrinsic motivation and thus creativity • priming people to think about extrinsic motivations (money, status, evaluation) reduces creativity, but only on open ended tasks Monday, 5 April 2010 Amabile, T. M. "Brilliant but Cruel: Perceptions of Negative Evaluators." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19 (March 1983): 146-156. Amabile, T. M. "Attributions of Creativity: What Are the Consequences?" Creativity Research Journal 8, no. 4 (1995): 423-426. R. Eisenberger, M. Selbst (1994), "Does reward increase or decrease creativity?", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,Vol. 66 pp.1116 - 1127. Greene, D., & Lepper, M. R. (1974, September). Intrinsic motivation: How to turn play into work. Psychology Today, 49-54. Kohn, A. (1993), Punished by Reward: The Trouble With Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A ́s, Praise, and Other Bribes, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • 28. photo by tim_caynes • the negative effects depend on whether the extrinsic motivation is seen as controlling or supportive • extrinsic motivation helps improve intrinsic motivation when you’re given constructive feedback that recognizes your creative accomplishment Monday, 5 April 2010 e.g. Amabile, T. M. "Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace."Human Resource Management Review 3, no. 3 (autumn 1993): 185-201.
  • 29. this is the difference between QA... i’m supervising you to make sure you don’t f*** up Monday, 5 April 2010
  • 30. ...and support gosh, this is interesting, isn’t it? how can we learn more about it? Monday, 5 April 2010
  • 31. it’s OK to have an ego many great people have combined high intrinsic motivation with a strong desire for recognition Monday, 5 April 2010 Howard E. Gruber (1981) Darwin on man: A psychological study of scientific creativity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  • 32. remember this? finding solving implementing good problems those problems solutions Monday, 5 April 2010
  • 33. remember this? finding solving implementing good problems those problems solutions loving what you do the prospect of supports you at the money and fun, idea generation recognition helps stages you get through the hard work needed to develop those ideas Monday, 5 April 2010 e.g. Amabile, T. M. 1993: "Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace."Human Resource Management Review 3, no. 3 PS: If you want to read more on this I recommend looking up Teresa Amabile: http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=ovr&facId=6409
  • 34. photo by rogoyski tips for enhancing creativity Monday, 5 April 2010 OK, the soundbitey quick wins bit. Some of this may sound flippant but all of it has a basis in evidence.
  • 35. photo by jeevs enjoy what you do did I say that already? :) Monday, 5 April 2010 Csikszentmihalyi talks about immersing yourself in whatever you do by finding something meaningful in it. People who find this easy have autotelic personalities but we can all cultivate it. And if you can’t find anything meaningful in it, you ought to be doing something else.
  • 36. the ‘conscious’ bits of the mind are serial - they can only process one thing at a time remind you of anything? Monday, 5 April 2010 Don’t rely on your conscious mind. If you even believe in consciousness. Some very clever people don’t, e.g. see Dennett: Dennett, Daniel (1991), Allen Lane, ed., Consciousness Explained, The Penguin Press. Unintentionally summed up nicely by Radiohead as “just cos you feel it, doesn’t mean it’s there.”
  • 37. the unconscious bits are massively parallel which would you rather rely on? Monday, 5 April 2010 NASA’s Pleiades supercomputer - an SGI® Altix® ICE system with 14,080 Intel® Xeon® quad-core processors (56,320 cores, 110 racks) running at 544 trillion floating point operations per second (teraflops). (see nasa.gov).
  • 38. the unconscious mind is a much more powerful information processor but it won’t get a word in edgeways until you distract the conscious mind engaging the conscious mind in something else, even just for a few minutes, results in much more creative outputs Monday, 5 April 2010 See the works of Ap Dijksterhuis at http://www.unconsciouslab.com/index.php?page=People&subpage=Ap%20Dijksterhuis, e.g. Dijksterhuis at al (2006) On Making the Right Choice: The Deliberation-Without-Attention Effect Science 311, 1005
  • 39. the presence of green things increases creative output, perhaps because makes us feel calm and positive Monday, 5 April 2010 May sound like it’s from the department of the bleeding obvious, but no less valid for it. e.g. R. S. Ulrich (1993): "Biophilia, Biophobia, and Natural Landscapes." In S. Kellert and E. O. Wilson (Eds.), The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press
  • 40. photo by a r pratana balance group and individual work social loafing/diffusion of responsibility result in fewer ideas Monday, 5 April 2010 A meta analysis of 20 studies showed that in most cases, people working on their own produced more and better ideas than those working in groups. Brian Mullen ; Craig Johnson ;Eduardo Salas, (1991), Productivity Loss in Brainstorming Groups: A Meta-Analytic Integration, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Volume 12, Issue 1 March 1991 , pages 3 - 23
  • 41. photo: dom dada switch some members of groups Monday, 5 April 2010 The most successful Broadway musicals are produced by teams comprised of a combination of people who have worked together before and those who have not. Guimerà, Roger, Brian Uzzi, Jarrett Spiro, and Luís A. Nunes Amaral (2005). “Team Assembly Mechanisms Determine Collaboration Network Structure and Team Performance.” Science 308(5722): 697-702. Summarised at http://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/index.php/Kellogg/article/collaboration_and_creativity
  • 42. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X look at something X X X X X X X X unconventional X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Monday, 5 April 2010 Förster, J. (2009). Cognitive consequences of novelty and familiarity: How mere exposure influences level of construal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 444-447.
  • 43. lie down Monday, 5 April 2010 Perhaps because it makes you relaxed. Noradrenaline, of which you produce more when standing up, may inhibit creativity. Lipnicki, DM, and Byrne, DG,(2005), Thinking on your back: Solving anagrams faster when supine than when standing, Cognitive Brain Research,Volume 24, Issue 3, Pages 719-722
  • 44. and more, hot off the press from psyblog today: http://www.spring.org.uk/2010/03/boost-creativity-7-unusual-psychological- techniques.php? utm_campaign=twitter&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitter Monday, 5 April 2010
  • 45. thank you @clurr Monday, 5 April 2010
  • 46. you may like: Robert J Sternberg, 1998, ‘Handbook of Creativity’ Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, 1988, ‘Creativity’ J C Kaufman, 2009, ‘Creativity 101’ Richard Wiseman, 2009, ‘59 Seconds’ (for quick fixes) Psyblog: http://www.spring.org.uk/ full academic references are in the notes Monday, 5 April 2010