The document discusses various concepts related to openness in research, including open access, open data, open science, and open research. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms. Open access refers to making work publicly available online without charge, while allowing authors to retain copyright. Open science is making research, data, and dissemination accessible to all. Open data means specifications are publicly available without restrictions. The document also summarizes the Open Definition, which lists 11 conditions a work must satisfy to be considered open, such as access, redistribution, reuse, and absence of technological restrictions.

1. Open Access, Open Research,
Open Data, Open Science, Open
what?
Marcus Burkhardt (@bumatic), Christian Heise (@christianheise) | GFM 2013

2. Open Access
Image: "Piled Higher and Deeper" by Jorge Cham www.phdcomics.com
● Work is published online and reader is allowed to access it without charge.
○ Author has right to disseminate work and can set the terms of use
through licensing.
○ Author should retain copyright!
● 40-60% of articles authored by faculty are not available on the campuses
where they teach

3. Open Access: Motivations
● research funded by the public should be available to the
public (ethical)
● OA publications will have more accesses (readers),
citations and therefore impact (Research Impact)
● concern over the hindrance to research caused by the
cost of journal subscriptions (cost)
● ...

4. Open Access: Green and Gold
● green: the author can self-archive at the time of submission of the
publication (the 'green' route) whether the publication is grey
literature (usually internal non-peer-reviewed), a peer-reviewed
journal publication, a peer-reviewed conference proceedings paper
or a monograph
● gold: the author or author institution can pay a fee to the publisher
at publication time, the publisher thereafter making the material
available 'free' at the point of access (the 'gold' route). The two are
not, of course, incompatible and can co-exist.
● further little-used “road” hybrid forms: for example platinum open
access (does not charge author fees)...

5. Open Science
● umbrella term of the movement to make scientific
research, data and dissemination accessible to all levels
of an inquiring society, amateur or professional
● encompasses practices such as publishing open
research, campaigning for open access, encouraging
scientists to practice open notebook science
● generally making it easier and more efficient to do,
publish and communicate scientific knowledge
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science

6. Open Science
Source: A Revolution in Open Science: Open Data and the Role of Libraries
(Professor Geoffrey Boulton at LIBER 2013)

7. Open what?
“As a concept [...] the open is reactionary; it gains
meaning largely through a consideration of what
it is not.”
Tkacz, Nate: “From open source to open government: A critique of open politics”, in:
Ephemera, 12(4), S. 400.

8. Open what?
“At the same time, closure remains an inherent part of the
open; it is what openness must continually respond to and
work against – a continual threat amongst the ranks.
Openness, we might say, implies antagonism, or what the
language of openness would describe as closures. Such
closures do not randomly emerge, unexpected and from
the outside. It is the very qualities that Popper holds up as
representative of contemporary openness [...] that not only
coincide with, but are actually generative of new forms of
closure.”
Tkacz, Nate: “From open source to open government: A critique of open politics”, in:
Ephemera, 12(4), S. 403.

9. The Open (Knowledge) Definition
History of the Open Definition:
2005-08-21: v0.1 first draft of an Open Knowledge Definition was circulated to,
among others, Peter Suber, Cory Doctorow, Tim Hubbard, Peter Murray-Rust,
Jo Walsh and Prodromos Tsiavos
2005-10: Response to that feedback a second draft (v0.2) was released and
publicly posted
2006-05: Contact with Freedom Defined project and further feedback led to
another minor revision (v0.2.1)
2006-07: After a final period in which to solicit feedback v1.0
2009-11: Very minor corrections and emendations to the text. Merge
annotated and simple versions of the definition v1.1
Ongoing: Further Development Open Definition v1.2dev+

10. Openness according to the
Open Definition v.1.1
A work is open if its manner of distribution satisfies the
following conditions:
1. Access
2. Redistribution
3. Reuse
4. Absence of Technological Restriction
5. Attribution
6. Integrity
7. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
8. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
9. Distribution of License
10.License Must Not Be Specific to a Package
11.License Must Not Restrict the Distribution of Other Works
Source: http://opendefinition.org/okd/

11. Openness according to the
Open Definition v.1.1
A work is open if its manner of distribution satisfies the
following conditions:
1. Access
2. Redistribution
The Principles
3. Reuse
4. Absence of Technological Restriction
5. Attribution
Allowed Constraints
6. Integrity
7. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
Non-Discrimination
8. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
9. Distribution of License
Licencing Rules
10.License Must Not Be Specific to a Package
11.License Must Not Restrict the Distribution of Other Works
Source: http://opendefinition.org/okd/

12. 1. Access
The work shall be available as a whole and at no more
than a reasonable reproduction cost, preferably
downloading via the Internet without charge. The work
must also be available in a convenient and modifiable
form.

13. 2. Redistribution
The license shall not restrict any party from selling or
giving away the work either on its own or as part of a
package made from works from many different sources.
The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for
such sale or distribution.

14. 3. Reuse
The license must allow for modifications and derivative
works and must allow them to be distributed under the
terms of the original work.

15. 4. Absence of Technological
Restriction
The work must be provided in such a form that there are
no technological obstacles to the performance of the
above activities. This can be achieved by the provision of
the work in an open data format, i.e. one whose
specification is publicly and freely available and which
places no restrictions monetary or otherwise upon its
use.

16. Why are NC-Licences are not
open?
“Open Access stands for unrestricted access and
unrestricted reuse.”
Definition by Public Library of Science (PLoS)
https://www.plos.org/about/open-access/

17. Discussion
Thank you! Any Questions?
More Information at http://hybridpublishing.org