How the people of a small town on the cross road to the silk road in Persia used micro-climate and their local materials to create energy-efficient buildings.
- Assess how they have used sun, wind and water
- Passive solar design
- Landscape and thermal mass to transform a harsh natural environment into comfortable spaces
- Evaluate innovative uses of local material in their buildings
- Santa Fe architecture and similarities to Persian architecture
- Observe the use of these techniques in modern architecture
1. 5/19/2012
Sustainable Architecture without
Architects
How the people of a small town on the cross road to the silk road
in Persia used micro-climate and their local materials to create
energy-efficient homes
Simi Razavian Hemmati Architect
LEED AP, CGBP, CNE
Website: www.msahome.com
Email: simi@msahome.com
Tel: 858 459 8250
1
Sustainable Architecture without
Architects in Tabas, Iran (Persia)
This presentation is protected by US and
International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the
presentation without written permission of
the speaker is prohibited.
2
Learning Objectives
Passive solar design
Assess how they have used sun, wind, water, Landscape
and thermal mass to transform a harsh natural
environment into comfortable spaces
Evaluate innovative uses of local material in their
buildings
Santa Fe architecture and similarities to Persian architecture
Observe the use of these techniques in modern
architecture
3
1
2. 5/19/2012
What is a Green Building?
How many LEED APs? Architects, M. Engineers,
Passive solar design
Based on USGBC (US Green Building Council), points
Location, location
A
Building design
Indoor-environmental quality
Windows and doors
Water efficiency
Energy efficiency
Green building materials
Insulation
Renewable energy
Landscaping
4
Energy efficiency?
5
Passive Solar Design?
Heating and cooling without mechanical system
The sun, its light and heat, is one of the big players, name
Especially in San Diego, HVAC load, solar panel cost
Principles:
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Shading
Glazing
Thermal mass
Insulation
Ventilation
Landscaping 6
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3. 5/19/2012
Micro Climate: San Diego
Coastal, cross ventilation, passive heating
Inland, cross ventilation, shade, passive heating
Mountain, passive heating
Desert, shade, evaporative cooling
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Orientation
Sun path during summer and winter
Winter http://oikos.com
www.lightningcanyon.com
Summer Mesa Verde Colorado
Maximize south facing windows
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Orientation
Site planning
Maximize south facing windows
At least buy one
http://www.netspeed.com.au/abeccs/newington/newington%20design.htm
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Shading
Outside
Southern wall, overhangs
Reduces intense light and glare
East and west windows
Hyatt, Sedona
10
Glazing and day lighting
Location
South and north facing walls
Pleasant atmosphere
Elevates mood
Reduces depression
Reduces electricity cost
11
Thermal mass
Winter time: Absorbs and stores the heat during the day then
radiates the heat at night with a delayed effect and moderately.
Summer time: Absorbs nighttime coolness and release it
slowly during the hot days.
Tile, stone, concrete floor
Masonry or tile fire place
surround
Concrete or tile countertops
Concrete mass walls
Pond roof
Light color painted wall to
reflect on the floor
Do not throw rugs on the
floor. Fade?
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Ventilation
Controlled movement
of air through a building not a leak/ tight envelope
• Cross
• Stack
Evaporative cooling in arid area
increases humidity, comfort
• “By evaporating water, the air is cooled
more than by flow alone: it takes a relatively
large amount of heat to vaporize water”
Cross ventilation Stack ventilation
Venturi effect Stair well, clear story, attic
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Landscaping
Landscape Architect’s role
Wind break Natural air conditioner
builditsolar.com
Creating shade, west and east facing
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Do we follow 2000 year old design rules?
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Desert Micro Climate!
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Desert Micro Climate!
Hostile environment
Very little vegetation
Almost no rainfall
Sand storms
Loss of life
Not popular with travellers
Vast area with few roads
Marco Polo in 13th century
• Lack of water, heat and vicious sand
Summer temperature up to 120° F
Winter temperature dips below -4 °F
Temperatures soar in the sun, but drop rapidly at dusk
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Comfort Zone Chart for Tabas
Building bio-climatic chart by Milne and Givoni
July 12th Tabas
Temp: Max: 106’° Min: 68°
F F
Humidity : 9%
Wind: 14 mph NNE
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Materials
Earth
1/3 of population, 1/2 in developing countries
Architect Gernot Minke
Straw
White plaster
Wood
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Why did we chose to study Tabas?
• A small city
• An oasis in the desert, architecturally significant
•“Pearl of Persian cities”
•“Bride of Persian cities”
• Used to exist
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Why Tabas became important?
• Connection to silk road
• South and North cities
• “Karevan Sara” or Motels
• Source of water
• Coal mines
• Compare to Santa Fe
IRAN
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8. 5/19/2012
Tabas, the city planning, m.c. elements
• Wind direction
• Prevailing, north west
• Saam, sand storm, south east
• Water, east to west
• Water storage
• Main road direction
• Buildings, north, south
• Farms, source of cool breeze
• Point? Masdar city
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Tabas, how it became an oasis?
• Existence of water
• Efficient use of water
• Love of planting trees
• Shade
• Distance, driving
• Fruit, vegetables
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Tree Preservation
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These are the spaces they formed!
• Summer living area
• E`ivan (covered patio or veranda)
• Courtyards (with water feature and planters)
• Baudgeers (wind scoops or wind catchers)
• Kitchen and storage
• Hoaz-khane (living room)
• Winter living area
• Sardab (basement)
• Hashti (eight sided vestibule)
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Typical Floor Plan
• Season
• Compact
• Summer, winter area
• Courtyard
• Architectural elements
• Four seasons
• Cross ventilation
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Summer Living Area Tabas
• Location
• Elaborate
• Windows
• Height
• Point? Vaulted or high ceiling
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Summer Living Area Kashan
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E’ivan (covered porch or veranda)
• Main element
• Location
• Shade
• Stand alone
• Usage time
• Day to day work
• Clay jugs
• Point?
Dripper
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Courtyard
• Location
• Steps
• Materials
• Water
• Well of cold air
• Reservoir of
coolness
• Point? Privacy, shade
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Courtyard
• Water features
• Citrus fruit trees
• Palm trees
• Covered courtyard
• Walls, wind break
• US Department
of Energy, up to 25°F
cooler
• Point?
• Privacy
• west
facing
window
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Baudgeer (wind catcher, ventilation shaft)
• Unique, important
• 4000 B.C.
• Opening on sides
• One or three sided
• Breath
• Cool winds
• 8’ – 20’
• Point? Large bldg
with good breeze
but no vent
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Baudgeer
• Location Low income
• Basement
• Divisions, Venturi effect
• Low income
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Baudgeer (wind catcher, ventilation shaft, wind scoop)
Temperature change
Ventilation
How does it work? By Mr M. Bahadori pathways
produce air pressures
• Windy day and night
• Stormy day hot air rising by
convection Up draf t
Creates Stack effect
• Early morning no wind Like a chimney
• Late afternoon no wind
• Wet straw
Hot day in the afternoon no wind
Air movement: Chimney effect
• Pressure difference High press. Down draft
• Suction Stack effect
• The Venturi effect
• Convection
• Hot air rises
Temperature change Low press.
produce air pressures
difference in air pressure
generates air flow
Sensible cooling
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Baudgeer (wind catcher, ventilation shaft)
• Enclosure
• Sand settlement
• Protection
• Point? Chimney
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Ventilation
pathways
Houz-khaneh (living room)
• Favorite
• Water feature
• Height
• Cross ventilation
• Baudgeer, center
• Thermal mass
Plan
• Point? Water, height
Section
Elevation
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Houz-khaneh
• Flower
• Reflection
Yazd
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Sardab (basement)
• Location
• Temperature, underground
• 12 to 4
• Ventilation, doors, shutters
• Damp walls
• Under ground water, qanats
• Point? Hillside homes, mold
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Winter Living Area and Kitchen
• Room location
• Length of the season
• Kitchen location
• Windows, shade
• Size
• Height
• Braziers or korsi
• Point? Efficient
use of your home
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Materials
• Sun dried adobe, salt
• High heat storage capacity and
low heat conductivity: Thermal lag
• Kah-gel or plaster of clay and straw
• White plaster to reflect heat
• Wood/ screen
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Structural System
• Bearing wall, thermal mass
• Barrel roof
• Dome roof
• Heat distribution
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Alleys
• Shade
• Breeze
• Maze
• Roof
• Source of cool air
• Point?
Norman Foster in Abu Dhabi
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Baghe Golshan
• Main park (Persian garden)
• Four gardens
• Two stream
• Water feature
• Water fountain
• Water fall
Section
Arial Photo Site plan 46
Baghe Golshan (main park)
• Vanishing edge pool was
an efficient way to go
• Stream passes through
park entry and moves
toward the city
Kashan
Kashan
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Yakh-chal (Ice pit), Tabas
For storing ice
Desert
Middle of summer, next winter
Location, less expensive
Domed shape, above ground
Underground storage space
Cover the ceiling
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Yakh-chal (Ice pit)
Many parts of the world
Mastered the technique, 400 B.C. idea as old
as 1700 B.C. in this area
Above ground dome, up to 60’ for cooling
Underground space, up to 150,000 C.F.
with deep storage space
49
Yakh-chal (Ice pit) Construction
Materials:
Thick mud brick (adobe), walls up to 7
feet thick at the base
Mortar called Sarooj: sand, clay, egg
whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in
specific proportions
Resistant to heat transfer
Water impenetrable, Dam
Trench to catch melted ice
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Yakh-chal (Ice pit)
How does it work?
Storing ice and snow of
the mountains
Shallow pools on the
north side of a tall, east
west wall
Transferring ice into the
deep ice pit
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Yakh-chal (Ice pit)
Straw and mat
Different kind of ice
Glass ice for drinking
Ice cream, falodeh
Ice for everybody
Point? Reducing HVAC load
for large project in the hot
desert area
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Karevansara, Chahar deh,Tabas
Karevan-sara, caravan-house
Lodging, loading or landing of
the caravans
Storing goods and commercial
exchange, post office
Travelling time, 2 to10 am,
5 to 11pm, not extreme
Source: Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
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Karevansara, Khan, Tabas
Hot and dry area
Square or rectangle
Courtyard, veranda
Baudgeer, south
Copula
Roof opening
Design inspiration
Stable
Motel, 20 in Tabas
Source: Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
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Karvansara, Meidan, Tabas
Stable ceiling opening
Height at lobby
Water, qanat, well tower
Stay free, pay for food
Point? Motels, ventilation, shade, env.
Source: Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
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Karevansara, Abbasi Hotel,Isfahan
300 years ago
Courtyard and verandas
Height on the south side
Three story
Water feature
Source: http://www.abbasihotel.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En
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Karevansara, Abbasi Hotel,Isfahan
Interior
Beautiful, enchanting and relaxing
Tea in the courtyard
Source: http://www.abbasihotel.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En
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Benefits & drawbacks, local materials
• Shear strength in adobe
• 7.9 magnitude earthquake
• 22,000 died
Tabas After Earth Quake, 1978
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Santa Fe
Designs
and similarities to
Persian architecture
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Santa Fe, New Mexico
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Santa Fe, New Mexico
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Iran? Santa Fe?
Abyane, Iran
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Santa Fe? Iran?
Taos Santa Fe
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Masooleh, Iran
Iran? Santa Fe?
Masooleh Iran
B
A
Santa Fe Naiband Tabas, Iran
C
D
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Similarities, coincidence or an inspiration
Age
Similarities
• Mountain shape or irregular
pyramid
• Adobe: puddle, brick
• Flat roof, dome roof, wood
Santa Fe
Abyaneh, Iran
Santa Fe
Early architecture in New Mexico
by Bainbridge Bunting
65
Francisco Uvino
Similarities, coincidence or an inspiration
• Courtyard, early houses in trail
• Privacy, ladder
• South facing
• Window size
• Bread oven, blue color
• Narrow streets
• Plaza
• Differences
• No arches
• Protection from wind
Coincidence?
Abyaneh, Iran
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Santa Fe NM
In harmony
Nature
Climate
People
Energy efficient?
67
We are building a new civilization
Cheap energy
Spoiled by HVAC
Changing our behaviors, thanks to H.E.C of last year
Experiment and start from scratch
Historical examples, new techniques
Santa Fe
Healthier
68
Innovative uses of the same strategy
in new buildings
July 12th July 12 San Diego
Temp: Max: 75° Min: 52°
F F
Humidity : 75%
Wind:14 mph W
July 12th Tabas
Temp: Max: 106’° Min: 68°
F F
Humidity : 9%
Wind: 14 mph NNE
San Diego weather pattern in the chart
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Passive Solar Design in S.D.
Natural resources; wind, sun, water,
Thermal mass and landscape
Orientation, orientation, orientation
South facing windows
Ventilation
• Cross
• Stack
Shade
Thermal mass
Natural day-light
Landscape
Tight envelope, insulation
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Value of architects
Architect role
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Value of architects
Revision clouds
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Which one is more Green?
A
B
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Without a knowledgeable architect!!!!
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Without a knowledgeable architect!!!!
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Rob Quigley Architect
Children Museum, San Diego
Baudgeer concept (as cooling chimney)
Exhaust ventilation
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EHDD Architecture
Rumsey Engineers
Carnegie Center, Global Ecology in Stanford
Baudgeer
Shade
Cross ventilation
Prevailing Winds
85` F. 36% R.H.
Spray ring
Dense, Cool Air
Fills Lobby
59` F. 85% R.H.
A California Building Revives Traditional Middle Eastern Design
77
Mission Style Spanish Architecture
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27. 5/19/2012
CII-Godrej GBC
J.W. Marriott, Palm Desert
Courtyard
Water feature
Water falls
79
Twirling Tower Orchid Plaza
By David Fisher in Dubai Bahrain
Wind powered Electricity generating wind tower
80
Gerber architect Germany
Burj al-Taqa, Dubai
High-tech baudgeer
Wind driven ventilation
Central atrium
Dbl layered façade for
shade w/solar panel
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Santa Fe NM
In harmony
Nature
Climate
People
Energy efficient?
82
Louis Kahn architect
Salk Institute, La Jolla
Persian gardens and water feature
CII-Godrej GBC India
Wind tower
HVAC load 83
AS +GG Architect of Chicago
Masdar Headquarters, Abu Dhabi
Baudgeer concept, exhaust ventilation
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David Fanchon
'The Pearl' dome house
Passive solar design with a touch of high-tech
85
Foster & Partners
Masdar Development Abu Dhabi 2007
Narrow streets
Shading
Windows
Exterior walls
Walkways
Wind towers
Thick-walled buildings
Courtyards
http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1515/Default.aspx 86
Foster & Partners
Masdar Development Abu Dhabi 2007
Vegetation, Green parks
Generally walkable city
Northeast-southwest
orientation
Underground public
transportation
Indirect daylight, cupola
70 degree cooler, envir.
Lowest possible carbon footprint
http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1515/Default.aspx
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30. 5/19/2012
French architects Ateliers Lion
French school, Damascus, Syria
Baudgeer concept, exhaust ventilation
Black-painted polycarbonate sheet
Natural ventilation, court yard, removable shade
Earth ducts, thermal mass
A Damascus School Revives Traditional Iranian Cooling Techniques
88
Architect: S.O.M.
National Commercial Bank - Jeddah, S. A.
Courtyard, vertical
solid to the outside
opens up to the cooler
courtyard in the middle
Shading
Windows
http://www.carboun.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/1.jpg
89
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Coyne Residence, La Jolla 1990
New
Existing building
West facing windows
Strategic location
of windows
Cross ventilation
Existing
90
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MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Coyne Residence, La Jolla 1990
Strategic location
of windows
Overhang
Shade
Daylight
Cross ventilation
91
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Vajda Residence, Rancho Santa Fe Covenant
South facing windows
West facing windows
Cross ventilation
HVAC usage?
Before
After
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MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Vajda Residence, Rancho Santa Fe Covenant
South facing windows
Shade
Before After
After
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MSA & Assoc. Inc.
David Residence, La Jolla
South facing windows
Shade
Court yard
Cupola
94
Assoc.
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Vista Mar Residence, Pacific Beach 2000
West facing lot
Great view
No buyer for 2 years
Small flat area
Low cost solution
Waste reduction
95
Assoc.
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Vista Mar Residence, Pacific Beach 2000
South facing windows
West facing windows?
Overhangs
Cross ventilation
HVAC?
96
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MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Soledad Home, Pacific Beach
South facing windows
Cross ventilation
Stack ventilation
Fan
97
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Chalcedony, Pacific Beach
South facing windows
Shade
Cross ventilation
Exhaust ventilation
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MSA & Assoc. Inc.
La Jolla Residence, La Jolla
South facing windows
Cross ventilation Before
Daylight
Courtyard
Umbrella
After
99
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MSA & Assoc. Inc.
La Jolla Residence, La Jolla
South facing
windows
Use of shade
Water
Courtyard
Daylight
Umbrellas
After
Before
100
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
La Jolla Residence, La Jolla
After
Courtyard
North facing windows
Before
Before
After
101
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
CSS, San Bernardino, Ca. 1990
Steel manufacturing
• Warehouse
• Office bldg
• 30,000 S.F.
Stack ventilation
Summer heat
Daylight
102
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35. 5/19/2012
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Ten in rows, Linda Vista
South facing windows
Use of shade
Cross ventilation
Exhaust ventilation
Daylight
103
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Ten in rows, Linda Vista
South facing windows
Use of shade
Cross ventilation
Exhaust ventilation
Daylight
Possible, solar panel
104
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Jamshidi, La Jolla
On the board
West view/ main view
Use of shade
Cross ventilation
Exhaust ventilation
Daylight
105
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MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Jamshidi, La Jolla
South and north facing windows
Skylight
Daylight
Ceiling plan
Solar water heater
Solar panel for floor heating
106
MSA & Assoc. Inc.
Jamshidi, La Jolla
Cross ventilation in basement
Exhaust ventilation
Daylight
water efficient landscaping
Tight envelope
107
Green Building Design- Passive solar
Natural resources; wind, sun, water thermal mass and
landscape
Orientation, orientation, orientation
South facing windows
Ventilation
• Cross
• Stack
Shade
Thermal mass
Natural day-light
Landscape
Insulation
Tight envelope
108
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Low cost energy saving solutions
1. Behavioural change
2. Check orientation
• Locate your windows
3. Summer:
• Daylight
• Ventilation
• Shade for south
• West and east
4. Winter:
• Open south facing windows
• Daylight
109
Low cost energy saving solutions
5. Thermal mass
• Area rug
6. Landscape
• Deciduous trees
• West and east facing windows
7. Insulation
• Tight envelope
8. Changing windows
• Dbl glaze, south facing
9. Water in dry climates
10. Remodel based on your budget
and Passive solar
110
Resources
Master Theses research by Simi Razavian, Lila Khalvati and Fereshteh Asefi.
Gardens of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
Early architecture in New Mexico by Bainbridge Bunting
Urban structure and architecture in the hot arid zone of Iran by Mahmoud Tavassoli
http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=1040
http://www.gulfweeklyworldwide.com/article.asp?Sn=5536&Article=19304
www.lightningcanyon.com/pages/passive-solar/introduction_passive_solar.html
www.inhabitat.com/2007/05/16/david-fishers-twirling-wind-power-tower/
Viability of wind towers in achieving summer comfort in the hot arid regeions of the
middle east By Mehdi N. Bahadori Professor of Mechanical Engineering Sharif University of
Technology Tehran, Iran
Three dimensional numerical investigation of air flow over domed roofs by: Ahmadreza
K.Faghih and,MehdiN .B ahadori School of Mechanical Engineering,SharifU niversity of
Technology,Tehran,Iran
111
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Resources
historicaliran.blogspot.com/2010/02/abyaneh-village.html
www.carboun.com/sustainable-development/sustainable-design/a-damascus-
school-revives-traditional-cooling-techniques/#more-1495
http:/www.carboun.com/?s=Carnegie+Center,++Global+Ecology+in+Stanford+
http://www.eartharchitecture.org/index.php?/archives/1045-Yakhchal-Ancient-
Refrigerators.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhchal
http://www.mytholia.org/wiki/index.php/Yakhchal
http://heritage-key.com/site/ice-house-abarku-abarqu
http://www.abbasihotel.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En
http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9
%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7
Islamic architecture: form, function and meaning, Robert Hillenbrand (Author)
112
Resources
http://travelingrainvilles.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8357fa03b69e2010535b84a2a97
0b-popup
http://wchpgrte.blogspot.com/2010/05/western-center-for-historic.html
http://brothaluvacafe.blogspot.com/2009/05/santa-fe-new-mexico-apr-may-
2009.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/arts/design/26masdar.html
http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1515/Default.aspx
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Speaker
Simi Razavian Architect, LEED AP, CGBP, CNE
Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design with Emphasis on Passive Solar
Design and Vernacular Architecture of Tabas, Iran
Co- founder of MSA & Assoc. Inc. in 1987
Licensed Architect in the State of California
Certified Green Building Professional
Speaker at :
Mesa College Dec 5th, 2011, La Jolla Library Sep 20th 2011 HP (Hewlett-Packard), Jan 20th
2011,SIAP Nov.11th, La Jolla Library Nov 3rd 2010, New Mexico Solar Energy Association Sep 11
2010, UCSD Osher program July 15th, 2010, iWIA San Diego July 12th, 2010, Notre Dame
University, School of Architecture, April 23rd, 2009, La Jolla Library July 13th, 2009, AIA Convention
May 2nd, 2009, CCSE, WIA San Diego, April 2009
Contact Information
Simi Razavian Hemmati
Email: simi@msahome.com
Website: www.msahome.com
Tel: 858 459 8250
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