This is density based traffic light control system using Programmable logic controller(PLC). Then side which have more vehicles(density) will be getting on first. This process will take place according to number of vehicles.

1. A
FINAL YEAR PROJECT PRESENTATION
ON
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
USING PLC
Guided By:
Mr. Vinay Kumar Gupta
Ass. Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Pratap University, Jaipur.
Submitted By:
Banwari Lal (EE110006)
Karan Singh Berwal (EE110016)
Mahipal Mandawaria (EE110018)

2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES
• Develop a new traffic light control system controlled by
programmable logic controller (PLC).
• Implement the system on a model of a traffic light.

3. PROJECT SCOPE
• Construct a model of four way junction of a traffic light
model.
• Programmed a ladder logic diagram to control the traffic
light.
• Combine the software part and the hardware part to
simulate a traffic light system.

4. PROBLEM STATEMENT
• The monitoring and control of city traffic light is becoming a
major problem in many countries.
• The increasing number of vehicles and the lower phase
of highways developments have led to traffic congestion
problem especially in major cities.
• In addition, delays due to traffic congestions also
indirectly affect productivity, efficiency, and energy losses.

5. AUTOMATION
 Automation is basically the delegation of human control
functions to technical equipment aimed towards
achieving:
Higher productivity.
Superior quality of end product.
Efficient usage of energy and raw materials.
Improved safety in working conditions etc.

6. TYPES OF AUTOMATION
 Building Automation
Example: Lifts, Smoke detectors
 Office Automation
Example: Printers, CCTV cameras
 Scientific Automation
Example: Rocket launching
 Light Automation
Example: Street solar lightening
 Industrial Automation
Example: Automated bottle filling stations , Steel factories etc

7. INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
 The use of Computerized or robotic devices to complete
manufacturing tasks.
PLANT
FIELD
INSTRUMENT
CONTROL SYSTEM
HARDWARE
CONTROL
SOFTWARE
CONTROL

8. TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM

9. MODE OF OPERATION
There are three mode of operation in this traffic light control
system.
• Density base
• Timing mode
• Night mode

10. COMPONENT OF PROJECT
• PLC (Programmable logic controller)
• LIMIT SWITCH
• INDICATOR
• PLYWOOD
• OTHER ACCESSORIES

11.  PLC
(Programmable Logic Controller)

12. CONTENTS
• WHAT IS PLC
• WHY PLC?
• COMPONENTS OF PLC
• PLC OPERATION
• PLC PROGRAMMING
• APPLICATIONS
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• CONCLUSION

13. PLC(PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER)
 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an industrial
computer that monitors inputs, makes decisions based on
its program and controls outputs to automate a process or
machine.
 The automation of many different processes, such as
controlling machines or factory assembly lines, is done
through the use of small computers called a programmable
logic controllers (PLCs).

14. WHY PLC?
 To reduce human efforts .
 To get maximum efficiency from machine and control them
with human logic .
 To reduce complex circuitry of entire system .
 To eliminate the high costs associated with inflexible, relay-
controlled systems.

15. UNDERSTANDING OF PLC (Example )
Machine can be controlled by PLC without human efforts

16. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A PLC
PROCESSOR
POWER
SUPPLY
I M
N O
P D
U U
T L
E
O M
U O
T D
P U
U L
T E
PROGRAMMING
DEVICE
From
SENSORS
Pushbuttons,
contacts,
limit switches,
etc.
To
OUTPUT
Solenoids,
contactors,
alarms
etc.

17. PLC
INPUT OUTPUT
PUSH BUTTONS
1. INPUT MODULES accepts and converts signals from sensors into a
logic signal
Ex. : Switches, Pushbuttons.
2. OUTPUT MODULES that convert control instructions a signal that can
be used by actuators.
Ex. : lamps, alarm.
COMPONENTS (INPUT /OUTPUT)

18. 3. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)
It is the brain of PLC and governs the activities of the entire PLC systems
 The CPU consists of following blocks :
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
Internal memory of CPU
Internal timers ,counters and Flags .
 The various operations performed are :
Scanning I/O bus traffic control,
Program execution,
Peripheral and External device communication,
Data handling and self diagnostics.
PROCESSOR
4. MEMORY is the component that stores information, programs and data in
a PLC.
COMPONENTS (CPU ,MEMORY)
Types of memories used in PLCs are read only memory (ROM) and
random access memory (RAM).

19. 5. POWER SUPPLY
Provides the voltage needed to run the primary PLC
components. POWER
SUPPLY
6. PROGRAMMING DEVICE
The programming terminal is used for programming the
PLC and monitoring/sequencing PLCs operation. PROGRAMMING
DEVICE
COMPONENTS (POWER SUPPLY, PROGRAMMING DEVICE)

20.  CHECK INPUT STATUS
First the PLC takes a look at each I/O to
determine if it is on or off.
 EXECUTE PROGRAM
Next the PLC executes the program
one instruction at a time.
 UPDATE OUTPUT STATUS
Finally the PLC updates the status of the
outputs .It updates the outputs based on
which inputs were on during the first step.
PLC OPERATION

21. Ladder logic is a programming language used to develop
software for PLC used in industrial control applications.
RUNGES
RAIL RAIL
PLC PROGRAMMING

22. ELEMENTS OF LADDER LOGIC
NORMALLY OPEN NORMALLY CLOSED
(CONTACT) (CONTACT)
COILS

23. LADDER LOGIC EXAMPLE
OR OPERATION
A
B
C
In the above diagram, it can be seen that either input A or
B is be true (1), or both are true, then the output C is true
(1).

24.  Manufacturing / Machining
 Food / Beverage
Textile Industry
 Travel Industry
 Aerospace
 Printing Industry
 Traffic light control
AREAS OF APPLICATION

25. • Replacing Human Operators
• Dangerous Environments
• Beyond Human Capabilities
• Fast
• Easily programmed and have an easily understood
programming language.
• Improves Productivity
• Improves Quality
ADVANTAGES

26. • PLC Devices Are Proprietary
• Initial Costs Are High
• There's Too Much Work Required In Connecting Wires
• Unemployment Rate Increases
DISADVANTAGES

27.  The PLC have in recent years experienced an unprecedented
growth as universal element in industrial automation.
 It can be effectively used in applications ranging from
simple control like replacing a small number of relays to
complex automation problems.
 Today the PLCs are used for control & automation job in a
single machine & it increases up to full automation of
manufacturing / testing process in a factory.
CONCLUSION

28.  LIMIT SWITCH

29. CONTENTS
• WHAT IS LIMIT SWITCH?
• WHY LIMIT SWITCH?
• COMPONENTS OF LIMIT SWITCH
• LIMIT SWITCH OPERATION
• APPLICATIONS
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

30. LIMIT SWITCH
 A limit switch is a switch operated by the motion of a
machine part or presence of an object.
 limit switches are industrial control components
manufactured with a variety of operator types, including
lever, roller plunger, and whisker type.
 They can determine the presence or absence, passing,
positioning, and end of travel of an object.

31. WHY LIMIT SWITCH?
 Ease of installation
 Reliability of operation
 Ruggedness

32. COMPONENT OF LIMIT SWITCH
 NO(Normally Open)
 NC(Normally Closed)
 COMMON TERMINAL

33. LIMIT SWITCH OPERATION
 A limit switch is an electromechanical device that
consists of an actuator mechanically linked to a set of
contacts. When an object comes into contact with the
actuator, the device operates the contacts to make or
break an electrical connection.

34. APPLICATIONS
• Controlling temperature
• Controlling pressure
• Controlling PH level
• Counting
• Presence or absence of an object
• Passing and positioning of an object

35. ADVANTAGES
 Mechanical advantages:
• Ease of use.
• Simple visible operation.
• Durable housing.
• Well sealed for reliable operation.
• High resistance to different ambient conditions found in
industry.
• High repeatability.
•

36. ADVANTAGES
 Electrical advantages:
• Suitable for switching higher power loads than other sensor
technologies.
• Immunity to electrical noise interference.
• Immunity to radio frequency interference (walkie-talkies).
• No leakage current.
• Minimal voltage drops.
• Simple normally open and/or normally closed operation.

37. DISADVANTAGES
• Shorter contact life than solid-state technology.
• Moving mechanical parts wear out eventually.
• Not all applications can use contact sensing.

38.  INDICATOR

39. CONTENTS
• WHAT IS INDICATOR?
• SIGNAL TOPOLOGY
• APPLICATIONS
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

40. INDIACATOR
 This project use LED light as an indicator.
 A PLC for auto change signal after a specific time interval.
 There are three LED lights are used as indicator.
1. Green
2. Red
3. Yellow

41. INDIACATOR
 Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic
lamps, traffic semaphore, signal lights, stop
lights and robots and also known technically as traffic
control signals.
 These are signalling devices positioned at road
intersections, pedestrian, crossing and other locations to
control competing flows of traffic.

42. INDICATOR

43. SIGNAL TOPOLOGY
• The green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction
denoted, if it is safe to do so.
• The yellow light provides warning that the signal will be
changing from green to red.
• A flashing yellow indication is a warning signal.
• The red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding.
• A flashing red indication is treated as a stop sign

44. APPLICATIONS
• Traffic Light.
• Rail and Metro.
• Industry.
• Power outage.
• Emergency response.

45. ADVANTAGES
• Decrease risk.
• Save time.
• Save money.
• Convenient flexibility.

46. DISADVANTAGES
• Increase in accident.
• Delay.
• Diverted congestion.
• Civil disobedience.

47.  PLYWOOD

48. PLYWOOD
 A type of strong thin wooden board consisting of two or
more layers glued and pressed together with the direction of
the grain alternating.

49. PLYWOOD
• Types of Plywood:
 softwood plywood
 hardwood plywood
 Decorative plywood
 Flexible plywood

50. PLYWOOD
• Type – Hardwood plywood
• Size – 2 * 2 meter
• Thickness – 6 mm
• Grade - A

51. APPLICATIONS
• Panels in concrete form work systems.
• Floors, walls and roofs in transport vehicles.
• Container floors.
• Floors subjected to heavy wear in various buildings and
factories.
• Scaffolding materials.

52.  OTHER ACCESSORIES

53. OTHER ACCESSORIES
 Traffic Pole
 Divider
 Paint (Black)
 Wires
 Wooden mixture
 Fevicol
 Colored paper

54. RESULT & CONCLUSSION
• The program was burned and then the model was given
power supply.
• As a result the traffic system operates in a sequential order
servicing one lane after the other.
• As a result all lanes get service but the lane with higher
density gets higher preference.

55. REFRENCES
• www.atmel.com
• www.scribd.com
• www.bookrags.com
• www.ijater.com
• Design of smart traffic controller using embedded system
(www.iosrjournals.org) sananas.G.Sayyed,
Poonam.V.Pawar, Vishakha.S.Thakare, Snehal.R.Jadhav.