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Hypertension
Hypertension: Definition
Persistent elevation of
    Systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg
       or
    Diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg
• Worldwide an estimated 1 billion people have
  hypertension; about 1 in 3 Americans affected
• Direct relationship between hypertension and
  cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Prehypertension: Definition

• Systolic blood pressure:
  120–139 mm Hg
  or
• Diastolic blood pressure:
  80–89 mm Hg
Hypertension
• It is estimated that 1/3 of the general population in the US have
  hypertension (Fields et al, 2004)
• Healthy People 2010: reduce the # of persons with HTN by
  14%, increase the control of BP by 68%, increase the # of adults
  taking action by weight loss, activity, low sodium diet by 98%
  and increase the proportion of adults measuring their BP by
  95%
• Risk of hypertension increases with age; if you don’t have it by
  age 55 – 90% chance of getting it later in life
• CVD is #1 cause of death in women in US & other developed
  areas of world; < 50% of women are aware of this fact See p.
  762 for box at top of page with gender differences &
  hypertension; Before age 55 hypertension more common in men
  and they have MIs > 55 yrs, hypertension more common in
  women and they have strokes
Factors Influencing
        Blood Pressure (BP)

                                               Systemic
 Blood =                             Cardiac
                                             x Vascular
Pressure                             Output
                                               Resistance
Cardiac output is total blood flow through systemic or pulmonary
  circulation per min. CO =stroke volume (amt pumped out of
       L ventricle per beat [70 ml]) times the HR for 1 min.
      SVR + force opposing movement of blood in vessels;
  determined primarily by radius of small arteries & arterioles

         Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Factors Influencing BP
         Cardiac
         •Heart rate
         •Inotropic state
         •Neural (pons and medulla)
         •Humoral (hormones)


                     Cardiac Output

 Renal Fluid Volume Control
 •Renin–angiotensin
 •Aldosterone
 •Atrial natriuretic factor
 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Baroreceptors
   Nerve cells in carotid artery & aortic arch
   Maintain BP during normal activities
   React to increases & decreases in BP
    •  BP – impulse to brain to inhibit SNS; HR
     & force of ctrx; vasodilation of arterioles
    • BP – activates SNS; vasoconstriction of
     arterioles; HR & heart contractility
• Increased BP send inhibitory
  impulse to sympathetic vasomotor
  center in brainstem;
• In long-standing hypertension,
  baroreceptors adjust to elevated BP
  and reads it as normal; doesn’t make
  adjustments; also becomes less
  responsive in some older adults
Mechanism of Action of Aldosterone




                                             Fig. 33-2
         Increases CO by increasing blood volume
                            .
Blood Pressure Classification
Category                                        SBP                                      DBP
                                                (mm Hg)                                  (mm Hg)
Normal                                          < 120                                        < 80

Prehypertension                                 120–139                                      80–89

Stage 1 hypertension                            140–159                                      90–99

Stage 2 hypertension                            > 160                          or            > 100

           Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Etiology of Hypertension

• Primary (essential or idiopathic)
  hypertension
   Elevated BP without an identified
    cause
   90% to 95% of all cases
Etiology of Hypertension
• Primary (essential or idiopathic)
  hypertension
   Contributing factors
     • ↑ SNS activity
     • ↑ Sodium retaining hormones and
       vasoconstrictors
     • Diabetes mellitus
     • > Ideal body weight
     • ↑ Sodium intake
     • Excessive alcohol intake
Secondary Hypertension
 Elevated BP with a specific cause
     • 5% to 10% of adult cases
 Contributing factors:
   • Coarctation of aorta name given to a congenital condition whereby the aorta
       narrows in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts.

     • Renal disease
     • Endocrine disorders
     • Neurologic disorders
     • Cirrhosis
     • Sleep apnea
 If someone under 20 or over 50 suddenly develops
  hypertension, esp. severe then suspect secondary cause
Risk Factors for - Primary Hypertension
•   Age (>55)
•   Alcohol
•   Cigarette smoking
•   Diabetes mellitus
•   Elevated serum lipids
•   Excess dietary sodium
•   Gender
      SBP rises with age Alcohol – excessive use strongly correlated to
       hypertension
      Smoking – increases risk for CV disease ; vasoconstriction
      Diabetes – along with hypertension greater risk for target organ disease and
       usually more severe
      Hyperlipidemia elevated in people with hypertension; increases risk of
       atherosclerosis
      Some pts Na sensitive Males have higher rates of hypertension <55 and
       increased in women>55
Risk Factors for
     Primary Hypertension
•   Family history
•   Obesity
•   Ethnicity
•   Sedentary lifestyle
•   Stress
Pathophysiology of
      Primary Hypertension
• Heredity
   In most cases, hypertension results from
    the interaction of:
    • Environmental factors
    • Demographic factors
    • Genetic factors
Primary Hypertension
• Water and sodium retention
  A high sodium intake may result in water
   retention
  Some people are Na sensitive (about
   20%) ; not everyone with high salt diet
   develops hypertension
Pathophysiology of
    Primary Hypertension
• Water and sodium retention
  Certain demographics are associated
   with “salt sensitivity”
   • Obesity
   • Increasing age
   • African American ethnicity
   • People with diabetes, renal disease
Pathophysiology of
       Primary Hypertension
• Stress and increased SNS activity
     Produces increased vasoconstriction
     ↑ HR
     ↑ Renin release
     Angiotensin II causes direct arteriolar
      constriction, promotes vascular hypertrophy and
      induces aldosterone secretion
Pathophysiology of
     Primary Hypertension
• Insulin resistance & hyperinsulinemia
   High insulin concentration stimulates SNS
    activity and impairs nitric oxide–mediated
    vasodilation
   Not present in secondary hypertension and
    don’t improve when hypertension is treated
Pathophysiology of
      Primary Hypertension
• Altered renin–angiotensin mechanism
   High plasma renin activity
• Endothelial cell dysfunction
   Source of many vasoactive substances
   Role of endothelial cell dysfunction in cause and
    treatment of hypertension is ongoing
• Renin is an enzyme released by the kidney to help control the body's
  sodium-potassium balance, fluid volume, and blood pressure.
•   Description
• When the kidneys release the enzyme renin in response to certain
  conditions (high blood potassium, low blood sodium, decreased blood
  volume), it is the first step in what is called the renin-angiotensin-
  aldosterone cycle. This cycle includes the conversion of
  angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which in turn is converted to
  angiotensin II, in the lung. Angiotensin II is a powerful blood vessel
  constrictor, and its action stimulates the release of aldosterone from
  an area of the adrenal glands called the adrenal cortex. Together,
  angiotensin and aldosterone increase the blood volume, the blood
  pressure, and the blood sodium to re-establish the body's sodium-
  potassium and fluid volume balance. Primary aldosteronism, the
  symptoms of which include hypertension and low blood potassium
  (hypokalemia), is considered "low-renin aldosteronism."
Hypertension
    Clinical Manifestations

• Referred to as the “silent killer”
• Frequently asymptomatic until target
  organ disease occurs
   Or recognized on routine screening
Hypertension
    Clinical Manifestations
• Sx often secondary to target organ
  disease
• Can include:
   Fatigue, reduced activity tolerance
   Dizziness
   Palpitations, angina
   Dyspnea
Hypertension
           Complications
• Target organ diseases occur most
  frequently in:
   Heart
   Brain
   Peripheral vasculature
   Kidney
   Eyes
Hypertension
                                  Complications
        • Hypertensive
          heart disease
               Coronary artery
                disease
               Left ventricular
                hypertrophy
               Heart failure
Increased systemic vascular resistance causes left ventricle to work to hard;
initially increases in size as compensatory mechanism; eventually becomes
too large and requires more oxygen and energy; can’t keep up with demand        Fig. 33-3: Top, normal
and end up with heart failure                                                   heart; Bottom, left
                                                                                ventricular hypertrophy
Hypertension-Complications
• Cerebrovascular disease
      Stroke
•   Peripheral vascular disease
•   Nephrosclerosis
•   Retinal damage
•   Atherosclerosis most common cause of cerebrovascular disease;
    hypertension major risk factor for cerebral atherosclerosis and stroke
• Atherosclerosis in peripheral blood vessels too; can lead to PVD, aortic
    aneurysm, aortic dissection
• Hypertension one of leading causes of end-stage renal disease, esp. in
    African-Americans; some degree of renal dysfunction usual in person with
    even mild BP elevations
• Retina is only place blood vessels can be directly visualized; if see damage
    there then indicates damage in brain, heart, & kidney too; Can cause
    blurring, retinal hemorrhage and blindness
Hypertension
         Diagnostic Studies
• History and physical examination
• BP measurement in both arms
   Use arm with higher reading for subsequent
    measurements
   BP highest in early morning, lowest at
    night
Hypertension
           Office BP Measurement
• Use auscultatory method with a properly calibrated
  instrument
• Patient seated quietly for 5 min in a chair, feet on the floor,
  and arm supported at heart level

• Appropriate-sized cuff is necessary to ensure accurate reading

• At least two measurements should be obtained

• Allow at least 1 minute between readings. If one arm higher
  than other; take BP in higher arm for subsequent
  measurements
Hypertension
              Diagnostic Studies
•   Urinalysis, creatinine clearance
•   Serum electrolytes, glucose
•   BUN and serum creatinine
•   Serum lipid profile
•   ECG
•   Echocardiogram
•   Know normal lab values! Use your lab book
Hypertension
            Diagnostic Studies
• “White coat” phenomenon may precipitate the need
  for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)
   Noninvasive, fully automated system that
    measures BP at preset intervals over a 24-hour
    period
   Also used when suspect drug resistance,
    hypotensive symptoms with drug therapy,
    episodic hypertension, or SNS dysfunction
Hypertension
          Collaborative Care
• Overall goals
   Control blood pressure
   Reduce CVD risk factors

• Strategies for adherence to regimens
   Empathy increases patient trust, motivation,
    adherence to therapy
   Consider patient’s cultural beliefs, individual
    attitudes in formulating treatment goals
Benefits of Lowering BP

         Average Percent Reduction
Stroke incidence              35%–40%
Myocardial infarction      20%–25%

Heart failure               50%
Collaborative Care
 Lifestyle Modifications
• Wt. reduction
    10 kg (22 lb) loss; SBP by 5-20 mm Hg
• DASH eating plan (dietary approaches to stop
  hypertension)
• Na reduction
    <2.4 g of sodium/day
• Moderate alcohol intake
    Men: 2 drinks/day or less
    Women: 1 drink/day or less
Collaborative Care
       Lifestyle Modifications
• Physical activity:
   Regular physical (aerobic) activity,
   At least 30 min, most days of week

• Avoidance of tobacco products

• Stress management
Collaborative Care HTN
                 Drug Therapy
• Primary actions
    Reduce SVR
    Reduce volume of circulating blood
• Classifications
    Diuretics
    Adrenergic inhibitors
    Direct vasodilators
    Angiotensin inhibitors
    Calcium channel blockers
• Review pharmacology and know drug classes & how they
  work to reduce BP; side effects
• See pps 773-776 in book for good overview!!!
Collaborative Care




                     Fig. 33-5
Treatment Algorithm




                      Fig. 33-4
Collaborative Care
          Drug Therapy
• Patient teaching
   Identify, report, minimize side effects to
    enhance compliance
     • Orthostatic hypotension
     • Sexual dysfunction
     • Dry mouth
     • Frequent urination
Collaborative Care
     Nursing Management
Assessment
   Subjective data
    • Past health history
    • Medications
    • Functional health patterns
   Objective data
    • Target organ damage
Collaborative Care
          Nursing Management

Nursing Diagnoses
•   Ineffective health maintenance
•   Anxiety
•   Sexual dysfunction
•   Ineffective therapeutic regimen management
•   Disturbed body image
•   Ineffective tissue perfusion
Collaborative Care
       Nursing Management

Collaborative problems
• Potential complications:
     • Adverse effects from antihypertensive
       therapy
     • Hypertensive crisis
     • Stroke
     • Myocardial infarction
Collaborative Care
        Nursing Management
Planning
• Patient will:
   Achieve & maintain individually determined
    goal BP
   Understand, accept, & implement therapeutic
    plan
   Experience minimal/no unpleasant side effects
    of therapy
   Be confident of ability to manage & cope with
    condition
Collaborative Care
         Nursing Management
Implementation
• Health Promotion
     Individual patient evaluation
     Blood pressure measurement
     Screening programs
     Cardiovascular risk factor modification
Collaborative Care
     Nursing Management
Implementation
  Ambulatory and Home Care
   Patient/family teaching:
    • Nutritional therapy
    • Drug therapy
    • Physical activity
    • Home monitoring of BP (if appropriate)
    • Tobacco cessation (if applicable)
Collaborative Care
      Nursing Management
Nursing Evaluation
• Patient will:
   Achieve & maintain goal BP as defined for the
    individual
   Understand, accept, and implement the
    therapeutic plan
   Experience minimal or no unpleasant side
    effects of therapy
Hypertension in Older Persons
•   Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH):
      Most common form of hypertension in people
        > 50 years of age
•   Lifetime risk of developing hypertension:
      About 90% for normotensive men and women over age 55
•   Reasons for increased BP in elderly:
      Loss of elasticity
      Increased collagen and stiffness of myocardium
      Increased PVR
      Decreased adrenergic receptor sensitivity
      Blunting of baroreceptor reflexes
      Decreased renal function
      Decreased renin response to Na/H2O depletion
      May have altered drug absorption; delayed metabolism and excretion; be
        careful when medicating
Hypertension in Older Persons
• More likely to have “white coat”
  hypertension

• Often a wide gap between 1st Korotkoff
  sound and subsequent beats called the
  auscultatory gap
    Failure to inflate the cuff high enough
     may result in seriously underestimating
     the SBP
Hypertension in Older Persons
• Have varying degrees of impaired
  baroreceptor reflex mechanisms

• Consequently, orthostatic hypotension
  occurs often
   Especially in patients with ISH
Cultural and Ethnic Disparities

• In general, Trx similar for all
  demographic & ethnic groups
• Prevalence & severity of HTN
  increased in African Americans
Cultural and Ethnic Disparities*
• Mexican Americans less likely to receive
  treatment than whites & African
  Americans
• Mexican Americans & Native Americans
  have lower rates of BP control than whites
  and African Americans
Hypertensive Crisis
• Severe, abrupt increase in DBP
    Defined as >140 mm Hg
• Rate of increase in BP more important than absolute
  value
• Often occurs in patients with Hx of HTN who failed to
  comply with medications or who have been
  undermedicated
• Monitor MAP mean arterial pressure: MAP = (SBP + 2DBP)
                                                  3
Hypertensive Crisis
    Clinical Manifestations
• Hypertensive emergency = evidence
  of acute target organ damage:
   Hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral
    hemorrhage
   Acute renal failure
   Myocardial infarction
   Heart failure with pulmonary edema
Hypertensive Crisis
Nursing & Collaborative Management
• Hospitalization
    IV drug therapy: Titrated to mean arterial pressure
    Monitor cardiac and renal function
    Neurologic checks
    Determine cause
    Education to avoid future crises
• Decrease BP by no more than 25% within 1st hr; then if
  stable goal for BP is 190/100 over next 2-6 hrs
• Lowering BP too much or too quickly increases risk for
  stroke, MI, renal failure due to decreased perfusion to these
  vital organs
Hypertensive Emergency
• Develops over hours-days
• BP > 180/120 mm Hg
• Evidence of acute target organ damage, esp. to CNS
    Hypertensive encephalopathy
    Sx may be similar to stroke, but no focal or lateral signs
• Can see sudden rise in BP with HA, N&V, SZ, confusion,
  stupor & coma; Increased ICP due to edema
• Common to have blurred vision and transient blindness
• Renal insufficiency to complete shutdown
• Rapid cardiac decompensation; MI, dyspnea
Hypertensive Urgency

• Develops over days to weeks
• BP severely elevated but no evidence of
  target organ damage
   Usually treat with oral meds as outpatient
Supporting Materials
• Web site www.nhlbi.nih.gov
• For patients and the general public
    Facts about the DASH Eating Plan
    Your Guide to Lowering Blood Pressure
    My Blood Pressure Wallet Card
• For health professionals
    Reference Card

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Hypertension

  • 2. Hypertension: Definition Persistent elevation of  Systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or  Diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg • Worldwide an estimated 1 billion people have hypertension; about 1 in 3 Americans affected • Direct relationship between hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD)
  • 3. Prehypertension: Definition • Systolic blood pressure: 120–139 mm Hg or • Diastolic blood pressure: 80–89 mm Hg
  • 4. Hypertension • It is estimated that 1/3 of the general population in the US have hypertension (Fields et al, 2004) • Healthy People 2010: reduce the # of persons with HTN by 14%, increase the control of BP by 68%, increase the # of adults taking action by weight loss, activity, low sodium diet by 98% and increase the proportion of adults measuring their BP by 95% • Risk of hypertension increases with age; if you don’t have it by age 55 – 90% chance of getting it later in life • CVD is #1 cause of death in women in US & other developed areas of world; < 50% of women are aware of this fact See p. 762 for box at top of page with gender differences & hypertension; Before age 55 hypertension more common in men and they have MIs > 55 yrs, hypertension more common in women and they have strokes
  • 5. Factors Influencing Blood Pressure (BP) Systemic Blood = Cardiac x Vascular Pressure Output Resistance Cardiac output is total blood flow through systemic or pulmonary circulation per min. CO =stroke volume (amt pumped out of L ventricle per beat [70 ml]) times the HR for 1 min. SVR + force opposing movement of blood in vessels; determined primarily by radius of small arteries & arterioles Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
  • 6. Factors Influencing BP Cardiac •Heart rate •Inotropic state •Neural (pons and medulla) •Humoral (hormones) Cardiac Output Renal Fluid Volume Control •Renin–angiotensin •Aldosterone •Atrial natriuretic factor Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
  • 7. Sympathetic Nervous System • Baroreceptors  Nerve cells in carotid artery & aortic arch  Maintain BP during normal activities  React to increases & decreases in BP • BP – impulse to brain to inhibit SNS; HR & force of ctrx; vasodilation of arterioles • BP – activates SNS; vasoconstriction of arterioles; HR & heart contractility
  • 8. • Increased BP send inhibitory impulse to sympathetic vasomotor center in brainstem; • In long-standing hypertension, baroreceptors adjust to elevated BP and reads it as normal; doesn’t make adjustments; also becomes less responsive in some older adults
  • 9. Mechanism of Action of Aldosterone Fig. 33-2 Increases CO by increasing blood volume .
  • 10. Blood Pressure Classification Category SBP DBP (mm Hg) (mm Hg) Normal < 120 < 80 Prehypertension 120–139 80–89 Stage 1 hypertension 140–159 90–99 Stage 2 hypertension > 160 or > 100 Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
  • 11. Etiology of Hypertension • Primary (essential or idiopathic) hypertension  Elevated BP without an identified cause  90% to 95% of all cases
  • 12. Etiology of Hypertension • Primary (essential or idiopathic) hypertension  Contributing factors • ↑ SNS activity • ↑ Sodium retaining hormones and vasoconstrictors • Diabetes mellitus • > Ideal body weight • ↑ Sodium intake • Excessive alcohol intake
  • 13. Secondary Hypertension  Elevated BP with a specific cause • 5% to 10% of adult cases  Contributing factors: • Coarctation of aorta name given to a congenital condition whereby the aorta narrows in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts. • Renal disease • Endocrine disorders • Neurologic disorders • Cirrhosis • Sleep apnea  If someone under 20 or over 50 suddenly develops hypertension, esp. severe then suspect secondary cause
  • 14. Risk Factors for - Primary Hypertension • Age (>55) • Alcohol • Cigarette smoking • Diabetes mellitus • Elevated serum lipids • Excess dietary sodium • Gender  SBP rises with age Alcohol – excessive use strongly correlated to hypertension  Smoking – increases risk for CV disease ; vasoconstriction  Diabetes – along with hypertension greater risk for target organ disease and usually more severe  Hyperlipidemia elevated in people with hypertension; increases risk of atherosclerosis  Some pts Na sensitive Males have higher rates of hypertension <55 and increased in women>55
  • 15. Risk Factors for Primary Hypertension • Family history • Obesity • Ethnicity • Sedentary lifestyle • Stress
  • 16. Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension • Heredity  In most cases, hypertension results from the interaction of: • Environmental factors • Demographic factors • Genetic factors
  • 17. Primary Hypertension • Water and sodium retention  A high sodium intake may result in water retention  Some people are Na sensitive (about 20%) ; not everyone with high salt diet develops hypertension
  • 18. Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension • Water and sodium retention  Certain demographics are associated with “salt sensitivity” • Obesity • Increasing age • African American ethnicity • People with diabetes, renal disease
  • 19. Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension • Stress and increased SNS activity  Produces increased vasoconstriction  ↑ HR  ↑ Renin release  Angiotensin II causes direct arteriolar constriction, promotes vascular hypertrophy and induces aldosterone secretion
  • 20. Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension • Insulin resistance & hyperinsulinemia  High insulin concentration stimulates SNS activity and impairs nitric oxide–mediated vasodilation  Not present in secondary hypertension and don’t improve when hypertension is treated
  • 21. Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension • Altered renin–angiotensin mechanism  High plasma renin activity • Endothelial cell dysfunction  Source of many vasoactive substances  Role of endothelial cell dysfunction in cause and treatment of hypertension is ongoing
  • 22. • Renin is an enzyme released by the kidney to help control the body's sodium-potassium balance, fluid volume, and blood pressure. • Description • When the kidneys release the enzyme renin in response to certain conditions (high blood potassium, low blood sodium, decreased blood volume), it is the first step in what is called the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone cycle. This cycle includes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which in turn is converted to angiotensin II, in the lung. Angiotensin II is a powerful blood vessel constrictor, and its action stimulates the release of aldosterone from an area of the adrenal glands called the adrenal cortex. Together, angiotensin and aldosterone increase the blood volume, the blood pressure, and the blood sodium to re-establish the body's sodium- potassium and fluid volume balance. Primary aldosteronism, the symptoms of which include hypertension and low blood potassium (hypokalemia), is considered "low-renin aldosteronism."
  • 23. Hypertension Clinical Manifestations • Referred to as the “silent killer” • Frequently asymptomatic until target organ disease occurs  Or recognized on routine screening
  • 24. Hypertension Clinical Manifestations • Sx often secondary to target organ disease • Can include:  Fatigue, reduced activity tolerance  Dizziness  Palpitations, angina  Dyspnea
  • 25. Hypertension Complications • Target organ diseases occur most frequently in:  Heart  Brain  Peripheral vasculature  Kidney  Eyes
  • 26. Hypertension Complications • Hypertensive heart disease  Coronary artery disease  Left ventricular hypertrophy  Heart failure Increased systemic vascular resistance causes left ventricle to work to hard; initially increases in size as compensatory mechanism; eventually becomes too large and requires more oxygen and energy; can’t keep up with demand Fig. 33-3: Top, normal and end up with heart failure heart; Bottom, left ventricular hypertrophy
  • 27. Hypertension-Complications • Cerebrovascular disease  Stroke • Peripheral vascular disease • Nephrosclerosis • Retinal damage • Atherosclerosis most common cause of cerebrovascular disease; hypertension major risk factor for cerebral atherosclerosis and stroke • Atherosclerosis in peripheral blood vessels too; can lead to PVD, aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection • Hypertension one of leading causes of end-stage renal disease, esp. in African-Americans; some degree of renal dysfunction usual in person with even mild BP elevations • Retina is only place blood vessels can be directly visualized; if see damage there then indicates damage in brain, heart, & kidney too; Can cause blurring, retinal hemorrhage and blindness
  • 28. Hypertension Diagnostic Studies • History and physical examination • BP measurement in both arms  Use arm with higher reading for subsequent measurements  BP highest in early morning, lowest at night
  • 29. Hypertension Office BP Measurement • Use auscultatory method with a properly calibrated instrument • Patient seated quietly for 5 min in a chair, feet on the floor, and arm supported at heart level • Appropriate-sized cuff is necessary to ensure accurate reading • At least two measurements should be obtained • Allow at least 1 minute between readings. If one arm higher than other; take BP in higher arm for subsequent measurements
  • 30. Hypertension Diagnostic Studies • Urinalysis, creatinine clearance • Serum electrolytes, glucose • BUN and serum creatinine • Serum lipid profile • ECG • Echocardiogram • Know normal lab values! Use your lab book
  • 31. Hypertension Diagnostic Studies • “White coat” phenomenon may precipitate the need for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)  Noninvasive, fully automated system that measures BP at preset intervals over a 24-hour period  Also used when suspect drug resistance, hypotensive symptoms with drug therapy, episodic hypertension, or SNS dysfunction
  • 32. Hypertension Collaborative Care • Overall goals  Control blood pressure  Reduce CVD risk factors • Strategies for adherence to regimens  Empathy increases patient trust, motivation, adherence to therapy  Consider patient’s cultural beliefs, individual attitudes in formulating treatment goals
  • 33. Benefits of Lowering BP Average Percent Reduction Stroke incidence 35%–40% Myocardial infarction 20%–25% Heart failure 50%
  • 34. Collaborative Care Lifestyle Modifications • Wt. reduction  10 kg (22 lb) loss; SBP by 5-20 mm Hg • DASH eating plan (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) • Na reduction  <2.4 g of sodium/day • Moderate alcohol intake  Men: 2 drinks/day or less  Women: 1 drink/day or less
  • 35. Collaborative Care Lifestyle Modifications • Physical activity:  Regular physical (aerobic) activity,  At least 30 min, most days of week • Avoidance of tobacco products • Stress management
  • 36. Collaborative Care HTN Drug Therapy • Primary actions  Reduce SVR  Reduce volume of circulating blood • Classifications  Diuretics  Adrenergic inhibitors  Direct vasodilators  Angiotensin inhibitors  Calcium channel blockers • Review pharmacology and know drug classes & how they work to reduce BP; side effects • See pps 773-776 in book for good overview!!!
  • 37. Collaborative Care Fig. 33-5
  • 38. Treatment Algorithm Fig. 33-4
  • 39. Collaborative Care Drug Therapy • Patient teaching  Identify, report, minimize side effects to enhance compliance • Orthostatic hypotension • Sexual dysfunction • Dry mouth • Frequent urination
  • 40. Collaborative Care Nursing Management Assessment  Subjective data • Past health history • Medications • Functional health patterns  Objective data • Target organ damage
  • 41. Collaborative Care Nursing Management Nursing Diagnoses • Ineffective health maintenance • Anxiety • Sexual dysfunction • Ineffective therapeutic regimen management • Disturbed body image • Ineffective tissue perfusion
  • 42. Collaborative Care Nursing Management Collaborative problems • Potential complications: • Adverse effects from antihypertensive therapy • Hypertensive crisis • Stroke • Myocardial infarction
  • 43. Collaborative Care Nursing Management Planning • Patient will:  Achieve & maintain individually determined goal BP  Understand, accept, & implement therapeutic plan  Experience minimal/no unpleasant side effects of therapy  Be confident of ability to manage & cope with condition
  • 44. Collaborative Care Nursing Management Implementation • Health Promotion  Individual patient evaluation  Blood pressure measurement  Screening programs  Cardiovascular risk factor modification
  • 45. Collaborative Care Nursing Management Implementation Ambulatory and Home Care  Patient/family teaching: • Nutritional therapy • Drug therapy • Physical activity • Home monitoring of BP (if appropriate) • Tobacco cessation (if applicable)
  • 46. Collaborative Care Nursing Management Nursing Evaluation • Patient will:  Achieve & maintain goal BP as defined for the individual  Understand, accept, and implement the therapeutic plan  Experience minimal or no unpleasant side effects of therapy
  • 47. Hypertension in Older Persons • Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH):  Most common form of hypertension in people > 50 years of age • Lifetime risk of developing hypertension:  About 90% for normotensive men and women over age 55 • Reasons for increased BP in elderly:  Loss of elasticity  Increased collagen and stiffness of myocardium  Increased PVR  Decreased adrenergic receptor sensitivity  Blunting of baroreceptor reflexes  Decreased renal function  Decreased renin response to Na/H2O depletion  May have altered drug absorption; delayed metabolism and excretion; be careful when medicating
  • 48. Hypertension in Older Persons • More likely to have “white coat” hypertension • Often a wide gap between 1st Korotkoff sound and subsequent beats called the auscultatory gap  Failure to inflate the cuff high enough may result in seriously underestimating the SBP
  • 49. Hypertension in Older Persons • Have varying degrees of impaired baroreceptor reflex mechanisms • Consequently, orthostatic hypotension occurs often  Especially in patients with ISH
  • 50. Cultural and Ethnic Disparities • In general, Trx similar for all demographic & ethnic groups • Prevalence & severity of HTN increased in African Americans
  • 51. Cultural and Ethnic Disparities* • Mexican Americans less likely to receive treatment than whites & African Americans • Mexican Americans & Native Americans have lower rates of BP control than whites and African Americans
  • 52. Hypertensive Crisis • Severe, abrupt increase in DBP  Defined as >140 mm Hg • Rate of increase in BP more important than absolute value • Often occurs in patients with Hx of HTN who failed to comply with medications or who have been undermedicated • Monitor MAP mean arterial pressure: MAP = (SBP + 2DBP) 3
  • 53. Hypertensive Crisis Clinical Manifestations • Hypertensive emergency = evidence of acute target organ damage:  Hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage  Acute renal failure  Myocardial infarction  Heart failure with pulmonary edema
  • 54. Hypertensive Crisis Nursing & Collaborative Management • Hospitalization  IV drug therapy: Titrated to mean arterial pressure  Monitor cardiac and renal function  Neurologic checks  Determine cause  Education to avoid future crises • Decrease BP by no more than 25% within 1st hr; then if stable goal for BP is 190/100 over next 2-6 hrs • Lowering BP too much or too quickly increases risk for stroke, MI, renal failure due to decreased perfusion to these vital organs
  • 55. Hypertensive Emergency • Develops over hours-days • BP > 180/120 mm Hg • Evidence of acute target organ damage, esp. to CNS  Hypertensive encephalopathy  Sx may be similar to stroke, but no focal or lateral signs • Can see sudden rise in BP with HA, N&V, SZ, confusion, stupor & coma; Increased ICP due to edema • Common to have blurred vision and transient blindness • Renal insufficiency to complete shutdown • Rapid cardiac decompensation; MI, dyspnea
  • 56. Hypertensive Urgency • Develops over days to weeks • BP severely elevated but no evidence of target organ damage  Usually treat with oral meds as outpatient
  • 57. Supporting Materials • Web site www.nhlbi.nih.gov • For patients and the general public  Facts about the DASH Eating Plan  Your Guide to Lowering Blood Pressure  My Blood Pressure Wallet Card • For health professionals  Reference Card