Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battries
1. VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
centre for post graduate studies, Bangalore
seminar
on
High Capacity and High Energy Density Cathode
Materials for Lithium Ion Battery
By
Under the Guidance of
Natraj
USN: 1VW12INT12
Dr. Dinesh R
Special officer, VTU CPGSB
2. INDEX
Introduction
to Battery – Timeline
Lithium
ion battery
Cathode
materials
Advantages
and Disadvantages of LI-Ion Batteries
Advances
in cathode materials
Promising
cathode materials
Methodologies
References
3. Battery
A battery
is a transducer that converts chemical
energy into electrical energy and vice versa.
It
contains
An anode - source
A cathode - sink
An electrolyte - the separation of ionic transport
and electronic transport
Types: Primary
and secondary
5. Introduction to Li-Ion Battery
The
name of “lithium ion battery” was given by T. Nagaura and K.
Tozawa
The
concept of “lithium ion battery” was firstly introduced by Asahi
Kasei Co. Ltd
Lithium ion
batteries were first proposed by M. S. Whittingham in
the 1970’s. Whittingham used TiS2 as the cathode and Lithium metal
as the anode.
The
1991
first commercial lithium-ion battery was released by Sony in
6. Why Li-Ion Battery?
Li
is lightest metal
one
of the highest standard reduction potentials (-3.0 V)
Theoretical specific
capacity of 3860 Ah/kg in
comparison with 820 Ah/kg for Zn and 260 Ah/kg for Pb
performance
is related not only capacity but also to how
fast current can be drawn from it: specific energy (Wh/Kg),
energy density (Wh/cm3) and power density (W/Kg)
8. Advantages of Lithium-ion batteries
POWER – High energy density means greater power in a
smaller package.
◦ 160% greater than NiMH
◦ 220% greater than NiCd
HIGHER VOLTAGE – a strong current allows it to power
complex mechanical devices.
LONG SHELF-LIFE – only 5% discharge loss per month.
10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd
10. Cathode materials
A
cathode is the electrode of an electrochemical cell at
which reduction occurs
Common
cathode materials of Lithium-ion batteries are
the transition metal oxide based compounds such as
LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, LiFePO4
11. characteristics of cathode materials
A high
discharge voltage
A high
energy capacity
A long
cycle life
A high
power density
Light weight
Low
self-discharge
13. CATHODE MATERIALS
Material
Structur
Potential vs.
e
Li/Li+, average v
Specific
capacity,
mAh/g
Specific
energy,
Wh/kg
LiCoO2
Layered
3.9
140
546
LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2
(NCA)
Layered
3.8
180-200
680-760
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2
(NMC)
Layered
3.8
160-170
610-650
LiMn2O4
Spinel
4.1
100-120
410-492
LiFePO4
olivine
3.45
150-170
518-587
14. Ways to Improve Cathode Performance
•
Increasing Energy Density
•
Thin nano-plate materials
•
30 nm LiFePO4 nano-plates performed better than
thick material
•
Surface Coating of cathodes with either ionically or
electronically conductive material
• AlF3 coating on oxide materials is shown to improve
performance
15. Problems in the usage of Cathode materials
Raw material cost
Environmental impact of large-scale cells and mass
production
Production cost of solid-state synthesis using high and long
heating process
Heat generation from the cathode in a fully charged state
Sensitivity of safety for charge cutoff voltages
Low practical capacity of the cathode being half that of a
carbonaceous anode
16. Methodologies
There are several methods to synthesize the cathode materials of average
particle size and good crystallinity.
Hydrothermal process
Solvothermal process
Supercritical fluid process
Spray pyrolysis process
17. Conclusions and what does the future hold
In present day common Lithium transition compounds such
as
LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4 are used as cathode material in
battery cell production, and they have shown a good performance
during charge and discharge cycling
For the future there are still a number of actions of interest to further
develop the performance of derived LiFePO4/C cathode material
We expect upcoming researches on this new framework will lead to
better cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
18. References
•Directed growth of nanoarchitectured LiFePO4 electrode by solvothermal synthesis and their
cathode properties
Authors: Dinesh Rangappa, Koji Sone, Tetsuichi Kudo, Itaru Honma
•Synthesis of LiMn2O4 nanoparticles made by flame spray pyrolysis
Authors: T. J. Patey,ab R. Bu¨ chel,c M. Nakayamab and P. Nova´k*a
•Monodisperse Porous LiFePO4 Microspheres for a High Power Li-Ion Battery Cathode by
Solvothermal process
Authors: Chunwen Sun, Shreyas Rajasekhara, John B. Goodenough,* and Feng Zhou
•Flame spray-pyrolyzed vanadium oxide nanoparticles for lithium battery cathodes
Authors: See-How Ng, Timothy J. Patey et.al
•Rapid one-pot synthesis of LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn) colloidal nanocrystals by supercritical
ethanol process
Authors: Dinesh Rangappa,* Koji Sone, Masaki Ichihara, Tetsuichi Kudob and Itaru Honma*
•Recent developments in cathode materials for lithium ion batteries
Author: Jeffrey W. Fergus
more
……. and many