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Global
    contamination
    of soil
           Presented by
        Dr. B. Victor., Ph. D
Email : bonfiliusvictor@gmail.com
  Blog: bonvictor.blogspot.com
“To forget how to
  tend the soils is to
forget ourselves”
 -Mahatma Gandhi
Presentation outline
       Definition of soil
       Soil-an introduction.
       Human dependence on soil
       Soil functions
       Components, properties, profile, a
        nd types of soil.
       Soil contamination-
        definition, causes and effects
       Remedial measures
       conclusion
Definition of Soil
 Traditional definition – material
  which nourishes and supports
  growing plants.
 Component definition – mixture of
  mineral matter, organic
  matter, water and air. (Example:
  Loam soil = 45% mineral matter, 5%
  organic matter, 25% water, and
  25% air).
What is soil?


Soil is a biologically
active, complex mixture of
minerals, organic
materials, living organisms, air
and water.
Soil-an interface system



       Soil is an interface between
       biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere
       and atmosphere.
Distribution of land on planet earth
    Land occupies 38% of the total space.



    Type of land         % composition

    Agricultural land    ~30 %

    Forests              ~30 %

    Desert               36%

    Other land           4%
    (rock etc.)
Basic Soil constituents

            • Solid phase
              Mineral matter
Soil is a     Organic matter
 three      •Liquid phase
phase        Soil water
system      •Gaseous phase
             Soil air
Human dependence on
      soil resource
                       The site for      A place for storing
An essential base
                     agricultural and    raw materials and
 of human life
                    forest production          wastes


                               A mirror of the
            A constituent
                                  history of
             element of
                               civilizations and
              landscape
                                   cultures.
Global degradation of soil
  95% of human food is derived
  from the earth.

  Only 10% of the world’s land
  area is suitable for growing crops.

  Soil quality is degrading
  worldwide.
Unique soil functions

An essential natural      An integrator of all    A medium for plant
    resource.            parts of ecosystems.          growth




                           A storehouse of
    A home for                                     A decomposing
                           water, heat and
    organisms                                     medium for wastes
                              chemicals.



                                      A buffer system to
            A source material for
                                       neutralize harsh
               construction of
                                        environmental
                   shelter
                                            changes
Soil-an universal ecological system
  A complex heterogeneous medium


  A dynamic ecological system


  The outer most layer of the earth’s
  crust (Earth’s living skin-1/3 of surface).

  A complex open process and response
  system

  A vital resource that provides
  food, feed, fuel and fiber
An overview of soil functions
Major components of soil
•     Soils have four major
      components:
(1)   mineral matter,
(2)   organic matter,
(3)   air, and
(4)   water.
     Mineral matter contains
      three
      fractions, sand, silt, and
      clay.
     Organic matter contains
      appreciable quantities
      of nitrogen, phosphorus
      and sulfur .
      Air and water occupy
      the pore spaces in soils.
Soil volume
 Soil consists of
  organic particles
  and inorganic
  matter with pore
  spaces between
  and within them.
 Pore spaces contain
  soil air, and soil
  solution.
 In other words, soil
  volume consists of
  solid, liquid
  and gaseous
  phases.
5-components of soil
Soil component     contents/functions
Organic matter     -Dead and decaying plants
                   and animal & animal
                   manure.
                   -Add nutrients to the soil &
                   hold water.-
Minerals           Inorganic materials
                   composed of sand, silt and
                   clay.
                   -gives texture to soil.
Living organisms   Variety of organisms aerate,
                   mix and add nutrients to soil.
Water              Essential nutrient for plants

Air                Provides drainage.
Components of soil
by proportion

Organisms 10%
  Roots 10%
 Humus 80%
Mineral particle size ranges

                                                Mineral
sand,                silt       clay.
                                                matter




        Type of mineral     Size range
        particle
        sand                2.0-0.06mm

        silt                0.06-0.002mm

        clay                Less than 0.002mm
Soil organic matter
                             Plant debris, animal
                   litter        carcasses,
                                   excreta


                                   Soluble
                 leachates   Organic compounds


organic matter                    Bacteria
                   roots
                               acetomycetes



                                   fungi
                    Soil
                 organisms
                                   algae



                                 protozoa
Soil water
(i.e. water in the soil).
 Gravitational
  water: Gravitational water
  fills all the pore-space, and
  leaves no room for oxygen
  and gaseous exchange.
 Capillary water: This water
  which is held with the force
  of surface tension by the
  soil particles, and is
  resistant to the forces of
  gravity.
 Hygroscopic water: This
  water is held so tightly (by
  surface tension) to the soil
  particles that the plant
  roots can't take it up.
‘Big picture’ of soil properties
                              Mineral texture
            texture
                             Organic texture

                              Micro-aggregates
            structure
                              Macro-aggregates

                               Micro-porosity

           Total porosity      Meso-porosity

                               Macro-porosity
                              Capillary water

            Soil water      Gravitational water

                            Hygroscopic water
Physical Properties of Soils
   Soil Texture –the relative proportions
    of sand, silt, and clay in the soil.
   e.g. sandy soil, silty soil, and clay soil.
   Soil Structure – Structure refers to the
    arrangement of soil particles.
   E.g., Granular, Platy, Wedge, Blocky,
    Prismatic, and Columnar.
    Soil structure is of particular
    importance in the absorption of
    water and the circulation of air
Physical properties of soil
  Soil texture       • Sandy soil, clayey soil, loamy soil


                     • Granules, crumbs, columns, prisms, blocks, or
 Soil structure        clusters

 Water holding       • Depends on texture of soil
   capacity          • Clay soil holds more water.

                     • Low pH soils-acidic
Acidity/alkalinity   • High pH soils-alkaline


  Consistence        • Hard, loose, friable, firm, plastic and sticky


      color          • Dark, yellow, grey hues
Soil Color
   Color in soils is due primarily to two
    factors, humus content and the chemical
    nature of the iron compounds.
                   Chemical
      Humus        nature of
      content       the iron   Soil color
                  compounds




 Humus has a dark brown or black color.
 Iron is an important color material which
  stains mineral particles
 Ferrous oxide gives gray color
 Ferric oxide gives red color
 Hydrated ferric oxide gives yellow color
Soil profile

          Horizon              contents


          O horizon            Fungi, animal wastes,
                               leaves and branches,
                               at various levels of
                               decomposition.
          A Horizon(Topsoil)   Partially
                               decomposed matter
          B Horizon(Subsoil)   Few organisms
                               Less organic matter
          C Horizon            partly weathered or
                               decomposed rock.
          R Horizon            the solid rock layer
Soil pH
 Soil pH is primarily controlled by the
  concentration of free hydrogen
  ions in the soil matrix.
 Acidic soils have a relatively large
  concentration of hydrogen ions.
 Alkaline soils have a relatively low
  concentration of hydrogen ions.
pH and soil fertility

Soil fertility   • Soil fertility is directly influenced by pH
                   through the solubility of many nutrients.


                 • At low pH, many nutrients become very
  Low pH           soluble and are readily leached from the
                   soil profile



  High pH        • At high pH, nutrients become insoluble
                   and plants cannot readily extract them.



 Optimum         • Maximum soil fertility occurs in the range
   pH              6.0 to 7.2
Soil Types
Depending on the size of the
 particles in the soil, it can be
 classified as:
 Sandy soil
 Silty soil
 Clay soil
 Loamy soil
 Peaty soil
 Chalky soil
Soil factors influencing plant growth
Soil organisms
Micro-biota
• Soil algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoans

Meso-biota
• Nematodes, oligochaetes, insect
  larvae, collembola.
Macro-biota
 •   Earth worms, rats, snakes.
Dependence biota on soil


       Soil biota depend on
       the soil environment
       for their energy and
       nutrient supply.
Soil contamination


   Soil contamination is the
   presence of man-made
   chemicals or other
   alteration to the natural
   soil environment.
The fate of contaminants in soil

                Contaminants bind
                 tightly to the soil


                   Contaminants
               evaporate into the air


               Contaminants end up
               in soil/ground water.
Common chemicals of
soil contamination

   Petroleum
                 Heavy metals
  hydrocarbons


   Pesticides         Solvents
Sources of soil contaminants


 Industrial    • Active mines
 pollution     • Solid wastes, waste waters

              • Consumption of fossil
Oil pollution fuels.

Agricultural
               • Pesticides, fertilizers
 pollution
Land pollution: sources of
solid wastes
   Wastes from agriculture – crop and farm
    residues, anima manure.
   Wastes from mining – coal wastes, metal ore
    wastes.
   Industrial wastes- solvents chemicals, paints.
   Solids from sewage treatments-biomass
    sludge, settled solids.
   Ashes – residues from solid fuels
   Carbage –
    glass, metals, clothes, plastics, wood, papers.
Causes of soil contamination
  Indiscriminate use of fertilizers


  Indiscriminate use of
  pesticides, insecticides and herbicides.


  Dumping of solid wastes


  Deforestation and soil erosion


  Urbanization
Effects of soil contamination
Effects on agriculture
 Reduced soil fertility
 Low crop yield
 Reduced soil biodiversity
 Reduced nitrogen fixation
Human health effects

  Exposure to
                 • Nervous system disorders,
  heavy metals     kidney damage, liver toxicity.
     in soil
  Exposure to
  agricultural   • Cancer, infertility
   chemicals
     Other
                 • Birth defects, nervous system
   industrial      disorders, kidney diseases.
     toxins
Reducing soil contamination
 Reduce use of herbicides and pesticides
 Encourage organic farming.
 Dispose garbage properly.
 Recycle garbage.
 Avoid over packaged items.
 Utilize natural resources efficiently and
  reduce wastage.
   Dr.B.Victor is a highly experienced
    professor, recently retired from the reputed
    educational institution- St. Xavier’ s
    College, Palayamkottai, India-627001.
   He was the dean of sciences, IQAC coordinator
    and assistant controller of examinations.
   He has more than 32 years of teaching and
    research experience
   He has taught a diversity of courses and guided
    12 Ph.D scholars.
    send your comments to :
    bonfiliusvictor@gmail.com
Thank you for watching

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Global contamination of soil

  • 1. Global contamination of soil Presented by Dr. B. Victor., Ph. D Email : bonfiliusvictor@gmail.com Blog: bonvictor.blogspot.com
  • 2. “To forget how to tend the soils is to forget ourselves” -Mahatma Gandhi
  • 3. Presentation outline  Definition of soil  Soil-an introduction.  Human dependence on soil  Soil functions  Components, properties, profile, a nd types of soil.  Soil contamination- definition, causes and effects  Remedial measures  conclusion
  • 4. Definition of Soil  Traditional definition – material which nourishes and supports growing plants.  Component definition – mixture of mineral matter, organic matter, water and air. (Example: Loam soil = 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, 25% water, and 25% air).
  • 5. What is soil? Soil is a biologically active, complex mixture of minerals, organic materials, living organisms, air and water.
  • 6. Soil-an interface system Soil is an interface between biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
  • 7. Distribution of land on planet earth  Land occupies 38% of the total space. Type of land % composition Agricultural land ~30 % Forests ~30 % Desert 36% Other land 4% (rock etc.)
  • 8. Basic Soil constituents • Solid phase Mineral matter Soil is a Organic matter three •Liquid phase phase Soil water system •Gaseous phase Soil air
  • 9. Human dependence on soil resource The site for A place for storing An essential base agricultural and raw materials and of human life forest production wastes A mirror of the A constituent history of element of civilizations and landscape cultures.
  • 10. Global degradation of soil 95% of human food is derived from the earth. Only 10% of the world’s land area is suitable for growing crops. Soil quality is degrading worldwide.
  • 11. Unique soil functions An essential natural An integrator of all A medium for plant resource. parts of ecosystems. growth A storehouse of A home for A decomposing water, heat and organisms medium for wastes chemicals. A buffer system to A source material for neutralize harsh construction of environmental shelter changes
  • 12. Soil-an universal ecological system A complex heterogeneous medium A dynamic ecological system The outer most layer of the earth’s crust (Earth’s living skin-1/3 of surface). A complex open process and response system A vital resource that provides food, feed, fuel and fiber
  • 13. An overview of soil functions
  • 14. Major components of soil • Soils have four major components: (1) mineral matter, (2) organic matter, (3) air, and (4) water.  Mineral matter contains three fractions, sand, silt, and clay.  Organic matter contains appreciable quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur .  Air and water occupy the pore spaces in soils.
  • 15. Soil volume  Soil consists of organic particles and inorganic matter with pore spaces between and within them.  Pore spaces contain soil air, and soil solution.  In other words, soil volume consists of solid, liquid and gaseous phases.
  • 16. 5-components of soil Soil component contents/functions Organic matter -Dead and decaying plants and animal & animal manure. -Add nutrients to the soil & hold water.- Minerals Inorganic materials composed of sand, silt and clay. -gives texture to soil. Living organisms Variety of organisms aerate, mix and add nutrients to soil. Water Essential nutrient for plants Air Provides drainage.
  • 17. Components of soil by proportion Organisms 10% Roots 10% Humus 80%
  • 18. Mineral particle size ranges Mineral sand, silt clay. matter Type of mineral Size range particle sand 2.0-0.06mm silt 0.06-0.002mm clay Less than 0.002mm
  • 19. Soil organic matter Plant debris, animal litter carcasses, excreta Soluble leachates Organic compounds organic matter Bacteria roots acetomycetes fungi Soil organisms algae protozoa
  • 20. Soil water (i.e. water in the soil).  Gravitational water: Gravitational water fills all the pore-space, and leaves no room for oxygen and gaseous exchange.  Capillary water: This water which is held with the force of surface tension by the soil particles, and is resistant to the forces of gravity.  Hygroscopic water: This water is held so tightly (by surface tension) to the soil particles that the plant roots can't take it up.
  • 21. ‘Big picture’ of soil properties Mineral texture texture Organic texture Micro-aggregates structure Macro-aggregates Micro-porosity Total porosity Meso-porosity Macro-porosity Capillary water Soil water Gravitational water Hygroscopic water
  • 22. Physical Properties of Soils  Soil Texture –the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil.  e.g. sandy soil, silty soil, and clay soil.  Soil Structure – Structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles.  E.g., Granular, Platy, Wedge, Blocky, Prismatic, and Columnar.  Soil structure is of particular importance in the absorption of water and the circulation of air
  • 23. Physical properties of soil Soil texture • Sandy soil, clayey soil, loamy soil • Granules, crumbs, columns, prisms, blocks, or Soil structure clusters Water holding • Depends on texture of soil capacity • Clay soil holds more water. • Low pH soils-acidic Acidity/alkalinity • High pH soils-alkaline Consistence • Hard, loose, friable, firm, plastic and sticky color • Dark, yellow, grey hues
  • 24. Soil Color  Color in soils is due primarily to two factors, humus content and the chemical nature of the iron compounds. Chemical Humus nature of content the iron Soil color compounds  Humus has a dark brown or black color.  Iron is an important color material which stains mineral particles  Ferrous oxide gives gray color  Ferric oxide gives red color  Hydrated ferric oxide gives yellow color
  • 25. Soil profile Horizon contents O horizon Fungi, animal wastes, leaves and branches, at various levels of decomposition. A Horizon(Topsoil) Partially decomposed matter B Horizon(Subsoil) Few organisms Less organic matter C Horizon partly weathered or decomposed rock. R Horizon the solid rock layer
  • 26. Soil pH  Soil pH is primarily controlled by the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the soil matrix.  Acidic soils have a relatively large concentration of hydrogen ions.  Alkaline soils have a relatively low concentration of hydrogen ions.
  • 27. pH and soil fertility Soil fertility • Soil fertility is directly influenced by pH through the solubility of many nutrients. • At low pH, many nutrients become very Low pH soluble and are readily leached from the soil profile High pH • At high pH, nutrients become insoluble and plants cannot readily extract them. Optimum • Maximum soil fertility occurs in the range pH 6.0 to 7.2
  • 28. Soil Types Depending on the size of the particles in the soil, it can be classified as: Sandy soil Silty soil Clay soil Loamy soil Peaty soil Chalky soil
  • 29. Soil factors influencing plant growth
  • 30. Soil organisms Micro-biota • Soil algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoans Meso-biota • Nematodes, oligochaetes, insect larvae, collembola. Macro-biota • Earth worms, rats, snakes.
  • 31. Dependence biota on soil Soil biota depend on the soil environment for their energy and nutrient supply.
  • 32. Soil contamination Soil contamination is the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration to the natural soil environment.
  • 33. The fate of contaminants in soil Contaminants bind tightly to the soil Contaminants evaporate into the air Contaminants end up in soil/ground water.
  • 34. Common chemicals of soil contamination Petroleum Heavy metals hydrocarbons Pesticides Solvents
  • 35. Sources of soil contaminants Industrial • Active mines pollution • Solid wastes, waste waters • Consumption of fossil Oil pollution fuels. Agricultural • Pesticides, fertilizers pollution
  • 36. Land pollution: sources of solid wastes  Wastes from agriculture – crop and farm residues, anima manure.  Wastes from mining – coal wastes, metal ore wastes.  Industrial wastes- solvents chemicals, paints.  Solids from sewage treatments-biomass sludge, settled solids.  Ashes – residues from solid fuels  Carbage – glass, metals, clothes, plastics, wood, papers.
  • 37. Causes of soil contamination Indiscriminate use of fertilizers Indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. Dumping of solid wastes Deforestation and soil erosion Urbanization
  • 38. Effects of soil contamination
  • 39. Effects on agriculture  Reduced soil fertility  Low crop yield  Reduced soil biodiversity  Reduced nitrogen fixation
  • 40. Human health effects Exposure to • Nervous system disorders, heavy metals kidney damage, liver toxicity. in soil Exposure to agricultural • Cancer, infertility chemicals Other • Birth defects, nervous system industrial disorders, kidney diseases. toxins
  • 41. Reducing soil contamination  Reduce use of herbicides and pesticides  Encourage organic farming.  Dispose garbage properly.  Recycle garbage.  Avoid over packaged items.  Utilize natural resources efficiently and reduce wastage.
  • 42. Dr.B.Victor is a highly experienced professor, recently retired from the reputed educational institution- St. Xavier’ s College, Palayamkottai, India-627001.  He was the dean of sciences, IQAC coordinator and assistant controller of examinations.  He has more than 32 years of teaching and research experience  He has taught a diversity of courses and guided 12 Ph.D scholars.  send your comments to : bonfiliusvictor@gmail.com
  • 43. Thank you for watching