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Nanotechnology in Modern
Textiles
Paul S. Sawhney1, Kumar V Singh2, Brian Condon 1,
Nozar D. Sachinvala1, and David Hui3
1Southern Regional Research Center, ARS/USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124,
2Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056
3Dept of Mechanical Engineernig, University of New Orlean, New Orleans, LA 70148
Objectives

q   Demonstration of the scope and the applications
    of Nanotechnology towards the modification and
    development of advanced textile fibers, yarns,
    fabrics, and the textile processing.
q   Summarize the recent advances made in
    nanotechnology and its applications to cotton
    textiles with some novel ideas and limitations of
    the existing technology.
Nanotechnology
q   Nanotechnology deals with the science and technology at
    dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, although 100
    nanometers presently is the practically attainable dimension for
    textile products and applications.
q   The inferior properties of cotton fibers and yarns can be
    enhanced or complemented by engineering the physical, chemical,
    and surface characteristics of cotton fibers/yarns, in order to
    develop the desired textile attributes, such as fabric softness,
    durability, and breathability and the advanced performance
    characteristics, viz., water repellency, fire retardancy,
    antimicrobial resistance, etc..
q   Enhancement of textile materials by nanotechnology is expected
    to become a trillion dollar industry in the next decade, with
    tremendous technological, economic and ecological benefits.
q   In recent years, the worldwide government funding for the R&D
    in the area of nanotechnology has increased to $3 billion annually
    [1].
Developments of Nano-Fibers/Yarns
                           Nano-



         Macro-technology              Micro-technology                  Nano-technology
10 - 1      10 - 2   10 - 3   10 - 4      10 - 5   10 - 6   10 - 7    10 - 8      10 - 9   10 - 10 m

    Ordinary Fibers           Fine denier Fibers       Micro Fibers            Nano Fibers
Fiber diameters
q   Carbon Nano Tube (CNT)
    q  This high performance fiber was discovered by Iijima
       [2].
    q  High-performance yarns are being produced by super-
       aligned arrays of carbon nanotubes [3].
    q  These fibers/yarns are produced by the electro-
       spinning process
    q  The yarns strengthened with CNT exhibit
       extraordinary mechanical properties
        q   Young’s modulus ~ TPa range, Tensile strength ~
            200 GPa, Elastic strain ~ 5 %, and Breaking
            strain ~ 20 %.
    q  Such Nano fibers/yarns can be efficiently used as super
       capacitors in electronic textile components [4-8].
q   Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT)
    q MWCNT nano yarns can be spun by simultaneous
      reduction of fiber diameter and increase in twist (1000
      times).
    q Spinning parameters depend upon specific, desired
      mechanical properties (strength, toughness, energy
      damping capability, etc.)
    q MWCNT-reinforced yarns are used for supporting
      multi-functionalities in electronic textiles.
    q Uses include Capability for actuation; Energy storage
      capacity;    Radio      or     microwave      absorption;
      Electrostatic discharge protection; Textile heating, or
      Wiring for electronic devices [9].
q Additional developments
   q The combination “nano-fibrils” and strengthening fibers can
     be used for producing nonwoven fabrics for tissue
     engineering [10].
   q Polypropylene/nano-carbon fiber composites spun by melt
     spinning process considerably enhance the modulus,
     compressive strength, and dispersion properties [11].
   q Optimal crystallization and orientation of nanofibers yield
     excellent properties for micro-filtration applications in the
     medical field[12].
   q Antistatic polyacrylonitrile fiber has been developed by
     suspending nano-antimony-doped tin oxide particles during
     the fiber spinning process. [13-14].
   q By embossing the surface of synthetic fibers with nano
     structures, desired functionality has been obtained [15].
   q Integration of nano-sized antimicrobial particles into textile
     fibers has led to the development of superior wound
     dressings [16].
Applications in Fabric Finishes

q   Nano-TexTM has developed several fabric treatments
    using nanotechnology: (a) Permanent anti-static
    treatment; (b) Wrinkle-free treatment using
    moisture-wicking technology; (c) Stain- resistance
    and -repellent treatments; and (d) “Nanobeads” to
    carry bioactive or anti-biological agents, drugs,
    pharmaceuticals, sun blocks, and even textile dyes.
    These treatments onto textile substrates permanently
    alter properties of the textiles [16-18]. These textiles
    are claimed to exhibit superior durability, softness,
    tear strength, and abrasion resistance. They may also
    provide softness to durable-press garments.
q   Chemical oxidative deposition technology of Conducting
    Electroactive Polymers (CEP) onto different kinds of fibers
    and textiles, yields composite materials with high tensile
    strength and good thermal stability [19].
q   Furthermore, Surface polymerization of CEP (Graft
    copolymerization) of polymer fibers increases the
    conductivity almost 10 times by decreasing the electrical
    resistivity [20-22].
q   Coated polymeric composite materials can be used in
    microwave attenuation, EMI shielding, and dissipation of
    static electric charge. Hence, they can be useful for military
    applications, e.g., camouflage, stealth technology, etc., [23-
    24].
UV rays and radiation
                 protection                         Coating of fabrics with nano-
                                                      beads used for carrying
                                                        desirable molecules

                              Breath-ability and
                              temperature control



 Fluid
droplets                                                          Stai
                                                                  n
                                                     Cotton fibers wrapping the
                                                           synthetic core


 Nano-structures to
 prevent wetting due                                     Synthetic fiber
      to fluids                                               core
q By combining the nano-particles with the organic and inorganic
  compounds, the surfaces of the fabrics treated with abrasion
  resistant, water repellent, ultraviolet (UV), electromagnetic and
  infrared protection finishes can be appreciably modified.
  Recently, the titanium-dioxide nano-particle have been utilized
  for the UV protection [25-26].
q By using nano-sized silicon dioxide, improvements in the strength
  and flame-resistance of textile fabrics can be achieved [27].
q The usage of nano-engineered cross-link agents during finishing
  process enhances the wrinkle resistance of cotton fabrics [28].
q Micro encapsulation technique is being used in textile industry
  for flame- or fire- retardant (FR) agents and anti-microbial
  agents. Recently, microcapsules containing silver nano-particles
  (Silver Cap) were being investigated for providing anti-microbial
  effects. [29].
Future Directions and Challenges
q Significant potential for profitable Nano-technology applications
  in cotton and other textiles.
q Application of Nano-technology may be extended to attain
  performance enhancement of textile manufacturing machines &
  processes.
q Especially the fabric finishing technology has taken new routes
  and demonstrated the potential for significant improvements via
  the applications of modern nanotechnology
q It is however important to note that advances that are taking
  place in the area of nanotechnology applications in textile are still
  immature. Several aspects such as human risks associated with
  such applications are being investigated through several
  government initiatives [30].
Applications in Modern Textiles
Company/                      Products &
 Industry/Center                  Applications

Nano-TexTM    Fabric finishes: wrinkle-resistant,
(USA) [16-18] stain-resistant, anti-static and UV
              protection properties (Nano-Pel,
              Nano-Touch, Nano-Care, Nao-Dry &
              Nano-Beads)
Scholler®          “Soft shells” technology for
[31-33]            functional stretch multi-layer fabrics:
                   Dynamic climate controlled
                   extremely air-permeable, light, and
                   water & wind resistant clothing &
                   gloves. Schoeller®-PCM,
                   NanoSphere™, 3XDRY®,
                   Schoeller®-Keprotec®
Bugatti [34]       Jacket with a Nanosphere finish,
                   which has the moisture management
                   features.
Franz-Ziener       Ski jackets for developing grime-
(Germany)          resistant, windproof, waterproof, and
[35]               breathable fabric.
Institute for     Develop textile materials for soldiers:
Soldier           Light weight, strong, abrasion/wear
Nanotechnolo      resistant, durable, impact energy
gies (ISN) [36-   absorbent, temperature controlled
37]               water-proof, improved camouflage,
                  and embedded with multipurpose
                  micro/nano sensors
Quantum         “Nano-fibrils” reinforced yarns and
Group Inc. [38] nonwoven fabrics for the application
                in tissue engineering.


Otsuka            Electro conductive fibers to be used
Kagaku            for the protection from radiation
[39]              emitted by electronics.
SRRC-ARS-         Developed          textile        based
USDA              nanocomposite material from various
[40]              types/sources of cellulose, such as
                  grass, kenaf, cotton fiber, cotton plant
                  material, etc. with clays, which is used
                  as the nanofiller material
q Other Applications of Nanotechnology in Textile
  Industries [39-41]
    q Anti-SARS masks for use by medical personnel [42]
    q Nano-surfaces suitable for bioactive culture
      matrices, textile nanosensors, and
      microelectrodes[43]
    q Nano-filtration membrane technology: For water
      conservation and dye recovery [44-45]
    q Developments of pigments/particles for dyeing and
      printing of textile fabrics [46]
References
1.    Paul, R., et. al., Nature Biotechnology, 21(10), 1144-1147, 2003.
2.    Iijima, S., Nature, 354: 56 – 58, 1991.
3.    Jiang, K., Li, Q. and Fan, S., Nature, Vol. 419, pp. 801, 2002.
4.    Dalton, A.B. et.al., Nature, Vol. 423, pp. 703, 2002.
5.    Schreuder Gibson H, et al., Journal of Advanced Materials, 34 (3): 44-55, 2002.
6.    Dersch, R., et. al., Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 41, 545–553, 2003.
7.    Zarkoob, S., et. al., Polymer 45, 3973–3977, 2004.
8.    Subbiah, T. et. al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 96, 557–569, 2005.
9.    Zhang,M., Atkinson, K.R. and Baughman, R.H., Science, Vol. 306, pp. 1358-1361, 2004.
10.   Scardino FL; Balonis-RJ; Quantum-Group,-Inc., U.S. Patent # USP 6308509, 2001.
11.   Kumar S; et.al., Polymer-. 2002; 43(5): 1701-1703.
12.   Vijayaraaghavan NN; Karthik T., Synthetic Fibres. 2004; 33(1): 5-8.
13.   Wang D; et. al., Textile Research Journal. 2004; 74(12): 1060-1065.
14.   Stegmaier T; et. al., Technische Textilien. 2004; 47(4): E142-E146.
15.   Halbeisen M. and Schift H., Chemical Fibers International, 2004, 54(6), 378-379.
16.   http://www.nanotex.com/ (US Patent # 6,872,424;6,855,772;6,679,924;6,607,994; 6,544,594)
17.   “Nanofinishing”, Advances in Textiles Technology. 2002; (NOV): 4-5
18.   Parachuru, R. and Sawheny, A.P.S., Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 2626-8, 2005.
19.   Li HH, et. al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science1997;64:2149-54.
20.   Anbarasan R, et. al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1999;73:121-8.
21.   Yin XH, et. al., Synthetic Metals, 1995;69:367-8.
22.   Bhadani SN, et. al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1996;61:207-12.
23.   Kuhn HH, et. al., Synthetic Metals, 1995;71:2139-42.
24.   Kuhn HH., Textile Chemist and Colorist, 1997;29:17-21.
25.   Beringer J. and Hofer D., Melliand-International, 2004; 10(4), pp. 295-296.
26.   Li D & Sun G, AATCC Rev. 12 (2003) 19.
27.   De-Meyere-T; et.al., Unitex. 2004; -(4): 4-6 C.
28.   Yuen-CWM, et. al., Textile Asia. 2004; 35(8): 29-32
29.   Erkan G; et.al., Colourage. 2004; 51: 61-64-88
30.   “A Matter of Size”, Review the National Nanotechnology Initiative, Nat. Research Council, 2006.
31.   http://www.schoeller-textiles.com/
32.   “Schoeller: New concepts for sports' clothing”, TUT Textiles UsagesTechniques. 2004; (51), 42-5
33.   “Schoeller Textil, Sevelen: High-tech from the land of Heidi”, Textile Network. 2004; 2(11): 48-9.
34.   http://www.bugatti.de/english/indexenglish.htm
35.   “Lennox Kerr P., Textile Outlook International. 2003; (108): 65-92
36.   http://web.mit.edu/ISN/
37.   Thiry MC, AATCC Rev. 3 (2003) 33.
38.   White, L.A. and Delhom, C., United States Patent # 20050051054, 2005.
39.   Subramanian M; et. al., Asian Textile Journal. 2004; 13(10): 69-72.
40.   Subramanian M; et. al., Asian Textile Journal. 2004; 13(11): 117-122
41.   Singh, KV, Sawheny, APS et. al. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 249725038, 2006.
42.   Magni A, Tinctoria 101 (2004) 60.
43.   Holme I, Tech. Text. Int. 13 (2004) 11, 15.
44.   Van der Bruggen B, Daems B, Wilms D & Vandecasteele C, Sep. & Pur. Tech., 22-23 (2001) 519.
45.   Bes P, Mendoza R, Roig AL, Iborra CA, Iborra CMI & Alcaina MMI, Desalination 157 (2003) 81.
46.   Li D & Sun G, AATCC Rev. 12 (2003) 19.

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Nato Sawhney, 18 Powerpoint Slides

  • 1. Nanotechnology in Modern Textiles Paul S. Sawhney1, Kumar V Singh2, Brian Condon 1, Nozar D. Sachinvala1, and David Hui3 1Southern Regional Research Center, ARS/USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124, 2Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056 3Dept of Mechanical Engineernig, University of New Orlean, New Orleans, LA 70148
  • 2. Objectives q Demonstration of the scope and the applications of Nanotechnology towards the modification and development of advanced textile fibers, yarns, fabrics, and the textile processing. q Summarize the recent advances made in nanotechnology and its applications to cotton textiles with some novel ideas and limitations of the existing technology.
  • 3. Nanotechnology q Nanotechnology deals with the science and technology at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, although 100 nanometers presently is the practically attainable dimension for textile products and applications. q The inferior properties of cotton fibers and yarns can be enhanced or complemented by engineering the physical, chemical, and surface characteristics of cotton fibers/yarns, in order to develop the desired textile attributes, such as fabric softness, durability, and breathability and the advanced performance characteristics, viz., water repellency, fire retardancy, antimicrobial resistance, etc.. q Enhancement of textile materials by nanotechnology is expected to become a trillion dollar industry in the next decade, with tremendous technological, economic and ecological benefits. q In recent years, the worldwide government funding for the R&D in the area of nanotechnology has increased to $3 billion annually [1].
  • 4. Developments of Nano-Fibers/Yarns Nano- Macro-technology Micro-technology Nano-technology 10 - 1 10 - 2 10 - 3 10 - 4 10 - 5 10 - 6 10 - 7 10 - 8 10 - 9 10 - 10 m Ordinary Fibers Fine denier Fibers Micro Fibers Nano Fibers Fiber diameters
  • 5. q Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) q This high performance fiber was discovered by Iijima [2]. q High-performance yarns are being produced by super- aligned arrays of carbon nanotubes [3]. q These fibers/yarns are produced by the electro- spinning process q The yarns strengthened with CNT exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties q Young’s modulus ~ TPa range, Tensile strength ~ 200 GPa, Elastic strain ~ 5 %, and Breaking strain ~ 20 %. q Such Nano fibers/yarns can be efficiently used as super capacitors in electronic textile components [4-8].
  • 6. q Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT) q MWCNT nano yarns can be spun by simultaneous reduction of fiber diameter and increase in twist (1000 times). q Spinning parameters depend upon specific, desired mechanical properties (strength, toughness, energy damping capability, etc.) q MWCNT-reinforced yarns are used for supporting multi-functionalities in electronic textiles. q Uses include Capability for actuation; Energy storage capacity; Radio or microwave absorption; Electrostatic discharge protection; Textile heating, or Wiring for electronic devices [9].
  • 7. q Additional developments q The combination “nano-fibrils” and strengthening fibers can be used for producing nonwoven fabrics for tissue engineering [10]. q Polypropylene/nano-carbon fiber composites spun by melt spinning process considerably enhance the modulus, compressive strength, and dispersion properties [11]. q Optimal crystallization and orientation of nanofibers yield excellent properties for micro-filtration applications in the medical field[12]. q Antistatic polyacrylonitrile fiber has been developed by suspending nano-antimony-doped tin oxide particles during the fiber spinning process. [13-14]. q By embossing the surface of synthetic fibers with nano structures, desired functionality has been obtained [15]. q Integration of nano-sized antimicrobial particles into textile fibers has led to the development of superior wound dressings [16].
  • 8. Applications in Fabric Finishes q Nano-TexTM has developed several fabric treatments using nanotechnology: (a) Permanent anti-static treatment; (b) Wrinkle-free treatment using moisture-wicking technology; (c) Stain- resistance and -repellent treatments; and (d) “Nanobeads” to carry bioactive or anti-biological agents, drugs, pharmaceuticals, sun blocks, and even textile dyes. These treatments onto textile substrates permanently alter properties of the textiles [16-18]. These textiles are claimed to exhibit superior durability, softness, tear strength, and abrasion resistance. They may also provide softness to durable-press garments.
  • 9. q Chemical oxidative deposition technology of Conducting Electroactive Polymers (CEP) onto different kinds of fibers and textiles, yields composite materials with high tensile strength and good thermal stability [19]. q Furthermore, Surface polymerization of CEP (Graft copolymerization) of polymer fibers increases the conductivity almost 10 times by decreasing the electrical resistivity [20-22]. q Coated polymeric composite materials can be used in microwave attenuation, EMI shielding, and dissipation of static electric charge. Hence, they can be useful for military applications, e.g., camouflage, stealth technology, etc., [23- 24].
  • 10. UV rays and radiation protection Coating of fabrics with nano- beads used for carrying desirable molecules Breath-ability and temperature control Fluid droplets Stai n Cotton fibers wrapping the synthetic core Nano-structures to prevent wetting due Synthetic fiber to fluids core
  • 11. q By combining the nano-particles with the organic and inorganic compounds, the surfaces of the fabrics treated with abrasion resistant, water repellent, ultraviolet (UV), electromagnetic and infrared protection finishes can be appreciably modified. Recently, the titanium-dioxide nano-particle have been utilized for the UV protection [25-26]. q By using nano-sized silicon dioxide, improvements in the strength and flame-resistance of textile fabrics can be achieved [27]. q The usage of nano-engineered cross-link agents during finishing process enhances the wrinkle resistance of cotton fabrics [28]. q Micro encapsulation technique is being used in textile industry for flame- or fire- retardant (FR) agents and anti-microbial agents. Recently, microcapsules containing silver nano-particles (Silver Cap) were being investigated for providing anti-microbial effects. [29].
  • 12. Future Directions and Challenges q Significant potential for profitable Nano-technology applications in cotton and other textiles. q Application of Nano-technology may be extended to attain performance enhancement of textile manufacturing machines & processes. q Especially the fabric finishing technology has taken new routes and demonstrated the potential for significant improvements via the applications of modern nanotechnology q It is however important to note that advances that are taking place in the area of nanotechnology applications in textile are still immature. Several aspects such as human risks associated with such applications are being investigated through several government initiatives [30].
  • 14. Company/ Products & Industry/Center Applications Nano-TexTM Fabric finishes: wrinkle-resistant, (USA) [16-18] stain-resistant, anti-static and UV protection properties (Nano-Pel, Nano-Touch, Nano-Care, Nao-Dry & Nano-Beads) Scholler® “Soft shells” technology for [31-33] functional stretch multi-layer fabrics: Dynamic climate controlled extremely air-permeable, light, and water & wind resistant clothing & gloves. Schoeller®-PCM, NanoSphere™, 3XDRY®, Schoeller®-Keprotec® Bugatti [34] Jacket with a Nanosphere finish, which has the moisture management features. Franz-Ziener Ski jackets for developing grime- (Germany) resistant, windproof, waterproof, and [35] breathable fabric.
  • 15. Institute for Develop textile materials for soldiers: Soldier Light weight, strong, abrasion/wear Nanotechnolo resistant, durable, impact energy gies (ISN) [36- absorbent, temperature controlled 37] water-proof, improved camouflage, and embedded with multipurpose micro/nano sensors Quantum “Nano-fibrils” reinforced yarns and Group Inc. [38] nonwoven fabrics for the application in tissue engineering. Otsuka Electro conductive fibers to be used Kagaku for the protection from radiation [39] emitted by electronics. SRRC-ARS- Developed textile based USDA nanocomposite material from various [40] types/sources of cellulose, such as grass, kenaf, cotton fiber, cotton plant material, etc. with clays, which is used as the nanofiller material
  • 16. q Other Applications of Nanotechnology in Textile Industries [39-41] q Anti-SARS masks for use by medical personnel [42] q Nano-surfaces suitable for bioactive culture matrices, textile nanosensors, and microelectrodes[43] q Nano-filtration membrane technology: For water conservation and dye recovery [44-45] q Developments of pigments/particles for dyeing and printing of textile fabrics [46]
  • 17. References 1. Paul, R., et. al., Nature Biotechnology, 21(10), 1144-1147, 2003. 2. Iijima, S., Nature, 354: 56 – 58, 1991. 3. Jiang, K., Li, Q. and Fan, S., Nature, Vol. 419, pp. 801, 2002. 4. Dalton, A.B. et.al., Nature, Vol. 423, pp. 703, 2002. 5. Schreuder Gibson H, et al., Journal of Advanced Materials, 34 (3): 44-55, 2002. 6. Dersch, R., et. al., Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 41, 545–553, 2003. 7. Zarkoob, S., et. al., Polymer 45, 3973–3977, 2004. 8. Subbiah, T. et. al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 96, 557–569, 2005. 9. Zhang,M., Atkinson, K.R. and Baughman, R.H., Science, Vol. 306, pp. 1358-1361, 2004. 10. Scardino FL; Balonis-RJ; Quantum-Group,-Inc., U.S. Patent # USP 6308509, 2001. 11. Kumar S; et.al., Polymer-. 2002; 43(5): 1701-1703. 12. Vijayaraaghavan NN; Karthik T., Synthetic Fibres. 2004; 33(1): 5-8. 13. Wang D; et. al., Textile Research Journal. 2004; 74(12): 1060-1065. 14. Stegmaier T; et. al., Technische Textilien. 2004; 47(4): E142-E146. 15. Halbeisen M. and Schift H., Chemical Fibers International, 2004, 54(6), 378-379. 16. http://www.nanotex.com/ (US Patent # 6,872,424;6,855,772;6,679,924;6,607,994; 6,544,594) 17. “Nanofinishing”, Advances in Textiles Technology. 2002; (NOV): 4-5 18. Parachuru, R. and Sawheny, A.P.S., Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 2626-8, 2005. 19. Li HH, et. al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science1997;64:2149-54. 20. Anbarasan R, et. al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1999;73:121-8. 21. Yin XH, et. al., Synthetic Metals, 1995;69:367-8. 22. Bhadani SN, et. al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1996;61:207-12. 23. Kuhn HH, et. al., Synthetic Metals, 1995;71:2139-42. 24. Kuhn HH., Textile Chemist and Colorist, 1997;29:17-21. 25. Beringer J. and Hofer D., Melliand-International, 2004; 10(4), pp. 295-296. 26. Li D & Sun G, AATCC Rev. 12 (2003) 19.
  • 18. 27. De-Meyere-T; et.al., Unitex. 2004; -(4): 4-6 C. 28. Yuen-CWM, et. al., Textile Asia. 2004; 35(8): 29-32 29. Erkan G; et.al., Colourage. 2004; 51: 61-64-88 30. “A Matter of Size”, Review the National Nanotechnology Initiative, Nat. Research Council, 2006. 31. http://www.schoeller-textiles.com/ 32. “Schoeller: New concepts for sports' clothing”, TUT Textiles UsagesTechniques. 2004; (51), 42-5 33. “Schoeller Textil, Sevelen: High-tech from the land of Heidi”, Textile Network. 2004; 2(11): 48-9. 34. http://www.bugatti.de/english/indexenglish.htm 35. “Lennox Kerr P., Textile Outlook International. 2003; (108): 65-92 36. http://web.mit.edu/ISN/ 37. Thiry MC, AATCC Rev. 3 (2003) 33. 38. White, L.A. and Delhom, C., United States Patent # 20050051054, 2005. 39. Subramanian M; et. al., Asian Textile Journal. 2004; 13(10): 69-72. 40. Subramanian M; et. al., Asian Textile Journal. 2004; 13(11): 117-122 41. Singh, KV, Sawheny, APS et. al. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 249725038, 2006. 42. Magni A, Tinctoria 101 (2004) 60. 43. Holme I, Tech. Text. Int. 13 (2004) 11, 15. 44. Van der Bruggen B, Daems B, Wilms D & Vandecasteele C, Sep. & Pur. Tech., 22-23 (2001) 519. 45. Bes P, Mendoza R, Roig AL, Iborra CA, Iborra CMI & Alcaina MMI, Desalination 157 (2003) 81. 46. Li D & Sun G, AATCC Rev. 12 (2003) 19.