4. Introduction
• Oldest of the luting cement
• Longest clinical track record
• Serves as a standard with which newer materials can
be compared
• Supplied as a powder and liquid.
5. Composition
POWDER
Zinc oxide - 90%
Magnesium oxide – 9-10 %
Bismuth trioxide, Barium oxide – traces
sintered at temperatures between 1000deg Celsius and
1400 deg Celsius -> cake -> fine powder
particle size -> setting time
6. Liquid
Phosphoric acid
Water
Aluminium Phosphate
Zinc Phosphate (some times)
Water controls the ionization reaction of acid - in turn
influence the rate of acid base reaction
Acid content of the liquid - 33% approximately.
7. SETTING REACTION
When the powder is mixed with liquid , the
phosphoric acid attacks the surface of the particles -
releases zinc ions into the liquid – aluminium, which
already forms a complex with the phosphoric acid ,
reacts with zinc - zinc alumino phosphate gel on the
surface of the remaining portions of the particles.
Water is critical to the reaction.
ZnO + H3PO4
Zn3(Po4)2 + H2O
8. Changes in composition and reaction rates might
occur due to degradation of the liquid or water
evaporation from the liquid
Liquid degradation effects are exhibited as clouding of
the liquid
Loss of water from acid increases the setting time
9. Working and Setting Times
Mixing time of 1.5 – 2 mins
Setting time – 2.5 – 8 mins
The following procedures can extend the setting time
Reducing P/L ratio
Mixing in increments
Prolonging the spatulation of last increment.
Cooling the glass slab
10. Physical Properties
Compressive strength :104MPa
Tensile strength:5.5MPa
Thermal conductivity : 3.11 mcal.cm/cm2.sec.K
Low water solubility 0.04wt%
More soluble in dilute organic acids
Modulus of elasticity:13.7GPa
Quiet stiff & resistant to elastic deformation
Loss/Gain water content compressive tensile strength.
11. Retention
Doesn’t involve reaction with surrounding hard
tissue/restorative material
No chemical interactions
Mechanical bonding at interfaces
12. Biological Properties
Acidity of cement is quite high during the time of
application - presence of phosphoric acid
2 min after the start of mixing , Ph is 2
increases rapidly
reaches about 5.5 in 24 hrs
Pulpal damage can occur during first few hours.
High heat production during setting of the cement can
also cause pulpal injury.
13. Manipulation
Incorporate powder - liquid
Recommended p/l ratio – 1.4gm - 0.5ml
A cool mixing slab prolongs the working and setting
time
Liquid dispensed onto the slab
evaporation
14. Powder -several increments
spatulated : 15 – 20 secs
smaller quantities - first few
increments – working - setting time.
middle of the mixing – larger amounts
of powder– to further saturate the
liquid with newly formed zinc
phosphate.
Finally , smaller increments are added
– so that the desired ultimate
consistency of the cement is not
exceeded
begins & ends with small increments
17. Introduction
Zinc polyacrylate cement
First - adhesive bond to tooth structure.
Supplied as
Powder and liquid
18. Composition
Powder
Zinc oxide – 72% Basic ingredient
Magnesium oxide – 7% Modifier , aids in sintering
Other oxides like bismuth
and aluminium
Stannous fluoride
Increase strength, modifies
setting time, imparts
anticariogenic properties
19. Liquid
Liqueous solution of polyacrylic acid (32-48%)
Or
Copolymer of acrylic acid with other unsaturated
carboxylic acids (itaconic , maleic , tricarballylic acids)
Molecular weight – 25,000 – 50,000
20. Chemical reaction
When acid comes in contact with powder , acid reacts
and releases zinc, magnesium, and tin ions
They bond to the polymer chain , through the carboxyl
groups
These ions also react with carboxylic groups of
adjacent poly acid chains
Cross inked salts are formed
21. Bonding to tooth structure
Poly acrylic acid reacts with calcium ions via carboxyl
groups on the surface of enamel or dentin.
Bond strength greater on enamel than dentin.
Enamel 3.4-13.1MPA Dentin 2.07MPA
22. Working and Setting time
Working time : 2.5 min
Setting time : 6-9 min
Lowering the temperature of chemical reaction can
increase the setting time.
23. Mechanical Properties
Comprssive strength : 55-67 Mpa
Tensile strength : 2.4-4.4 Gpa
Modules of elasticity is lower then zinc phosphate
cement 5.1GPa
More soluble than zinc phosphate cement 0.06%
More soluble in organic acids.
Not as brittle as zinc phosphate cement
Excess removal is difficult.
24. Biological Consideration
Pulpal response termed as mild
Ph of liquid is 1- 1.7
Freshly mixed cement – 3-4
After 24 hrs – 5 -6
25. Manipulation
A cooled glass slab / powder
1.5 parts of powder to 1 part of liquid by weight
Liquid not dispensed , before the start
Loss of water, increases viscosity
Powder is rapidly incorporated into the liquid in large
quantities
Mixing time is with in 30 – 60 sec ,with half to all of
powder incorporated at once to provide the maximum
length of working time
Surface - glossy , acid present to provide sufficient
carboxylic groups to bond.
29. Introduction
These cements have been extensively used in dentistry
since 1890’ s
They are least irritant of all dental cements
Have an obtundant or sedative effect
Compatible with the hard and soft tissues of the
mouth
30. Classification
Type 1 ZOE – for temporary cementation
Type 2 ZOE – permanent cementation
Type 3 ZOE – temporary filling material , thermal
insulation
Type 4 ZOE – Cavity liners
33. Setting reaction
First , hydrolysis of zinc oxide to its hydroxide
Water is essential for reaction to proceed
reaction is a acid base one,
Zinc hydroxide combines with eugenol to form a chelate
ZnO + H2O → Zn(OH)2
ZINC EUGENOLATE
Forms an amorphous gel, which later tends to crystallize.
Structure : particles of unreacted zinc oxide embedded in a
matrix of zinc eugenolate
Zn(OH)2 + 2HE → ZnE2 + 2H2O
34. Manipulation
p/l ratio 4:1 to 6:1 by wt
the bulk - incorporated into the liquid -spatulated
thoroughly in a circular motion - a stiff bladed spatula
Small increments - until the mix is complete –
consistency
35.
36. Setting time - 4-10 mins
Complete setting reaction between zinc oxide and eugenol
takes about 12 hrs
Factors affecting setting time:
Particle size – smaller particle size, set faster
Accelerators – alcohol , glacial acetic acid , and small
amounts of water
Retarders – glycol, glycerine
Temperature – high temperature , accelerate setting
Powder/ liquid ratio – higher the ratio, faster the set
37. Physical properties
Relatively week cements
Compressive strength : Ranges from 3-4mpa to 50-
55mpa
Tensile strength : 0.32 to 5.8mpa
Modules of elasticity : 0.22 – 5.4 mpa
Excellent thermal conductivity
Solubility of the set cement is high - disintegrate in
oral fluids - Solubility is reduced by increasing p/l
ratio
38. Biological properties
Least irritating of all dental cements
Ph is 6.6 – 8
Pulp response is termed as mild
They inhibit the growth of bacteria , have an anodyne
or soothing effect on pulp , in deep cavities, hence
reduces pain
39. Modified Materials
Polymer reinforced ZOE
introduced in an effort to increase the
mechanical properties of zoe.
Contains Zinc Oxide and finely divided
natural or synthetic resin like poly methyl
methacrylate resulting in good strength,
improved abrasion resistance and
increased toughness
Luting agent, Base, temporary filling
material and as a cavity liner.
41. Non eugenol Zinc Oxide cement
Suitabe for patients sensitive to eugenol.
Eugenol acts as an inhibitor for free redical
polymerized materials
42. ZOE based periodontal pack
It protects the wound from
mechanical trauma and
stabilize the surgical site.
It also prevents post operative
hemorrhage and infection;
decreases tooth
hypersensitivity in first few
hours after suurgery.
43. Conclusion
Though cements are used in small quantities in oral
cavity, it should be used with at most care, as it is very
important. There are innumerable cements present
with different properties, one should know all the
properties to use it in order to give a successful
restoration to the patient
44. References
PHILLIPS , SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS
11TH EDITION
CRAIG’ S RESTORAIVE DENTAL MATERIALS
12TH EDITION
STURDEVANTS ART AND SCIENCE OF OPERATIVE
DENTISTRY
5TH EDITION
DENTAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
JULY 2007 51:3 SAUNDERS
DENTAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
OCTOBER 1983 27:4 SAUNDERS