4. Functions:
To produce, maintain and transport sperm
(the male reproductive cells) and protective
fluid (semen)
To discharge sperm within the female
reproductive tract
To produce and secrete male sex hormones
1:10:50 – 1:11:12
5. Glands
Seminal vesicles — sac-like pouches
attached to the vas deferens near the base of
the bladder.
produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) to provides
sperm with a source of energy
helps with the sperms’ motility (ability to move).
Secretes clotting factors, prostaglandins in
alkaline fluid
6. Prostate gland —walnut-sized structure
below the urinary bladder in front of the
rectum.
contributes additional fluid to nourish the sperm.
Secretes citric acid, PSA, and acid phosphatase,
seminalplasmin
The urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be
expelled during orgasm, runs through the center
of the prostate gland.
7. Bulbourethral glands — or Cowper’s glands
pea-sized structures on the sides of the urethra
just below the prostate gland.
produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly
into the urethra.
serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize
any acidity that may be present due to residual
drops of urine in the urethra.
10. If ED is caused by a blockage in an artery leading to the penis,
surgery can often restore blood flow. Good candidates are typically
younger men whose blockage stems from an injury to the crotch or
pelvis. The procedure is not recommended for older men with
widespread narrowing of the arteries.
12. To produce eggs
Transport the ova to the site of fertilization
To produce and secrete female sex hormones
Conception
1:06 – 1:08:36
13. ESTROUS CYCLE
recurring physiologic changes induced by
reproductive hormones in most mammal in
placental females
also oestrous cycle; originally derived from
Latin oestrus)
starts after puberty in sexually mature
females, interrupted by anestrous phases.
continues until death
Some animals may display bloody vaginal
discharge, often mistaken for menstruation.
14. Difference from Menstrual Cycle
same reproductive system, regulatory
hypothalamic , pituitary system and the
ovary.
One: animals with estrous cycles reabsorb
the endometrium if conception does not
occur during that cycle;
In menstrual cycles, the endometrium is shed
through menstruation instead.
15. Two: difference is sexual activity.
species with estrous cycles, females are generally
only sexually active during the estrus phase of
their cycle - also referred to as being "in heat."
females with menstrual cycles can be sexually
active at any time in their cycle, even when they
are not about to ovulate.
16. Four Phases of the Estrous
Cycle
Proestrus
follicles of the ovary starts to grow.
phase can last as little as one day or as long as 3
weeks,
Under the influence of estrogen the lining in the
uterus (endometrium) starts to develop.
Some animals experience vaginal secretions that
could be bloody.The female is not yet sexually
receptive.
17. Estrus
◦ female is sexually receptive ("in heat," or "on heat" in
British English).
◦ signaled by visible physiologic changes.
◦ lordosis reflex
◦ regulated by gonadotropic hormones; ovarian follicles
are maturing and estrogen secretions exert their
biggest influence.
◦ vulvae are reddened.
◦ Ovulation may occur spontaneously in some species
(e.g. cow), while in others it is induced by copulation
(e.g. cat).
18. Metestrus/Postestrus
signs of estrogen stimulation subside and the
corpus luteum starts to form.
uterine lining is under the influence of progesterone
and becomes secretory.
typically brief and may last 1 to 5 days. In some
animals bleeding may be noted due to declining
estrogen levels.
19. Diestrus
characterised by the activity of the corpus luteum
that produces progesterone.
In the absence of pregnancy the diestrus phase
(also termed pseudo-pregnancy) terminates with
the regression of the corpus luteum.
lining in the uterus is not shed, but will be
reorganized for the next cycle.
20. Anestrus
the sexual cycle rests.
a seasonal event , controlled by light exposure
through the pineal gland that releases melatonin
repress stimulation of reproduction in long-day
breeders and stimulate reproduction in short-day
breeders.
thought to act by regulating hypothalamic pulse
activity of GnRH (anti-GnRH)
induced by time of year, pregnancy, lactation,
significant illness, and possibly age.
21. Frequency
cats, cows and pigs are polyestrous
◦ Short-day breeders, such as sheep, goats, deer, foxes,
elk—sexually active in fall or winter.
◦ Long-day breeders, such as horses and hamsters,
sexually active in spring and summer.
dogs - diestrous.
Monoestrous species- bears, foxes, and wolves
rabbits do not have an estrous cycle and are able
to conceive at almost any arbitrary moment.
22. Menstrual Cycle
Menarche - average age - 12 years, but normal
between ages 8 and 16.
menopause - average age - 51 years, with
anywhere between 40 and 58 being common.
variations of
<8 days between her longest cycles and shortest
cycles - regular menstrual cycles.
between 8 and 20 days - moderately irregular.
21 days or > between a woman's shortest and
longest cycle lengths - considered very irregular
23. Menstrual Cycle
Name of Phase Days
Menstrual phase 1–4
Follicular phase (also known as proliferative
phase)
5–13
Ovulation (not a phase, but an event dividing
phases)
14
Luteal phase (also known as secretory phase) 15–26
Ischemic phase (some sources group this with
secretory phase)
27–28
26. Level of Regulation
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Ovaries/placental
Variety of tissues
27. FSH- stimulates follicle
cells to produce estradiol
LH – stimulates follicle
cells and corpus luteum
to produce progesterone
Estradiol – on
reproductive tissues
Progesterone- lining of
uterus
Inhibin - feedback
28. Regulation in Male
FSH – targets Sertoli cells to synthesize
androgen-binding proteins.
LH- stimulates Leydig Cells to secrete
testosterone
Testosterone – produced also in the ovary as
precursor for estrogen
Produced by Leydig Cells; targets Sertoli cells
Inhibin – produced in the Sertoli and prostate
Paracrine regulations
29. The Gräfenberg Spot (4) is typically
located one to three inches (2.5 to 7.6 cm)
up the front (anterior) vaginal wall between
the vaginal opening and the urethra[3] and
is a sensitive area that is part of the female
prostate.[4]
There is a minority hypothesis that the G-
spot is an extension of the clitoris and this
is the cause of vaginal orgasms.[11][12]
30. Skenes gland – prostate gland in females
Bartholin’s – bulbo in females