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Final Report for
Australian Department for Foreign Affairs and Trade
January 2010 - December 2014
European Union
Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme II
(CDMP II)
63Monitoring and Evaluation
Technical Support to the Ministry 63
Monitoring Tools and Assessments 63
Impact Evaluation by Eminence 64
LDRRF Independent Monitoring 65
Value for Money Estimates 66
68Information & Communication
Technology
73Chalenges, Lesson Learned
78Financial Progress
81Way Forward
07Major Achievements in
Outcome Areas
Professionalizing DM System in
Bangladesh 07
Rural Risk Reduction 18
Urban Risk Reduction 26
Preparedness & Response 34
Community Level Climate
Change Adaptation 59
Mainstreaming DRR & CCA into
Sectoral Policies and Planning 41
Acknowledgements 01
01Executive Summary
A Note on Project Duration 02
Risk & Vulnerability Context 03
05Summary of Top Results
CONTENT
It is my great pleasure to present Comprehensive Disaster Management
Programme-CDMP’s, Final Report (January 2010 – December 2014), which
gives an overview of our achievements and challenges over the five years. The
Programme would not have been possible without the continuous support of
our government, donors, stakeholders, our partners through whom we
implemented the project and of course the dedication of our staff.
On behalf of CDMP, I thank you all for your kind support to make a better
Bangladesh.
Mohammad Abdul Qayyum
National Project Director, CDMP II
Additional Secretary
Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief
Message from the
National Project Director
On behalf of the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, I would like to
express my sincere thanks to the Government and the people of Australia for their valuable
suppport to the Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP), Phase II. The
programme has helped my Ministry a lot in the past five years through its support to our
legal framework for disaster management.
Message from
Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury Maya, Minister
Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief
Bangladesh has made a paradigm shift from relief to risk reduction culture. The Ministry of
Disaster Management and Relief has achieved its goal in this regard to a certain extent
through its Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP), Phase II. It is worth
mentioning that our students are now learning about disaster risks and climate change
issues throughout their student life which will have a positive, lasting effect in disaster
management. Different ministries/agencies of our government are now putting into
practice many of the initiatives taken by CDMP II which will benefit especially the most
vulnerable section of people in coming years. The lessons learnt, capacities developed
under CDMP project are praiseworthy. There are still areas/dimensions where there is
scope for further development. I hope that our development partners would come
forward to work with the Government of Bangladesh for making Bangladesh a disaster
resilient country.
Message from
Md. Shah Kamal, Secretary
Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief
CDMP wishes to thank the
Government of Australia,
Department for Foreign Affairs and
Trade, for their support to the
programme, alongside the
Governments of Norway, Sweden
and the United Kingdom, along with
the European Commission.
01
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The overall goal of CDMP II was to further reduce the country's vulnerability to adverse natural
and anthropogenic events – including cyclones, floods, tidal surges, earthquakes, climate
change and variability – through technical assistance in risk reduction and comprehensive
disaster management activities. The approach of CDMP II was to channel support through
government and development partners, civil society and NGOs into a people-oriented disaster
management and risk reduction partnership. That partnership has promoted cooperation,
provided coordination, ranked priority programmes and projects, and allocated resources to
disaster management activities, risk reduction activities and climate change adaptation
activities in Bangladesh.
When one summarizes the many achievements and activities of the programme it is sometimes
difficult to capture what all the activity adds up to in terms of the big picture. In 2004 the first
phase of the Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme set out to help the Government
of Bangladesh develop and implement its emerging policy aspirations at the field level and to
achieve a paradigm shift from a predominantly relief and response focus to a risk reduction
based approach.
After 10 years it is clear that this paradigm shift has been achieved in terms of awareness,
knowledge and ambition of key institutions and, as a result, some fundamental and sustainable
changes have been catalysed in the country’s way of working and its disaster management
priorities.
CDMP II has provided financing and technical assistance to a large number of ministries and
departments that has built new human resource and institutional capacity to manage disaster
risks in a sustainable manner. Significant changes in governmental processes, for example the
requirement that all new development programmes must be appraised with climate and
disaster risk assessments in order to receive approval for implementation, is changing
permanently the way that Bangladesh makes choices. CDMP II has also undertaken
fundamental work on mapping the risk environment, for example extending its seismic
vulnerability atlas to incorporate an additional six major cities. Many of these initiatives are
being sustained through financing through the government machinery or through new
development programmes. UNDP has also taken the initiative to mainstream some of its main
learning and methodologies in its biggest development programmes country wide.
The project has utilized a people centred approach that has proven to be high impact. Its work
to professionalize the disaster management system has resulted in the creation of hundreds of
new graduates with a professional qualification to start their careers. All new civil servants now
Acknowledgements
Peter Medway
Goran Jonsson
Md. Abu Sumon
Md Abdul Quayyum
Credits
undergo mandatory training on disaster management, for the first time, as part of their
basic training at the Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre and this has been
augmented for many hundreds more through a wide variety of refresher, on the job and
overseas training. Today the level of skill and knowledge within the public sector has
never been higher.
The Local Disaster Risk Reduction Fund has markedly reduced the vulnerability to
millions of the poorest Bangladeshis in 40 districts and provided them the means to
protect their lives and livelihoods. Our work on improving the knowledge base has been
extremely successful with the publication and wide dissemination of hundreds of
unique pieces of research across a broad thematic spectrum. This knowledge is now
easily accessible in a Department of Disaster Management e-library available at no cost
globally.
CDMP I and II were implemented during the same time period as the Hyogo Framework
for Action. Indeed the CDMP model slightly preceded and anticipated the HFA.
Bangladesh was, then, an early adopter and made a strong commitment to the
implementation of the HFA and, with the support of CDMP has achieved most of the
expectations embodied in the five key pillars. As 2015 approached CDMP II has played a
significant role supporting the Government in the formulation of its position for the
Sendai Framework for Action and the new Sustainable Development Goals.
No large programme is without its problems and challenges and CDMP II is not an
exception. With the benefit of hindsight a number of things would no doubt have been
done differently. However, the project has generated some useful learning from things
that did not work as well as from those that did and this will be applied in future efforts
to reduce disaster and climate vulnerability both in Bangladesh and worldwide. At the
time of writing a high level delegation from the Government of Sudan is in Dhaka to
learn from this experience in order to implement a comprehensive disaster
management approach in their country.
As the Government of Bangladesh and its partner UNDP reflect on the achievements of
CDMP II and thanks the people and Government of Australia for its steadfast support to
the most vulnerable Bangladeshis, we can be sure of one thing. Future work to support
and strengthen the resilience of Bangladesh to its disaster and climate risks will build on
the very strong foundations and the many promising, highly cost effective approaches
that CDMP II has implemented.
It was clear by the end of 2013 that CDMP II was
not going to achieve full implementation by its
intended end date of 31/12/2014. In January
UNDP began discussions with the MoDMR and
development partners to extend the project
duration by one year on a no cost basis. Over
time a strategy for the additional one year of
implementation was developed in close
consultation with key stakeholders that focused
on achieving sustainability of major results.
During this period it was made clear that, due to
a change of government policy the Australian
Department for Foreign Affairs andTrade would
not participate in the extension period. This,
along with the No Cost Extension, was agreed
by the Project Steering Committee on
September 21st, 2014. UNDP committed to
produce a final report for the Australian
Government by 30th June, 2015, in line with the
cooperation agreement.
It should be noted that some major activities
had not been completed by December 2014
and continued to be implemented in 2015. As a
result, there is expected to be some difference
between what can be reported as the outcomes
of the programme as of December 2014 and
what will be reported as the outcomes by
December 2015. In addition some important
documentation of the programme, including
the final evaluation and various reports of
project outcomes achieved by our partners will
be finalised by the end of 2015. UNDP will share
all of these reports with Australia DFAT in due
course.
A Note on Project Duration
02
Risk & Vulnerability Context
Bangladesh is a low lying deltaic country in south Asia formed by the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the
Meghna rivers. The geographical location, land characteristics, multiplicity of rivers and the monsoon
climate render Bangladesh highly vulnerable to natural and climatic induced hazards.
It is one of the world’s densely populated countries and one of the most vulnerable to the impacts of
climatic and natural hazards. Two-thirds of the country is less than 5 meters above sea level, and in an
average year, a quarter of the country is inundated. Bangladesh has experienced severe floods every 4 to
5 years that may cover more than 60% of land areas, resulting in significant losses.
No area of Bangladesh is free from risk, but vulnerability in the coastal zone is especially acute, with an
estimated 38.5 million people living in 19 coastal districts. In broad terms it is the rural poor that inhabit
the most vulnerable areas and are at the greatest risk. People in Bangladesh are with high exposure
habituated to live and cope with risks. However, this has also culturally led to high risk tolerance levels,
with people generally tending to disregard possibilities of potential loss or damage if the risk is not very
evident.
The majority of people living in Bangladesh are highly dependent on natural resources, and when
ecosystems become more fragile, communities are directly affected. Both men and women experience
loss in livelihoods, physical and mental hardships in coping with shocks, but women face the
consequences more acutely because they are primarily responsible for food supply, water collection, and
caring for and protecting children and the elderly.
The social, economic and political barriers women face limit their coping capacity and unequal access to
assets, incomes, sources of food, information and decision-making processes mean that women are
disproportionately affected by climate-induced natural hazards .
03
Vulnerability
in the coastal
zone is especially acute,
with an estimated
38.5 million
people living in
19 coastal
districts.
04
Tangible improvements in early warning, preparedness, response and in building community resilience
have resulted in a significant reduction in the loss of lives. However, the economic losses through damage
or destruction of critical infrastructure systems, livelihoods (assets, houses, livestock), crops and
development investments continue to remain high, owing to the high level of risk exposure and
vulnerability to the various shocks and stresses (the inability of the infrastructure, asset or livelihood to
withstand the shocks and stresses) from climatic and natural hazards and events. Vulnerability and social
exclusion compound the impact of economic loss resulting from shocks. Women headed households are
most at risk because their poverty rate is higher than that of men headed households in agricultural
districts . There are other factors that contribute to such losses, including poor and/or illegal land-use,
poor urban and rural development and non-compliance with policy and building codes.
Despite these challenges, Bangladesh has seen significant results achieved in terms of economic growth,
poverty reduction and improvements in health and education levels. During 2000-2010, the rate of
poverty decreased by 1.7 percentage points per year, falling from 49% in 2000 to 31.5% in 2010 .
Reducing risks and vulnerability have had significant economic benefits and provided enhanced
resilience for the rural poor. However, it is estimated that the direct annual cost of climatic hazards
remains high. Over the period 1990-2008 has been $2,189 million or 1.8% of annual GDP . It is The World
Bank’s estimate that 2.5 million industrial employment days will be affected due to climatic impacts by
2030, rising to 70 million by 2100 . If climatic and other hazard risks are not factored into long-term
development and economic planning, these costs are likely to increase in absolute terms and as a
proportion of GDP .
0103
Summary of Top Results
30,000 trained
and equipped
urban community
volunteers in 6 major
cities mobilized for disaster
preparedness and response.
The urban volunteers proved
their crucial value in rescue
operation during Rana Plaza
disaster in April 2013.
05
9 Rules under
newly enacted
Disaster
Management Act
2012developed by MoDMR
through wider consultative
process. The approval of the
developed directives and rules
create a policy landmark to
ensure sustainability of CDMP
initiatives.
3 million people
more resilient to disaster and
climate change through
implementation of rural and
urban DRR and CCA schemes.
Bangladesh
achieved the
intended
outcomes of the
Hyogo Framework
For Action
UNISDR validated
Bangladesh's achievement as
among the best performing
countries in Asia.
Hyogo Framework
for Action 2005-2015:
Building the Resilience of Nations
and Communities to Disaster
0406
About 22 million
studentsnow have direct
access to specific DRR & CCA
knowledge and information due to
incorporation of DRR-CCA issues in
the curricula of 39 textbooks from
class 3 to 12 through National
Curricula and Textbook Board.
Increased lead time
from 3 days to 5
days now for floods
forecasting potentially saving
lives, livelihood and assets of 88
million people in major river
basins.
391 knowledge
products fill critical
gaps in DM system. Now
easily accessible through
DDM’s e-library.
115 million people
have access to cell phone
based early warning system
for possible natural disasters.
07
Policy Support
Regional
Consultation
Workshop on
rules for Disaster
Management Act
2012
Major Achievements
in Outcome Areas
Professionalizing DM System in Bangladesh
CDMP-II supported the drafting of the National Disaster Management Act
(NDMA) which was enacted in 2012 by the parliament. As a result, the
Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM) was separated into
two ministries, the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MoDMR)
and Ministry of Food. The Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) & the
Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation (DRR) were merged into the
present Disaster Management Department (DDM).
The Act required several rules and guidelines to be prepared to support its
implementation. CDMP took the initiative to draft 9 rules:
Rules for National Level Disaster Management Committees
The Bangla version of the Standing Orders on Disaster (SOD) is also finalized and
ready for publication.
Rules for National Disaster Response Coordination Group-NDRCG.
Rules for Local Level Disaster Response Coordination Groups
Rules for Local Level Disaster Management Committees
Rules for Constitution of Disaster Management Fund and Relief Depot 2014
Rules for Awards, Incentives, allowances for DM performance
Rules for Requisition in Emergencies
Rules for National Disaster Research & Training Institute
Rules for National Disaster Volunteer Organization
The Rules for the National Level Disaster Management Committee, local
response coordination group and local Disaster Management
Committees were approved and enacted in January 2015. The rules for
the DM Fund, DM performance, emergency requisitions, and the
Research and Training Institute have been drafted and submitted to
MoDMR for review. In addition, the Standing Orders on Disaster was
updated (in both English and Bangla) and published in 2010 (5,650
copies). The DM Act 2012 was translated into English for international
audience. The National Plan for Disaster Management 2010 – 2015 was
launched in 2010 and has been reviewed in 2015 with recommendations
for the next edition, 2016-2020 presented to MoDMR for consideration.
CDMP II has contributed significant technical input to the preparation of
the Seventh Five Year Plan, ensuring that disaster risk management was
included as a specific chapter for the first time.
1
1. See http://www.modmr.gov.bd/site/view/law
SODs are very valid of the range of work which Bangladesh undertakes in DM
areas, they cover responding to disaster, preparing for disasters and working
for sustainable post disaster activities. The DM Act is enforcing DM rules,
regulation and mechanisms, which are enabling Bangladesh to better,
address these issues.”
08
Disaster Management Knowledge and Practical Guidance
CDMP II has been extremely active, in partnership with a wide range of institutions, in the
publication and dissemination of practical guidelines on DRR. These guidelines are intended to
drive up standards throughout the disaster management system and to reduce costs by
standardizing approaches where possible. A good example is the Cyclone Shelter Construction and
Maintenance Guideline, published in English and Bangla in 2011. This guideline set the standard
for the construction of many hundreds of new cyclone shelters built by the GoB and international
partners and has, among other things, ensured a greater inclusion of the needs of women and girls,
through a requirement for separate female toilets. CDMP II has also financed the development and
dissemination of several other practical guidelines for risk reduction including for:
Installation of deep tube
wells in saline prone
coastal areas with the
Department of Public
Health Engineering (DPHE)
Community Risk Assessment
Guideline , for both rural
and urban settings, with the
Ministry of Disaster
Management and Relief
4
Union Disaster Management
Operations Manual with the
Department for Disaster
Management (DDM)
5
Hospital Non-Structural
Vulnerability Assessment
with the Directorate
General of Health
Services (DGHS)
6
Mr. Nazmul Azam Khan
Disaster Management Coordinator, BDRCS
“
Multi Stakeholder Review Workshops at the
divisional level on DM Rules
2
3
2.See http://modmr.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/modmr.portal.gov.bd/policies
3. A full list of publications in included in annex.
4. See http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/231
5. http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/40
6. http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/246
09
In 2014, an interactive online DM Library was
established (www.dmic.org.bd/e-library) to
facilitate easy access to CDMP’s knowledge
products and is now accessible by all. It currently
has more than 391 knowledge materials uploaded.
It was launched in June 2014, by the Disaster
Management and Relief Minister Mofazzal Hossain
Chowdhury Maya and it was also globally shared.
The e-library is designed to be a one stop
information hub for disaster and climate change
adaptation information in Bangladesh. The
e-library will be sustained by the DDM in the long
term. At the district level CDMP II has established
district resource centres in all 64 districts (in the
DRRO Office) across the country, and supplied with
furniture and knowledge materials in order to
facilitate access to up to date DM knowledge at the
local level.
391 knowledge products.
Nearly 1 million searches,
72,000 document downloads and
41,000 hits performed since March, 2014.
Online
DM Library
The e-library stores materials useful to not only the disaster
management practitioners but also the development
partners, individuals and organisations involved in disaster
management. It is really helping us to design our Urban
Resilience programme focusing on earthquake.”
“
Anisuzzaman Chowdhury, Senior Programme Officer,
Disaster Management and Climate Change, JICA
“People will be able to know about disaster management
through visiting the website and also become conscious
about the issue after visiting the website. It will help
people to combat against natural disasters.”
Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury Maya, Minister,
Disaster Management and Relief
Upazila DMIC
10
For the first time disaster and climate change adaptation has been included into the pre-service and
in-service training for civil servants at all levels. This is a sustainable and cost effective method to
ensure that relevant skills and knowledge are built. CDMP supported the Bangladesh Public
Administration Training Centre (BPATC) to introduce new DRR and CCA content in its regular
Foundation Course for the new recruits to the civil service. BPATC also integrated DRR and CCA into
their Advanced Course on Administration and Development for Deputy Secretaries and into their
Senior Staff Course for Joint Secretaries and above. Every year more than a thousand officials are
being trained by the centre.
Today 17 Bangladeshi universities and 11 training institutions have integrated DRR & CCA issues in
their educational curricula. The support provided by CDMP II included the establishment of faculty/
department /institute. These Institutions are now providing, for the first time in most cases,
bachelors and master’s degree courses in disaster management as well as diploma & certificate
courses.
CDMP has paid partial tuition fees and research grants for 944 masters and research students who are
now helping to strengthen the evidence base on disaster and climate related issues for the future.
CDMP has further supported these institutions by providing more than 2000 copies of 542 different
reference titles and has equipped two institutions with modern GI/RS Labs.
With the initial support from CDMP we set up Institute of Disaster
Management and Vulnerability Studies in the University of Dhaka and
started Bachelor, Masters and Post-Graduation courses. The course is now
very popular and last year we received 400 applications against 40 seats.”
“
Professor Mahbuba Nasreen, Director, IDMVS, University of Dhaka.
I am now working in UNDP's Early Recovery Facility project after
completing my Masters in Disaster Management in 2013 from the
University of Dhaka. Thanks to CDMP II for providing me partial
financial support and a research grant to complete my masters.”
“
Md. Abdul Awal Sarkar
7. Patuakhali Science and Technology University; URL: http://www.pstu.ac.bd/faculties/search/faculty/disaster
8. Department of Disaster Science and Management; http://www.dsmdu.com
9. Institute of Disaster Management and Vulnerability Studies;
www.du.ac.bd/department/common/institute_home.php
10. Dhaka University and Begum Rokeya University Rangpur
A student receives a Masters degree in disaster management
from BRAC University, one of three private universities in
Bangladesh, where students can formally study disaster
preparedness and response.
Bangladesh teaches disaster preparedness to reduce risk -
IRIN News
http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=99488
Photo: BRAC University
98
7
10
I strongly believe the training will help the members of the Disaster Management
Committee, who attended this course, in many ways and as they are already working in
Disaster Management area so the knowledge of the training program will help them to
become better trainers in this sector. The trainees of today are the trainers of tomorrow
and this is how the knowledge is transmitting to build a skilled nation.“
Md. Kamrul Hasan, Deputy Commissioner, Moulovibazar
“
11 e-learning centres in
9 universitiesand
2 research & training institutes
(RDA and BARD) have been established.
11
11. http://elearning.bpatc.org.bd/mods/login/index.php
In parallel, CDMP also introduced two online e-learning
certificate courses in both Bangla and English
(http://elearning.cdmp.org.bd/). 11 e-learning centres in
9 universities and 2 research & training institutes (RDA
and BARD) have also been established enabling future
intakes of students to access the vast amount of disaster
information on the internet. The modules are also
hosted in the Bangladesh Public Administration Training
Center (BPATC) website.
At the local level CDMP has supported the capacity
development of about 3000 Union and Upazila DMC
members in partnership with NGOs and the NILG.
Training has focused on the essential roles and
responsibilities of these organizations as described by
the SOD. The Upazila DMCs have all been connected to
the Dhaka based DDM through Upazila level
information management centres to facilitate the
transmission of disaster related information to the
centre and training has been provided to the relevant
staff.
11
Communication and access to information
Effective reduction of vulnerability depends on the knowledge, awareness and behaviour of
individuals and communities. Consequently communication of appropriate knowledge is
important. In partnership with the Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB) CDMP II updated curricula for
the mass media department in Rajshahi University in order to ensure journalism graduates were
interested in, sensitive to and ready to report on disaster management issues. CDMP II, in
partnership with PIB, facilitated the training of 439 local level journalists in 19 districts on the topic
of DRR and CCA for informed media reporting. Community radio continues to play an important
role in Bangladesh, despite the increase in media channels of all kinds.
This is particularly true for the poorest people. 14 community radio stations around the country
have aired more than 3920 hours of program, developed with CDMP II’s support by the
Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication (BNNRC), on different hazards in local
dialects. CDMP II estimates the audience size for such broadcasts to be at least 14 million people.
1200 radio sets were distributed to listener groups in the broadcast areas of the community radio
stations to further increase access to information.
The MoDMR established the National Disaster Response Coordination Center (NDRCC) to support
decision making through the timely delivery of information to apex committees under the SOD.
Coordination capacity has also been enhanced by the connection of the Prime Minister’s Office,
the Armed Forces Division and the DDM by video conferencing. Regular Situation Reports during
disasters were produced by the NDRCC to share information about disaster loss, damage and
response. These situation reports were also disseminated by the DMIC. CDMP II has prepared a
Disaster Information Management Strategy to enable the Government to have a longer term
vision of its information management needs and to make the best choices regarding future
investment. In 2015 CDMP II is providing support to integrate a range of information tools through
the establishment of a SAHANA platform.
“Coastal Areas are always vulnerable to different natural disasters
and as a journalist from Barguna I was looking for training on
climate change and disaster risk management. In 2014 I got a
chance to participate in a two-day training on Climate Change
Reporting organized by the Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB) and
CDMP II. Now in my reporting I can easily use the knowledge that I
captured from that training and can refer the knowledge materials
provided in the training”.
Mushfique Arif, Senior Reporter of Maasranga Television,
Barguna
“Radio Chilmari is giving the right information at the right time to my
local people, reducing the loss of lives and livelihoods in disasters”
Shawkat Ali Sarkar (Bir Bikrom), Chairman Chilmari Upazila Parishad,
Kurigram
All CDMP II’s GIS products are being made available through an online
geo-information tool, enabling users to overlay various information
products and to produce their own bespoke maps.
12
13
People are now aware of Natural Disasters
“We had flood in 2014 and before that I heard news and programs about the flood in
the radio. I shared it with my wife and planned accordingly, so that the damage was
less than before and we didn’t face any major problem after the flood. This sort of
program should be aired throughout the year.”
Manik Mia from Naogaon, one of the flood prone areas in Bangladesh,
shared his experience about Naogaon Barendra Radio.
Radio cyclone warnings save thousands of lives
Monu Mia is no stranger to cyclones.
“I have survived several cyclones, but the memory of losing my family in a cyclone
stays with me,”shares the fisherman. Mia comes from an impoverished community of
fishermen in Moheshkhali, Bangladesh.
Speaking softly Mia explains that fishermen previously depended on traditional
prediction methods for cyclones or bad weather before going to sea. Predictions were
based on reading changes in natural phenomena, and what warnings the
government disseminated via media channels or microphone were mostly ineffective,
inefficient, and didn’t reach everyone.
“When Gorky hit, I couldn’t warn my family and others around us to take necessary
preparations,” Mia says of the 1991 cyclone that claimed upwards of 138,000 lives in
Bangladesh.
For millions of people in Bangladesh, Myanmar and India who are in the path of
cyclones, the choice had always been between fleeing to safety or risking their lives to
remain at home and protect their livestock and assets from being looted.
In helping communities balance these two priorities, accurate information has always
been the key determinant. With the Comprehensive Disaster Management
Programme (CDMP II), Bangladesh has established a multi-level approach to
prevention, resilience, and recovery that puts access to information at the forefront.
One important aspect of the UNDP-supported programme is its ability to provide
accurate information through community radio and mobile phone technologies, to
help people make the right decisions.
CDMP encouraged community radio stations to create local listening clubs, engaging
fishermen, housewives, students, and tea stall visitors to expand their listening base
and ensure the highest reach.
In 2013, as Cyclone Mahasen brewed in the Bay of Bengal, CDMP II distributed 1200
high bandwidth radios and batteries to fourteen community radio broadcasters, who
in turn distributed them to their listening clubs.
“As soon as we heard of the depression in the bay we informed disaster management
committees at the district and sub-district level,” says Md Abdul Wajed, Former
Director General of Bangladesh’s Department of Disaster Management. “They have
various ways of informing communities of an incoming cyclone such as going door to
door, and nowadays through the use of community radio.”
The community radio stations situated in the coastal zone also extended their
broadcasting hours, recognizing their importance after sensitizing workshops
organized by CDMP.
“The situation is different as the community radio Naf has been airing regular
information updates, warning messages, and awareness programmes on disaster,”Mia
says. In an effort to reach out to as many listeners as possible, some of the
programming was in a widely used local dialect.
14
In the end, over 1.15 million people were evacuated by the
government – an incredible feat that has likely saved
thousands of lives.
The CDMP II intervention also helps community radio broadcasters produce quality
radio programming on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation
(CCA) issues. It provided trainings to 28 master trainers covering both theoretical and
practical aspects of development and production of radio programs, including script
writing, knowledge of DRR and CCA issue, and how to build audiences.
CDMP, in partnership with Bangladesh Teleltalk Ltd., Bangladesh Meteorological
Department, and Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre, also introduced an
Interactive Voice Response-based early warning system. By dialing “10941”, 110
million cell-phone users in Bangladesh have direct access to receive warnings of
approaching hydro-meteorological disasters.
Community radio and mobile technologies are just one aspect of CDMP’s work. They
have empowered a dedicated team of volunteers who manage to not just inform
millions who had previously been last in line for disaster information about imminent
risks, but also help move them to safety. CDMP has helped shift the efforts from
disaster response to planning and preparedness for emergencies while also helping
infrastructure development to assist people in times of disasters and even after.
International cooperation on disaster risk management
CDMP II’s design intended to link action in Bangladesh at the national and local level with international agreements in
place in 2010, notably the Hyogo Framework for Action. CDMP provided essential technical, financial and logistical
support to the government of Bangladesh for the implementation of the HFA. As a result major achievements were made
in each of the five pillars. UNISDR validated these achievements and recognized Bangladesh for making very significant
progress and as a leader among Asian nations. CDMP II has played an instrumental role in supporting a platform for DRR
that has shaped government thinking and strategy for the Sendai Framework for Action agreed in March 2015.
CDMP II supported Bangladesh’s participation in many international events by preparation of country position papers,
design of side events and financing participation (26 officials) in 4th Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (GPDRR)
– UNISDR in 25-28 October 2013 in Geneva ; 4th, 5th, and 6th Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk
Reduction (AMCDRR) in Korea during 28-28 October in 2010, in Indonesia during 22-25 October in 2012 and in
Thailand during 22-26 June in 2014 respectively; Climate Negotiations in 16th to 20th COP during 2010 – 2014; 6th and
8th Community based Adaptation Conference in Vietnam and Nepal during 2012 and 2014; Preparatory Committee,
and Second Session, in 2014. CDMP II supported Bangladesh’s participation in the Sendai Conference on DRR and
underpinned a very proactive engagement in both negotiations and showcasing the progress Bangladesh made
against the HFA targets.
Bangladesh Delegation at the 6th Asian Ministerial
Conference on DRR, Bangkok, Thailand, June 2014.
15
HFA / HFA2; SAARC; AMCDDR etc.
DM Act 2012
SOD; NPDM 2010 - 15; Rules etc.
Professionalisation
Early Warning
LDRRF - financing reduction and adaption
Local Government capacity building
Risk assessment - CRA, RRAP
School preparedness; disaster volunteers etc.
NATIONAL
GLOBAL
LOCAL
16
“
Against the backdrop of Bangladesh being considered one of the most vulnerable countries of the world due to a large
number of factors such as its geophysical location, adverse impact of climate change, weak governance, extremely dense
population, rapid unplanned urbanization, and about 50 million people living in poverty and another 20-30 million
people are just above the poverty, preparedness does matter in reducing loss of lives and property in the event of any
disasters. Disaster preparedness encompasses a wide range of initiatives including education system reforms.
Supported by Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) the conventional education system has
acknowledged and accepted the importance of building a culture of prevention, and incorporated disaster risk reduction
(DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in all levels of the education system from primary to tertiary level.
We have learned a lot from our
class books such as what are the
common disasters in our country,
how cyclone forms, what climate
change is, and how we are to adapt
it. Our book also teaches us how we
should be prepared ahead. These
learning makes us confident that at
the time of need we definitely
would be able to save ourselves
and close ones“
Rasel Ahmed, Class V
Teknaf
Education that promises a disaster resilient Bangladesh
“I am an architect, I also teach at a Private
University on how to plan, design, and oversee
the constructions of buildings. Constructions
that can withstand seismic shock, follows land
use planning; building code, address
environmental issues and so on. Few years back I
was working as a consultant for a cyclone shelter
construction project in the coastal areas, I found
I have huge shortcomings in understanding the
multi-dimensional context of disasters. In my
profession as a teacher and a consultant
architect I have to be technically sound in
transferring knowledge to future architects and
to build disaster resilient structures. Accordingly,
understanding disaster and climate risks and
vulnerabilities becomes highest priority for me,
and I choose to take on the Masters in Disaster
Management course,” says Syed Munirul Islam,
6th Batch, MSDM, University of Dhaka.
Hundreds of similar stories can be heard at
different public and private universities of
Bangladesh offering tertiary education in
Disaster Management. Students from different
walks of life, and disciplines such as engineers,
doctors, bankers, development practitioners, fire
fighters, armed forces officers, entrepreneurs,
government officers, teachers, urban planners,
disaster risk reduction practitioners, policy
makers, fresh graduates are studying at these
universities.
CDMP’s partnership with
National Textbook and
Curriculum Board (NCTB)
resulted incorporation of DRR
and CCA contents in textbook
curricula for Class III to XII.
CDMP also partnered with 17 public and private universities and 11
training institutes including Bangladesh Public Administration
Training Center (BPATC) to introduce Diploma, Bachelor and Masters
Courses in Disaster Management. More than 22 million students
now have access to DRR and CCA knowledge.
“
17
18
About 73 per cent of the total
population of Bangladesh lives
in rural areas (BBS, 2012), and
the majority of the rural areas
are prone to a variety of
disasters such as flash flood,
flood, salinity, landslides, or
drought. Implementation of a
total of 37,658 small scale rural
risk reduction interventions
directly benefitted 1.38 million
men and 1.19 million women
(totally 3.48 million people of
which direct beneficiaries 2.57
million, indirect beneficiaries
0.91 million) living in 109
Upazilas of 40 districts.
Implementation of LDRRF
schemes created employment
for around 185,000 male and
30,000 female casual workers.
Since 2010, a total of US$ 17.72
million was invested in rural risk
reduction activities, which
comprised about 31 percent of
total budget delivery by CDMP II.
37,658
small-scale rural risk
reduction interventions
implemented
40 Districts
109 Upazilas
USD 17.72 million
invested since 2010
which comprised about
31 percent
of total CDMP budget.
185,000
male casual
workers employed
30,000
female casual
workers employed
Rural Risk Reduction
3.48 million people
directly & indirectly
benefitted
I am really happy to work together with CDMP as
the works done by them, are ultimately benefiting
the local poorest of the poor communities."
Mr. Mizanur Rahman, PIO,
Pangsha Upazaila, Razbari
“
19
12. As a result of a slow start, CDMP II introduced a Fast Track Risk Assessment. This had the benefit
of accelerating project identification, but in some cases undermined the participatory element of
project selection.
13. Disaster Management Act (Section 20), National Plan for Disaster Management 2010-15, draft
rules for Local DMCs and DM fund
14. Please see http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/157
The Local Disaster Risk Reduction Fund (LDRRF)
LDRRF is an innovative funding mechanism under CDMP II. Its key objective is to support
the implementation of risk reduction activities by the local governments and NGOs on
the basis of Risk Reduction Action Plan (RRAP) developed through Community Risk
Assessment (CRA), the tool developed by CDMP to identify and address risks at the
community level. Selection of interventions is based on CRA, FTRA and RRAP. These are
the first steps in identification of hazards in a specific locality through participatory and
consultative processes. Once the CRA is completed, the Union would normally develop
its RRAP with technical support from CDMP. The RRAP consists of prioritized risk
reduction activities in that particular Union. The local Union, PIO and UNO then
requested support to implement risk reduction activities based on the RRAP.
CDMP updated the Community Risk Assessment guideline developed in the first phase,
and printed it in both Bengali (500 copies) and English (200 copies) for wider
dissemination. The CRA guideline was adopted by a range of disaster management
organizations as a tool to develop local level disaster management plans and to
undertake projects/interventions. National and international organizations such as
Islamic Relief, Action-Aid, Oxfam, Save the Children, Plan, and CARITAS have also adopted
the CRA guideline to develop their community based disaster management programs.
12
13
As far as sustainability of risk assessment is concerned it is evident that CRA has been
considered one of the key principles in almost all Policy Frameworks (DM Policy,
National DM Plan, etc.) related to disaster management in Bangladesh. The disaster
management model and disaster risk reduction strategy of Bangladesh government
was developed giving the significant importance of risk assessment at community
level which is a great achievement of CDMP II. The Community Risk Assessment is a
living document and it is expected that once a Union CRA is done this will be used and
updated in the future. These CRAs are available in the online DM library.14
20
Trees Planted132,256
Water Option2668
Livelihood
Support
19,323
Rural Road &
Embankment
314
Non-farm
Livelihood
234
Disaster Resilient
Houses
6415
Sanitation8539
Risk Assessment56
37,658
Total
Interventions
The “Killa” is not only
protecting our lives but also
our livelihoods. With the
raised ground, during flood
thousands of local dwellers
come here with their animals
and protect themselves from
flood. We have also
contributed from our own
fund in addition to LDRRF to
build a toilet and drinking
water facility. We are
thankful to LDRRF for
supporting us."
Mr. Abdul Alim, Chairman Rowalia
Union of Dhamrai Upazila
“
21
Shelter/Killa
109 16
15. Fast Track Risk Assessment; this is a much shorter version of the original community based assessment process prescribed in different key
government documents. This was introduced to achieve the targeted delivery within the project life. This had the benefit of accelerating
project identification, but in some cases undermined the participatory element of project selection.
16. Raised earthen platform for livestock and movable assets used in case of cyclone shelter and flood/storm surge inundation. This is often
constructed close to the cyclone shelters for the humans so that their assets are kept closer within their sight.
CDMP-II has implemented about 37.658 small-scale rural risk reduction interventions based on Community Risk Assessments (56 CRA
and 307 FTRA). As the hazard profiles of the Districts, Upazilas, and Unions vary across the country and are often associated with
multiple hazards, CDMP had to offer a set of multi-purpose risk reduction options for hazard specific zones. For example, safe
drinking water options are prioritized for those areas where salinity level has gone up into both surface and ground water
compounded by arsenic contamination, and in areas with scarcity of both drinking and irrigation water due to a prolonged dry
season. Disaster resilient houses and killas were provided in the cyclone and storm surge affected areas, and house plinth/village
mound raised in the flash/flood affected districts and unions. The infograph below shows a list of all the interventions as per their
category.
15
22
Figure: LDRRF Process
Handing Over Designs to
Implementing Agency
PIC Formation
Dispute Management
Monitoring (Field Visits)
Catogorizing Initial Schemes/projects
Consultation (Local Govt./DMCs)
Designing
Verification of Schemes/
projects (Pre Survey)
IDENTIFICATION
CRA Revision/ FTRA
Site Selection
Post Measurement
Handing Over to Local
Government/ DMCs
LAC
LTC
APPROVAL
PROCESS
Contract Signing
DEFINING
STRATEGY
Prioritizing Policies
Hazards/ Vulnerabilities
CRA/ RRAP
Consulation With Local Dmcs
IMPLEMENTATION
DESIGN
PLANNING
CLOSING
LDRRF Rural Investment ( US$ 23.22m )
Cyclone, Storm Surge, Salinity and
Walter Logging
Riverine Flood, Bank Erosion, and
Drought
Flash Flood and Landslide
$ 2,097,788
$ 8,111,158
$ 13,007,059
23
17. PDO-ICZMP (2006) State of the Coast 2006
18. Lakshmipur, Shariatpur, Chittagong, Gopalganj, Chandpur, Jessore, Bhola, Barisal, Coxs bazar, Noakhali, Jhalokati, Bagerhat, Barguna, Pirojpur, Patuakhali, Satkhira, and Khulna District
19. Munshiganj, Rajbari, Manikganj, Madaripur, Kurigram, Nilphamari, Brahmanbaria, Lalmonirhat,Gaibandha, Rangpur, Rajshahi, Faridpur, Dhaka, Jamalpur, Tangail, Sirajganj Districts
20. Flood Forecasting and Warning Center is providing early warning for flash flood as an experiemental basis with support from CDMP
21. CDMP (2013). Union Disaster Management Committee Functionality Assessment, Unpublished Study Report; available at: www.cdmp.org.bd
Of the total planned delivery of USD 23.22m for
rural risk reduction USD 17.72m was spent by
the end of 2014 across 40 districts. Financing
was distributed geographically according to an
estimate of greatest vulnerability, with coastal
and flood affected areas being paramount as
shown in the table above.
There are 19 coastal districts in Bangladesh out
of which CDMP has invested in 17 districts with
a total amount of USD 13m. The region is
vulnerable to multiple hazards. Cyclones and
storm surges are among the most destructive
disasters. 190 people were killed and 400,000
houses damaged during AILA (2009) in Khulna
and Satkhira; 3,363 people were killed and 1.5
million houses damaged across the coastal
districts of the country during Cyclone SIDR
(2007). The area is also vulnerable to saline
intrusion and water logging across the region
but the problems are more prominent in Khulna,
Satkhira and Jessore Districts due to the siltation
in the river beds. CDMP provided several
options in the area including safe drinking
water, disaster resilient houses, plantations and
small embankments to combat saline intrusion
and scarcity of safe drinking water.
Almost every year the central and north-central
districts along the Jamuna River face floods and
river bank erosion. Although the north-western
districts also face floods from the Padma River,
the main threat comes from the very long and
dry summer and its resulting water scarcity for
17
18
drinking and agriculture. CDMP made an
investment of USD 8.11m in 16 districts across
the region. The key interventions for this zone
were the conservation of safe surface water for
drinking and small irrigation, sanitation, flood
protection embankments at the village level
which are also used as rural roads, flood resilient
habitat and alternate livelihood support.
In the north-eastern region of the country,
CDMP supported 7 districts to combat flash
floods occurring at the foothills of the
Meghalayan Mountains. Flash flood does not
cost only life and settlements; field crops are
totally damaged without a proper early warning
mechanism in place. The key LDRRF
interventions for this region were the
construction of submersible embankments,
raising village mounds and homestead plinths
and alternate livelihood options. CDMP has
made an investment of USD 2.1m for this.
19
20
UDMCs are the fundamental community level
institution for delivering disaster management on
the ground. A study identified lack of capacity of
UDMCs in risk reduction planning, coordination,
governance and gender inclusion, among others.
CDMP in partnership with National Institute for
Local Government (NILG) implemented a broad
based training programme for 195 DMCs (180
Union DMCs and 15 District DMCs) in different
hazard zones of the country. The training and
learning process is based on the DMC Operational
Manual, 22,500 copies of which have been
distributed to DMCs and training participants. A
DMC training guideline was prepared as an aid for
future training of the DMCs beyond CDMP II.
Moreover, a “Union Development Planning (UDP)
incorporating Disaster Management”guideline was
prepared. Progress was made to institutionalize the
Disaster Management Guideline at the local level
planning though Local Government Division.
21
The 2014 flood affected approximately 2 million people in the central
and north-western districts along the Brahmaputra River. CDMP
conducted a rapid assessment of the flood impact on the
infrastructure supported by LDRRF. Overall, the LDRRF-supported
schemes were found to be appropriate to the hazard type. On
low-lying, flood-prone land, the raising of safe areas for shelter in
times of flood, along with adequate provision of water and
sanitation, is a relevant and high-impact intervention. Infrastructure
interventions served their basic purpose of protecting lives,
livelihoods and assets. In some locations hundreds of families took
shelter, sometimes for several weeks. There were many positive
examples of the people living in relatively safer areas supported by
LDRRF interventions extending shelter to their neighbours in need.
Beneficiaries and local authorities mentioned that they were happy
with the impact of LDRRF interventions, especially killas, and that
they used them to take shelter when needed. The assessment
resulted in recommendations which the LDRRF secretariat has taken
into consideration in their planning and implementation process. A
few interventions (including ongoing ones) were revised and new
interventions were undertaken for comprehensiveness.
2 million
people
affected by flood
in 2014
Recommendations from the assessment
Construction of rural roads and embankments should not obstruct any flowing natural
drainage system (including seasonal/dead canals).
Height of the earth works should be determined based on the Flood Danger Level and High
Flood Level for the locality.
Protection for soil erosion from earthworks must be considered during design and
budgeting, especially for sandy soils in the newly accredited islands
Schemes should be complete, incorporating all potential beneficiaries in the immediate
locality, and comprehensive through inclusion of soft (e.g. livelihood support, disaster risk
awareness) inputs. Engagement of the community for earthwork and construction of
facilities will create greater ownership and short term employment.
The plan and budget needs to be shared with the intended beneficiaries to enhance
accountability. A community planning meeting should be organized prior to physical
implementation alongside a functional accountability system for enabling feedback.
Maintenance commitments should be enshrined as a pre-condition for implementation.
Private lands should never be considered for any interventions.
District wise fixed rate for earth works does not help much. Standardizing rates as per
vulnerable zones (char, floodplains, coastal, etc.) will serve the purpose. 24
Firoz Khan (35) lives in Char Kushumbari Village
under Ward No. 2 of Mahmudpur Union, Dohar
Upazila for the last 12 years with his family. A farmer
by profession, Firoz cultivates on other people’s land
but seems happy with his wife Halima Begum and 4
children. His children go to school and his wife looks
after the 6 cattle and ducks in their homestead area.
On an average, his cattle provide more than 20 litres
of milk per day which he sells at Tk. 40-45 per litre.
Firoz’s village is a Char and khas land. Approximately
3,000 people live in the village on houses built on
the government khas land. When Firoz first moved
into the area, he earmarked the land on the Char and
raised the height as plinth to build a small hut. But
every year during monsoon and flood season, the
surrounding areas became inundated. Gradually,
they started extending their homestead for
extension of houses, cow shed and vegetable
gardening. Seeing his success, Firoz’s father-in-law
also moved and built a house beside him.They live in
the floating house during the rainy season and when
the Padma river overflows, engine boats running
alongside the villages create continuous waves,
damaging their homes, cowsheds and vegetable
gardens on raised lands. To make matters worse,
dacoits from neighbouring districts also attack the
villages by engine boats robbing the helpless
villagers during monsoon when law enforcers
couldn’t catch them.
“From this year, we are experiencing a great change
with the newly build embankment that not only
protects us from flooding and inundation but also
save from frequent wave erosion as now the waves
created by engine boats are barricaded by the raised
embankment,”reported Firoz.With the embankment
serving as a protection wall, the villagers are also
protected from dacoits. ”How we can let this
embankment be damaged?” says Firoz.“This is what
is protecting and saving us from so many hazards.”
An alternative comprehensive approach to Disaster
Risk Reduction and Climate Change
Resilient Shelter, Resilient Community
25
1.3 Urban Risk Reduction
Urban risk, city planning and the role of local
governments in dealing with risk reduction have
been recognized as key factors in the Hyogo
Framework for Action 2005-2015. Both communities
and local authorities were to be empowered to
manage and reduce disaster risks. Poor urban
governance, informal settlements on unsafe land,
declining ecosystems and vulnerable rural livelihoods
are among the main underlying risk drivers, which
need to be addressed to build safer cities.
Against this background, CDMP designed its urban
risk reduction through execution of an integrated set
of structural and non-structural activities to include
expanding the preparedness programme across a
broader range of hazards; operationalizing response
systems; raising the level of expertise; mainstreaming
disaster risk management programming and
strengthening community institutional mechanisms.
CDMP implemented structural interventions that
aimed to reduce urban hazards such as water
logging, drinking water scarcity, reducing earthquake
and fires. Implementation of 42 large and small scale
risk reduction interventions under the urban LDRRF
directly benefitted over 400,000 people living in 2 city
corporations, 7 municipalities of in 7 districts (i.e.
Chittagong, Cox’s Bazaar, Mymensingh, Gopalgonj,
Khulna, Chuadanga, Sylhet and Chandpur District).
These schemes addressed Urban Flooding, Salinity,
Arsenic Contamination, Resettlement of evicted
urban slum dwellers, River erosion, Cyclone,
Waterlogging, Land Conservation, and Tidal Surge
hazards.
42 large and
small-scale urban risk
reduction interventions
implemented
7 Districts
2 City Corporations
7 Municipalities
Urban Hazards
Earthquake
Urban Fire
Urban Flooding
Salinity
Arsenic Contamination
River Erosion
Cyclone
Waterlogging
Tidal Surge Hazards
400,000 people
directly benefitted
26
27
Forced evictions result in people losing their possessions,
social network and access to work and services. The
forcible eviction in South Molavi Para in Gopalgonj
municipality on 22nd October 2009 was one such eviction,
where the government evicted more than 350 households
with a population of about 2000 for implementation of
another government infrastructure project. Resettlement
of such a large number of household in the context of
disaster- prone Gopalgonj Municipality carries clear and
present danger. The areas are exposed to recurring flood
and inundation as well as a certain degree of cyclone.
Considering the vulnerability situations of the evicted
slum dwellers in Gopalgonj, CDMP came forward with a
comprehensive urban risk reduction approach through
piloting a Disaster Resilient Housing Complex (DRHC) for
100 evicted households in association with UPPR and
Gopalganj Municipality.
Providing Shelter through LDRRF finance
to the Urban evicted Slum Dwellers
Disaster Resilient Housing Complex (DRHC)
of Gopalgonj Municipality
Key benefits of the habitat
Improved disaster resilient
housing: Each household
received a living space of 341
sq ft area which includes 2
rooms, 1 verandah, a kitchen, a
latrine cum bathroom, access
to electricity and access to
shared tube well for safe water.
Women empowerment: Women are the best disaster
managers. Considering the role they play in preparedness,
response and recovery in any disaster they are highly valued
for the project. After completion of the 2nd phase (planned
to end by September 2015), the houses will be leased to the
women representative of the households. 4 women
members were included in the 7 members PIC to take
leadership role in the implementation of DRCH.
Reducing internal migration: If not intervened with the
DRHC, the evicted communities who were living in various
slum areas in Gopalgonj Municipalities will eventually turn
into bigger urban centres making their own life miserable
along with burdening the existing capacity of the host
urban settings. DRCH is a local solution to reduce
displacement and migration.
Community level disaster
management: Through a
participatory process
community identified the
possible hazards, risk and risk
reduction options. The project
participants are trained on
disaster preparedness and
mitigation.
Promoting education: The
DRHC have been planned to
have a primary school along
with a playground for
children. Beneficiaries will
have access to education
grants for their children.
Sustainable development:
DRCH addressed the issue of
energy efficiency, water and
sanitation, land use, basic
municipal services and
disaster and climate resilient.
Water and Sanitation: Every
ten houses will have 1
tubewell to have access to
arsenic free safe water. There
is also a plan for expansion
to overhead water tanks.
Each household will have a
separate toilet cum
bathroom facilities.
Way Forward
Development of organized and formal urban poor especially evicted families, marginalized groups,
linked with existing community development platforms like CBOs.VDCs will provide an institutional
mechanism for mobilizing support, resources and services from actors/providers and community
support structures.
Case Study: 2
Retrofitting assessments were made of three major buildings; Dhaka Medical
College Hospital, and two buildings (no. 1 and 4) of Bangladesh Secretariat. These
assessments included subsoil investigation and as-built-structure/architectural
drawings.
To augment the process and develop internal capacity, CDMP provided some
equipment and software for retrofitting assessment to the Public Works
Department. Building on that JICA further supported PWD with advanced training
on retrofitting to 30 more PWD officials and 100 construction engineers from the
private sector. MoDMR has already instructed PWD to undertake some more
retrofitting assessments for nationally important buildings. Another project
named Urban Building Safety Project supported by JICA (120 million USD) will be
implemented with MoDMR drawing on some of CDMP II’s initiatives in urban risk
reduction.
More than forty thousand people have been relieved from
water logging with the assistance from CDMP project.”
Md. Ekramul Haque Titu, Mayor,
Mymensingh Municipality
“
With support from CDMP, FSCD is in the process of constructing 10 Model Fire
Stations in Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong, allowing 200 urban volunteers to be
attached to each station. Moreover the fire stations also received small and light
rescue equipment like chipping hammers, Rotary Rescue Saw, and Reciprocating
Saw with Blade.
1.1 million people are directly covered by these ten fire stations, in case there is any
urban hazard like earthquake or fire.
In the second phase of CDMP 30,000 urban community volunteers were
trained among those 6,970 are female and 23,041 are male volunteers.This is
in line with the Bangladesh government’s national target to train 62,000
volunteers across the country.
These trained volunteers have successfully demonstrated their skill in differ-
ent urban incidents so far, most notably during the Rana Plaza incident in
2013. The World Bank has committed to finance the remaining training of
32,000 additional volunteers from 2016. The volunteers are anchored within
the FSCD management.
10 Model Fire
Stations in
Dhaka, Sylhet
and Chittagong
200 urban
volunteers to be
attached to each
station.
1.1 million
people directly
covered by 10
fire stations
30,000 urban
community
volunteers trained
Training facilities for urban volunteers are under construction at 10
model fire stations in Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong
28
29
The volunteer who repaid a debt
When the Rana Plaza collapsed in Savar, the Fire Service and Civil Defence (FSCD) immediately realized that
they were confronted with an industrial disaster of an unprecedented scale in Bangladesh. As the FSCD
organised themselves on the ground, one of the calls they made was to Habib-ul-Islam Sumon, their Chief
volunteering coordinator, asking him to arrange a team to assist the search and rescue. Within hours Sumon
had 180 trained volunteers en route to Savar: ordinary citizens like himself, trained for post disaster rescue
work with CDMP’s help, and driven by a zeal that saw more than 2,500 lives saved from the rubble.
Sumon’s journey to Savar actually started 15 years earlier, the day his father collapsed from a stroke. "In 1997
my father suffered a massive stroke and we couldn’t find a way to get him to hospital. My brother sent me to
find help and I instinctively ran to the local fire department." "I’ll never forget that it was the fire service men
who saved my father’s life. From that day onwards I wanted to help the fire service out, but never really had a
chance", said Sumon.That was until three years ago when his local fire department announced that they would
be training urban volunteers in disaster response. He jumped at the opportunity and when he asked if he could
attend, they asked him to put together a group of 50 locals to start the volunteer group. Within a few days he
had the numbers and they all underwent a CDMP funded disaster response training. As part of their mandate
CDMP helped facilitate the training of volunteers to help in urban disaster response activities and Mr. Sumon
and his band of volunteers are proud graduates of the initiative.
The training of volunteers represents a fraction of the work of CDMP but remains essential to its mandate.
Having been trained in fire and earthquake response operations by the FSCD, the urban volunteers have been
called into action many times before the Savar tragedy. They have responded to fires across the city and were
instrumental in evacuating a dilapidated building in Shakhari Bazar recently. But nothing could have prepared
them for what they encountered in Savar. "Five buses filled with volunteers arrived at Savar and only after we
got down did we realise the scale of tragedy. We immediately made use of our training as we used search and
rescue techniques that we had earlier learned", said Sumon.The volunteers spread out across the disaster zone,
helping pull people from the rubble and often going into dangerous crevasses with torch lights to try and
locate other survivors. "I entered where the 7th floor should have been and heard wailing. People were trapped
and injured and I did whatever I could to save them. I cannot describe those scenes, but it will stay with me for
life." Wearing orange vests the urban volunteers were ever present throughout the search and rescue
operation their pictures plastered all over the media, but Mr. Sumon remains humble. "We did what any person
would have done, the only difference is that with our training we were working in a coordinated manner and
helped facilitate the work there. In 8-hour shifts more than250 volunteers worked around the clock and put the
lives of others before theirs. I salute them", said Sumon.
30
As a part of, UNISDR’s global campaign‘Making Cities Resilient’, , CDMP
II, in association with Municipal Association of Bangladesh (MAB),
facilitated orientation sessions for municipalities on the Local
Government–Self Assessment Toolkit (LG–SAT). The aim was to build
knowledge and capacity of city corporation authorities on urban
hazards and emergency management. Representatives of 245 city
corporations and municipalities (City Mayors and other officials) have
received orientation.
Mayors are now able to effectively design and implement DRR
interventions in their respective municipalities.
“My officials and I were trained on the
Local Government - Self Assessment
Toolkit (LG-SAT) and came to know
about the urban hazards and its emer-
gency management. We are already
benefitted from the training and imple-
mented the knowledge in our munici-
pal area. On behalf of Alamdanga Munic-
ipality, Chuadanga, I would like to thank
CDMP for helping us to make our city
resilient to urban disaster.
Alhaj Mir Mohiuddin
Mayor, Alamdanga Municipality
Chuadanga, Bangladesh
“
Urban volunteers working in Rana Plaza operations
245 representatives of city corporations and
municipalities (City Mayors and other officials)
have received orientation on urban hazards
and emergency management.
“It is a very timely initiative by CDMP to commission earthquake risk
assessment of major cities and pouroshavas of Bangladesh and
publishing this Atlas on “Seismic Risk Assessment of Bangladesh”
compiling outputs of the assessments undertaken in this regard.”-
Md. Shah Kamal, Secretary; Ministry of Disaster Managemnt and Relief (MoDMR)
This atlas presents extensive and detailed data on earthquake hazards, risks and
vulnerabilities of six major cities and municipalities. It is the product of a risk research
and assessment effort as yet unparalleled in Bangladesh, providing a thorough and
detailed knowledge base both decision-making and future research and updates.”
Pauline Tamesis, Country Director,
UNDP Bangladesh
“
31
CDMP II developed active fault maps and seismic vulnerability maps
for 9 cities (Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet Bogra, Dinajpur, Mymensingh,
Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Tangail). The risk assessments and maps were
subsequently used to develop Scenario based spatial contingency
plans for all 9 cities and 50 ward level plans (Dhaka-25, Sylhet-10, and
Chittagong-15 wards).
CDMP also conducted trainings in 6 cities on “Preparation of Scenario-based
Contingency Plan with regard to Earthquake”. The main objective of the training
workshop was to share earthquake risk analysis for each city with key stakeholders,
especially the government agencies and departments. This included the city
corporation and pourashava that have a critical role to play during an earthquake
emergency. The training built their capacity for the preparation of scenario-based
Contingency Plans for earthquakes.
These plans and maps cover an area of 8 million inhabitants, who benefitted from
enhanced earthquake preparedness and faster response capacity of the respective
agencies. The DDM and US Army, with support from UNDP’s Early Recovery Facility
are in the process of preparing the debris management plan for Dhaka, Chittagong
and Sylhet city corporations where they have used these Contingency Plans as key
reference documents. A building database for Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet cities
was developed to to aid the process of city and ward level Contingency Plans for
these cities.
8 million inhabitants are
covered within the area of the
plans and maps, who
benefitted from enhanced
earthquake preparedness and
faster response capacity of the
respective agencies.
“It is a very timely initiative by CDMP to commission earthquake risk
assessment of major cities and pouroshavas of Bangladesh and
publishing this Atlas on “Seismic Risk Assessment of Bangladesh”
compiling outputs of the assessments undertaken in this regard.”-
Md. Shah Kamal, Secretary; Ministry of Disaster Managemnt and Relief (MoDMR)
22
22. ATLAS: Seismic Risk Assessment; http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/107
32
As a pilot initiative, the maps and plans of Mymensingh City
have been translated into a realistic and risk integrated city
development plan using an innovative participatory
methodology with support from Urban Development
Directorate (UDD). The project was awarded the Asian
Townscape Award 2014 from UN Habitat. UDD is preparing
14 new Upazila master plans where the methodology for
the Mymensingh project is incorporated in the work
process, providing a good example of institutionalization of
a CDMP II financed intervention. UDD also mainstreamed
this approach in their allocation of business, but challenges
remain with the availability of the adequately trained
professionals.
The CDMP-supported Mymensingh Strategic
Development Plan (MSDP) was selected for the 2014
Asian Townscapes Jury Award. The Award aims to
highlight and honor significant efforts made by Asian
cities and organizations for the improvement,
revitalization and creation of a beautiful and
harmonious townscapes that are safe, sustainable and
respectful of local history and culture. The Theme of
2014 Asian Townscape Award was “Townscapes
bridging to the future”.
Development of the MSDP took place as part of the
CDMP project“Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in
urban planning practices”. The project, undertaken in
agreement with the Government of Bangladesh’s
physical planning agency the Urban Development
Directorate, began in April 2011.
The Mymensingh Strategic Development Plan
integrates risk-sensitive land use planning with
consideration for the local ecosystem and
environment, physical and social infrastructure,
economy, and transportation system. Planning
guidelines prepared as part of the MSDP call for land
use and building permissions to ensure risk sensitive
building development, as well as a strengthening of
the emergency response capacity through flood
mapping and volunteer mobilization. Developed in
dialogue with the local community, the plan takes into
account local traditions while also looking towards the
future. The 20-year prediction model for the
municipality’s transportation system aims to support
regional connectivity, the promotion on sustainable
livelihoods, and a secure economic base for the town.
The MSDP served as a pilot model for risk-sensitive land
use planning. It is now being applied by UDD in
planning projects in 14 other cities. It has laid down
the legal basis through drafting “Urban and Regional
Planning Act 2013”. This pilot project is going to
prepare a module for mainstreaming Disaster Risk
Reduction Measures into Comprehensive Land Use
Development Planning and Management. This may act
as a manual on how to make Bangladesh’s towns safer,
healthier, more eco-sensitive, social, vibrant and
resilient to natural and man‐made disasters.
Asian Townscapes Jury’s Award for Mymensingh Strategic Development Plan
CDMP initiated MSDP is the
paradigm shift in the history of town
planning of Bangladesh.”
Dr. K. Z. Hossain Taufique, Deputy Director,
Research and Coordination, Urban Development
Directorate and Project Director, MSDP
“
The Urban Risk Assessment
Guideline plays an
important role in assisting
urban communities,
relevant authorities and
disaster risk reduction
practioners to identify“all
hazard”. This allows the
development of
appropriate risk reduction
options which can be
implemented to eliminate
or reduce risk to a
manageable level.”
Mohammad Abdul Qayyum;
National Project Director, CDMP II
“
33
Assessing local level risk is a pre-requisite in implementing any risk reduction interventions. CDMP, in its urban risk
reduction initiative, developed the Urban Community Risk Assessment (CRA) guideline. This guideline is a useful
tool for stakeholders in assessing risk in a participatory manner and development of Risk Reduction Action Plan
(RRAP) in urban context. 3 CRAs were conducted in three wards of Dhaka South City Corporation (33, 34 & 35) on a
pilot basis.
CRA and RRAP methodology has been mainstreamed in UNDP programmes in Bangladesh and will be utilized in
future by the new Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction programme and the Chittagong Hill Tracts Development
Facility.
23
23. Urban Risk Assessment Guideline
34
1.3 Preparedness & Response
As envisaged in both the revised Standing Orders on
Disaster 2010 and the National Plan for Disaster
Management 2010-15, local government and line
departments are to develop their own DM plans. With
CDMP support, DM plans for 10 districts and 48
Upazilas– covering a population of 26 million people
- were developed and made available online in
respective district and Upazila Information Portals.
The DMCs are expected to use this information in all
phases of disaster management. DDM will apply this
approach country wide in future as Bangladesh
moves towards mainstreamed risk informed
development planning.
CDMP undertook a promising pilot initiative to
engage the Bangladesh Ansar & VDP to close the
important last mile gap for flood early warning. Ansar
has trained 15,630 members in the flood vulnerable
districts Sirajganj (10150 volunteers) and Gaibandha
(5480 volunteers) using custom-made training
modules developed for the project. Working hand in
hand with FFWC the volunteers will disseminate early
warning messages to vulnerable communities when
needed. The performance of the volunteers will be
carefully monitored in the monsoon flood season of
2015. ANSAR & VDP has more than six million
volunteers nationwide organized in a gender
balanced, para-military structure. The organization
has huge potential to play a more significant role in
disaster preparedness, response and recovery in the
future, once this initiative is expanded nationwide.
15,630 Ansar and
VDP members trained
More than 6 million
Ansar and VDP members
nation-wide
Improvements to the Bangladesh early warning system in flood and cyclone affected areas will
have a potentially huge impact on the loss and damage caused by these hazards. School children
are safer from the risk of earthquake and the fire services are a more capable first response
organization.
Flood marker posts and water gauges have been installed and early warning equipment (1563 Hand Megaphone, 188 cell
phones) has been distributed to the volunteers to establish a community based early warning system. 1563 courtyard
meetings were organized to raise community awareness in the project area.
23
23. District DM Plan, Sunamgonj: http://www.sunamganj.gov.bd/node/1079421-Disaster-Management-Plan
24. Upazila DMPlan, Jamalganj: http://jamalganj.sunamganj.gov.bd/node/1070867-Upazila-Disaster-Management-Plan,-Jamalganj.
24
The volunteers are the unique force of Bangladesh Ansar & VDP and they are dedicated & work
together within the community before, during and after any disaster. The Flood Preparedness
Programme volunteers will play a strong role in the upcoming monsoon season.”
- Major General Md. Nazimuddin,psc, Director
General, Bangladesh Ansar & VDP
Selina Akter of Paikpara in Sirajganj Sadar, is a FPP volunteer and passionate about raising
awareness and helping people affected by the floods – and no wonder, as she herself has
experienced them intimately.
“During last flood I was pregnant and living in low plinth house, with no nearby close
relatives to go to. Even my nearest neighbours did not have enough space to shelter me, so I
had to travel far away, to my uncle’s house. This year I have raised my land and am prepared
for the flood. I’m happy to be a part of the Flood Preparedness Programme, which has given
me the opportunity to share my experience with others and help them prepare for the flood.”
35
Another participant in the court-yard session at
Modon-er Para also raised the issue of the challenges
women in general – and pregnant women in particular –
face during floods, and their need for access to medical
facilities and rescue/safety equipment. She also
expressed her strong commitment to perform her duty
despite any possible obstacles.“I can do anything, there
is nothing that I can’t do,I have that courage. I can even
swim to rescue people,”she said.
I can do
anything. There
is nothing that I
can’t do. I have
that courage. I
can even swim to
rescue people.”
Participant at
courtyard session at
Modon-er Para
“
Selina Akter eager to perform
her volunteer duty
“
The Honourable Minister of MoDMR launched the CDMP-supported Interactive Voice
Response (IVR) system to facilitate widespread access to flood and cyclone early
warning by mobile phone. The IVR system is now available through all mobile service
providers in Bangladesh, and enables 115 million cell-phone users to receive early
warnings and to be prepared well ahead of time. DuringTropical Storm Mahasen in May
2013, more than 60,000 calls were made to IVR, while the total number of enquiries in
2013 exceeded 110,000 (and 80,189 in 2014 with only one flood in August). To
popularize the IVR, advertisements were published in national newspapers and a big
marketing campaign is planned for 2015.
During 2013, DDM provided early warning through 40,000 SMS to local DMC Members of 19 cyclone
prone districts using a system established by CDMP II, to alert them about the approaching hazard, its
potential impacts, and possible preparedness activities. Both IVR and bulk SMS will be sustained with
Government finance and cost recovery from call tariffs in the future.
In partnership with the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), a baseline survey for damage, loss and
needs assessment of 4,500 unions was prepared in 2014. The database is stored in DMIC server on behalf
of DDM, but is not accessible to all at this time. The baseline data is now being used by Department of
Disaster Management (DDM) for their Emergency Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRP).
In collaboration with the Armed Forced Division, CDMP has procured and installed an Audio Visual
system to connect the DM Cell in Prime Minister’s Office, the NDRCC and DDM. DDM has been gradually
taking over the operational responsibility of Disaster Management Information Centre (DMIC).
Accordingly, DDM amended their organizational chart to assign an official to work closely with the DMIC
to improve its capacity to support better decision making and coordination. With CDMP assistance all of
the 485 Upazilas are connected with DMIC via the internet. A Poly-com Audio Conference system has
been installed in the Deputy Commissioner’s conference room in the 26 most hazard prone districts, to
help improve coordination when disasters strike.
115 million
cell-phone
users to receive
early warnings
and to be
prepared well
ahead of time
60,000 calls
were made to
IVR
Total number of
enquiries in 2013
exceeded 110,000
(and 80,189 in
2014 with only one
flood in August)
DDM provided
early warning
through 40,000
SMS to localDMC
Membersof 19 cyclone prone
districts using a system established by
CDMP II
36
37
In 2012, MoE and MoPME issued an office order to all the schools to regularly
organize school safety drills during International Day for Disaster Reduction and
National Disaster Preparedness day. Accordingly, 30,000 primary schools and
6,000 secondary schools conducted earthquake safety drills during 2012. To
further scale up the practice, CDMP II - in partnership with the Directorate of
Secondary and Higher Education - developed standardised training manuals on
earthquake drills and undertook a massive training programme directed
towards school teachers that will be completed in 2015. The Institute of Disaster
Management and Vulnerability Studies (IDMVS) of Dhaka University supported
the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) to organize the
training of school teachers and Upazila education officials on earthquake safety.
Contingency plans for Dhaka and Chittagong airports were developed in 2013,
and followed-up with six training workshops on airport emergency
Contingency Plans
As part of Government’s initiative to make schools
safe from disasters, CDMP has so far:
Trained 960 Secondary School teachers, from 480
schools, on how to conduct earthquake safety drills.
Provided 14,000 primary school teachers in 7 divisions
with ToT.
Trained 1,200 Upazila Education Officers and Upazila
Instructors on how to conduct earthquake safety drills.
2880 school teachers and
240 masters trainers from
Teachers Training College
trained
Standardized training
manuals developed
25. So far 2,880 school teachers and 240 masters trainers from Teachers Training College
have been trained.
25
In an attempt to improve the emergency response in hard to reach areas, 2,000
small parachutes with a capacity of 17 kg for relief distribution have been
produced with support from the Bangladesh Air Force (BAF). These modified
parachutes enable smaller quantities to be distributed in a larger area, instead of
bulk amounts in one place.
To strengthen household-level preparedness and safety, 2,000 fishermen in
coastal fishing communities received life-jackets and solar lanterns. Furthermore,
12,000 Life Buoys were delivered to fishing boats in Cox’s Bazar, Bagerhat, Bhola,
Chandpur, Laxmipur & Patukhali district in 2013. Additionally, 12,000 highly
vulnerable families were provided with family preparedness items (such as plastic
box for preserving food grain, water can, life buoys and water proof poly bag to
protect important documents. In 2014, emergency preparedness equipment was
sent to Gosairhat upazila of Shariatpur district, Borhan Uddin Upazila of Bhola
district, Galachipa and Dashmina upazilas in Patuakhali district, and Muladi
upazila of Barisal district.
38
The earthquake drill is a new experience for me. I will
implement this knowledge in the classroom and try my best
to conduct at least one earthquake drill every month.
“
Runia Begum, Physical Teacher, Zinzira
P.T.R Mohammad Pilot Girls High School
Basic Training of Teachers
Life jackets are helping to save the lives of the fishermen.They
can now go for fishing to deep Meghna river in
Chandpur-Shariatpur-Barisal region, which is helping their
livelihoods also. Thanks to CDMP for providing jackets to the
fishermen
S. M. Mizanur Rahman,
Chairman, Kodalpur Union Parishad, Gosairhat, Shariatpur
“
39
Over the last decade, hundreds of people have died in landslides in Bangladesh; last year
alone over 100 people perished in what could have been preventable tragedies. Anwara,
Shahidullah and 57 other CDMP landslide volunteers have taken it upon themselves to
reduce that number to zero. As so often happens, their work began in their own
backyard.
Anwara and Shahidullah used loudspeakers to warn local people of heavy rainfall and
potential landslides and instructed their neighbours to get ready and move to the
nearest shelter.“We were on the road doing our rounds till midnight on 15 May, 2013 and
luckily for us no untoward incident happened”, says Ms Anwara.
Earlier that day, the Bangladesh Meteorological Office issued warning that landslides
may occur due to heavy rainfall induced by the cyclonic storm Mahasen in Chittagong
Division’s hilly regions. Some residents in hilly areas of Cox’s Bazar and Teknaf received
further details and more frequent updates from landslide volunteers who are part of the
CDMP-supported landslide early warning system.
Developed by CDMP, with support from ADPC, volunteers were provided with
information about landslides and related preparedness measures. Equipped with rain
gauges to read and monitor daily rainfall, they used their skills to analyse precipitation
thresholds in the case of heavy rainfall induced by cyclone and monsoon. Ms. Anwara
added,“We were trained to disseminate warning when necessary. During the monsoon
season, we also monitor the rainfall on a regular basis.”
While the danger of landslides was averted in May, several days of incessant downpour
inundated Cox’s Bazar again by the end of June. This time it rendered many people
homeless and the rainwater showed shagging slope soils ready to turn into landslides
anytime.
Anwara, Shahidullah and others were on their feet again, doing the door-to-door visits
to their neighbourhood and surrounding areas to warn people about the on-going
heavy rainfall and the probable landslides that could follow. Overnight, some 50 people
from 10 of the most exposed households heeded the volunteers’ warning and
evacuated to safe ground. In one of those neighbourhoods, at around 2.30 pm, a
sudden mudslide decimated four houses, including that of Ms. Hasina. While Ms. Hasina
is heartbroken over the loss of her home, she is eternally grateful to the landslide
volunteers who warned her just an hour before the landslide - saving both her own and
her husband’s lives.
Several landslide incidents took place also in other places in Cox’s Bazar. The next day a
chunk of earth fell on the house of Rezaul Karim in Saikatpara village, killing his four year
old son Sakib and leaving his wife Taiyaba Begum seriously injured. There were several
landslides in Mohajer village, but luckily people were not in any danger as they had
been warned by Anwara and Shahidullah, and had left for the designated shelters. The
community-based landslide warning consistently managed to save lives.
Ms. Anwara is proud of her work, “I volunteer because it makes me feel good. I get to
help my neighbours and maybe, if I’m lucky, save lives along the way”, she says. Her
modesty belies the fact that with a little training and a lot of heart she and the other
volunteers have managed to save lives. It is not often that any of us can say that.
Considering the increased risk of rainfall induced landslide hazard
in south-eastern Bangladesh including Chittagong Hill Tracts and
recent landslide events (127 deaths in 2007, 60 deaths in 2010, 17
death in 2011), CDMP as a pilot initiative, recruited, trained and
provided light equipment to community based landslide
volunteers in Cox’s Bazar (43 volunteers) & Teknaf (15 volunteers).
SAVING LIVES FROM LANDSLIDES
26. CDMP (2012).Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping, DEM Preparation, Precipitation Threshold Value & Establishment of Early Warning Devices; and Reliefweb (2011).
http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/bangladesh-landslide-toll-rises-17
26
40
Bangladesh has been traditionally subjected to deadly cyclones and other climactic phenomena.
The climate change has altered the scenario in the recent years. Areas that usually were spared from
cyclones have been affected badly by the cyclonic storms SIDR and AILA.
Against that backdrop, the resilience of the Bangladeshi people has been well documented. People
offer their goodwill, time, expertise and materials in the various solidarity actions such as in the
event of road accidents, fires, boat capsize, river erosion, epidemic etc. This dedication in practice
has been highly honoured in the community. The Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) was
founded in this bedrock of voluntarism and managed to dramatically change the equation of the
cyclone-related life loss from hundreds of thousands in the 70s to tens of thousands in 90s to a few
thousands in the recent years. Responding to the changing geographic pattern of the recent major
cyclones, CDMP extended the financial and technical supports to the CPP to expand its command
areas to five newly affected upazillas in Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira districts.
The evidence of such dedicated voluntarism is found in Mr. Debashish Mandal, a young man of 28.
The terror still haunts him when in the terrible night of SIDR he managed to avert the wall of water
rushing while the high-pitched screams and cries for help of women, men and children blended
together everywhere. This man who is known and have easy access to every segments of the
community turned his awful recollections of the SIDR cyclone into the inspiration to join in the
newly formed CPP corps of volunteers. He earned a post graduate Degree from the National
university of Bangladesh and presently engaged with small trading in Dacope upazila. The CPP
authority and UNO of Dacope upazilla recognized his leadership potentials and selected him as
upazilla Team Leader.
In the Dacope upazilla all of volunteers, one third of them are female, were found very enthusiastic,
well communicative and energetic. Debashis’ team have already received a three-day long basic
training and acquired the concept, attitude, and the skills fitting to their respective roles and
responsibilities. Some are in charge of the early warning dissemination, alert the community,
evacuate them to safe places, rescuing the marooned people etc. Debashis maintains his
communication with local administration and managed to negotiate a good room in the upazilla
premises to establish the CPP office. In no too long in the future, the CDMP-supported series will
provide him, his team – along with some six thousands other newly recruited volunteers,
skill-based trainings and the standard issued gears like transistor radio, megaphone, siren, and
signal lights/ flags and first aid kit etc.
“We the people of the coast always confront the natural calamities with the vigour and courage.
This training, equipment and organisation will strengthen us who now have been united with
common awareness, training as well as the sense of being in the Corps” said Debashis. From now
on, the voluntarism in these five new upazilla is being transformed into a formidable force to
mitigate life loss from the upcoming cyclones.
BEFORE THE STORM
Preparing for cyclones
Over time meteorologists have noticed that
there has been a trend for cyclone tracks to
move westward over time, making the South
West more vulnerable.To strengthen and make
the community warning systems on the
south-east coast effective, CDMP II supported
the expansion of the Cyclone Preparedness
Programme (CPP) areas in five upazilas
(Assasuni & Shyamnagar-Satkhira, Dacope &
Koyra-Khulna, and Mongla-Bagerhat) . Out of
planned 9435 new CPP volunteers 7200
volunteer already recruited and trained.
CDMP-II has also supported the training of
6540 new cyclone volunteers on basic search
and rescue and first aid in the coastal areas
during 2013. All in all, 49,215 volunteers have
been provided with training - initial training to
6,540 newly recruited volunteers and one-day
refresher orientation to 42,675 existing
volunteers. 897 signal masts were installed in 6
new Upazilas (i.e. Hatiya, Sandwip, Ramgoti,
Banskhali, Teknaf and Moheskhali) and 21 VHF
& 6 HF radio sets have been distributed to CPP
to improve communication and coordination.
41
1.3Mainstreaming DRR & CCA into Sectoral Policies and Planning
Major Government institutions have adopted risk management at the core of
their policy, planning and operational frameworks and are beginning to apply
this approach throughout their work.
27. Department of Agriculture Extension (Ministry of Agriculture), Department of Fisheries, Department of Livestock (Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock), Department of Environment (Ministry of
Environment and Forests), Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (Ministry of Water Resources), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (Ministry of Defense), Geological Survey of Bangladesh
(Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources), National Curriculum and Textbook Board (Ministry of Education), Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defense (Ministry of Home Affairs),
Department of Public Health Engineering (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives), Directorate General of Health Services (Ministry of Health and Family Affairs),
Department of Women Affairs (Ministry of Women and Child Affairs).
28. Ministry of Land
This outcome aimed to incorporate DRR-CCA into the policy and planning
frameworks of different ministries across the government. CDMP officially
partnered with 12 departments and 1 ministry since 2010 and invested
around USD $10 million. The investment resulted in a number of new
DRR-CCA mainstreaming guidelines, trained officers in the government,
introduced innovation, research and development into the different
concerned sectors. In parallel, CDMP also improved the advocacy and
coordination role of MoDMR to promote a whole of government DRR-CCA
mainstreaming agenda. The MoDMR is now in the process of establishing a
Disaster Management Research and Training Institute to support
mainstreaming and a Coordination and Monitoring Wing in the ministry to
sustain and build on the work of this outcome.
This outcome area has produced some valuable project level results and
learning and, in some cases, partners have demonstrated a commitment to
mainstreaming DRR-CCA into their policy and planning frameworks.
However, the main lesson learned has been that mainstreaming requires
direction from above to ensure that a whole of government approach is
achieved. This was missing from the CDMP II design. Future programmes on
disaster risk management and resilience must work with the Planning and
Finance Ministries to ensure that every Ministry establishes a risk based focus
within their planning and operations.
Some partners produced better results than others in this outcome area.
CDMP II’s structure did not provide sufficient technical capacity to support
mainstreaming in 13 partner institutions. The Ministry of Land was largely
unresponsive and most of the funding allocated to them was never used. A
more focused mainstreaming approach based on detailed partner
assessments should be adopted in future.
27 28
12 Departments and
1 Ministry since 2010
$10 Million
invested
CDMP supported the Bangladesh Flood Forecasting and Warning
Centre to increase its monitoring stations, from 35 to 54, across all
4 big river valleys. FFWC’s performance assessment during the
2013 monsoon shows that the extended lead time achieved 72%
accuracy for the fifth day predictions, which exceeds the
acceptance level set by the World Meteorological Organisation. A
recent case study by FFWC looked into how much one could save
in spite of flooding as a result of 5 days flood warning. A
fisherman’s averted loss was estimated to be BDT 50,000 and
livestock owners averted loss was estimated at BDT 30,000 for
livestock. CDMP is continuing to support innovation in flood
forecasting. FFWC is generating structure based early warning
on an experimental basis. Flash flood early warning is also
available on the FFWC website as a pilot for north-eastern
depressed (Haor) regions and the seasonally inundated basin at
the foothill of the Meghalayan Mountains.
CDMP’sValue for Money Study, conducted in early 2015 estimates
the investment in flood early warning to have created a return on
investment of 260:1. There can be no doubt that investment in
this area is truly high impact.
Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA across government
Highlights
Flood Forecasting now provides 5 days of early
warning to more than 88 million people:
42
“I highly appreciate the effort
of disseminating medium
range forecast. Whenever I get
the message, first I discuss it in
the Union Parishad then with
the community especially in
public place like Bazar. Few
weeks back, there was a
sudden rise in water level for
few days, then the forecast
came into play. We discussed
based on the forecast, how
many days it’s going to rise
and when to fall. So the
farmers who already planted
their paddy didn’t apply
fertilizer because if water
comes in presence of fertilizer,
it destroys the crop quickly.
Again, those who were
planning to prepare seed bed
waited until the water level fall
to some extent based on the
forecast.”
Mr. Md. Kawser Ali, member
secretary, Mogolbasa union Parishad
“
Building on this investment FFWC is now also undertaking trials
of a mid-term experimental forecast providing up to ten days
early warning, with support from USAID and technical
assistance from RIMES. CDMP II’s investment has created the
foundation for sustainable change in this critical area, which
UNISDR’s Global Assessment Report points out is by far the
biggest cause of loss in Bangladesh.
260:1
Return on
Investment
5 days of early warning
27. There are several irrigation projects in Northern Bangladesh where specific early warning capacity is in trial for the protection of particular pieces of
infrastructure.
29
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015
CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015

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CDMP II, Final Report, January 2010-December 2015

  • 1. Final Report for Australian Department for Foreign Affairs and Trade January 2010 - December 2014 European Union
  • 2. Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme II (CDMP II)
  • 3. 63Monitoring and Evaluation Technical Support to the Ministry 63 Monitoring Tools and Assessments 63 Impact Evaluation by Eminence 64 LDRRF Independent Monitoring 65 Value for Money Estimates 66 68Information & Communication Technology 73Chalenges, Lesson Learned 78Financial Progress 81Way Forward 07Major Achievements in Outcome Areas Professionalizing DM System in Bangladesh 07 Rural Risk Reduction 18 Urban Risk Reduction 26 Preparedness & Response 34 Community Level Climate Change Adaptation 59 Mainstreaming DRR & CCA into Sectoral Policies and Planning 41 Acknowledgements 01 01Executive Summary A Note on Project Duration 02 Risk & Vulnerability Context 03 05Summary of Top Results CONTENT
  • 4. It is my great pleasure to present Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme-CDMP’s, Final Report (January 2010 – December 2014), which gives an overview of our achievements and challenges over the five years. The Programme would not have been possible without the continuous support of our government, donors, stakeholders, our partners through whom we implemented the project and of course the dedication of our staff. On behalf of CDMP, I thank you all for your kind support to make a better Bangladesh. Mohammad Abdul Qayyum National Project Director, CDMP II Additional Secretary Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief Message from the National Project Director On behalf of the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Government and the people of Australia for their valuable suppport to the Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP), Phase II. The programme has helped my Ministry a lot in the past five years through its support to our legal framework for disaster management. Message from Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury Maya, Minister Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief Bangladesh has made a paradigm shift from relief to risk reduction culture. The Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief has achieved its goal in this regard to a certain extent through its Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP), Phase II. It is worth mentioning that our students are now learning about disaster risks and climate change issues throughout their student life which will have a positive, lasting effect in disaster management. Different ministries/agencies of our government are now putting into practice many of the initiatives taken by CDMP II which will benefit especially the most vulnerable section of people in coming years. The lessons learnt, capacities developed under CDMP project are praiseworthy. There are still areas/dimensions where there is scope for further development. I hope that our development partners would come forward to work with the Government of Bangladesh for making Bangladesh a disaster resilient country. Message from Md. Shah Kamal, Secretary Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief
  • 5. CDMP wishes to thank the Government of Australia, Department for Foreign Affairs and Trade, for their support to the programme, alongside the Governments of Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, along with the European Commission. 01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The overall goal of CDMP II was to further reduce the country's vulnerability to adverse natural and anthropogenic events – including cyclones, floods, tidal surges, earthquakes, climate change and variability – through technical assistance in risk reduction and comprehensive disaster management activities. The approach of CDMP II was to channel support through government and development partners, civil society and NGOs into a people-oriented disaster management and risk reduction partnership. That partnership has promoted cooperation, provided coordination, ranked priority programmes and projects, and allocated resources to disaster management activities, risk reduction activities and climate change adaptation activities in Bangladesh. When one summarizes the many achievements and activities of the programme it is sometimes difficult to capture what all the activity adds up to in terms of the big picture. In 2004 the first phase of the Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme set out to help the Government of Bangladesh develop and implement its emerging policy aspirations at the field level and to achieve a paradigm shift from a predominantly relief and response focus to a risk reduction based approach. After 10 years it is clear that this paradigm shift has been achieved in terms of awareness, knowledge and ambition of key institutions and, as a result, some fundamental and sustainable changes have been catalysed in the country’s way of working and its disaster management priorities. CDMP II has provided financing and technical assistance to a large number of ministries and departments that has built new human resource and institutional capacity to manage disaster risks in a sustainable manner. Significant changes in governmental processes, for example the requirement that all new development programmes must be appraised with climate and disaster risk assessments in order to receive approval for implementation, is changing permanently the way that Bangladesh makes choices. CDMP II has also undertaken fundamental work on mapping the risk environment, for example extending its seismic vulnerability atlas to incorporate an additional six major cities. Many of these initiatives are being sustained through financing through the government machinery or through new development programmes. UNDP has also taken the initiative to mainstream some of its main learning and methodologies in its biggest development programmes country wide. The project has utilized a people centred approach that has proven to be high impact. Its work to professionalize the disaster management system has resulted in the creation of hundreds of new graduates with a professional qualification to start their careers. All new civil servants now Acknowledgements Peter Medway Goran Jonsson Md. Abu Sumon Md Abdul Quayyum Credits
  • 6. undergo mandatory training on disaster management, for the first time, as part of their basic training at the Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre and this has been augmented for many hundreds more through a wide variety of refresher, on the job and overseas training. Today the level of skill and knowledge within the public sector has never been higher. The Local Disaster Risk Reduction Fund has markedly reduced the vulnerability to millions of the poorest Bangladeshis in 40 districts and provided them the means to protect their lives and livelihoods. Our work on improving the knowledge base has been extremely successful with the publication and wide dissemination of hundreds of unique pieces of research across a broad thematic spectrum. This knowledge is now easily accessible in a Department of Disaster Management e-library available at no cost globally. CDMP I and II were implemented during the same time period as the Hyogo Framework for Action. Indeed the CDMP model slightly preceded and anticipated the HFA. Bangladesh was, then, an early adopter and made a strong commitment to the implementation of the HFA and, with the support of CDMP has achieved most of the expectations embodied in the five key pillars. As 2015 approached CDMP II has played a significant role supporting the Government in the formulation of its position for the Sendai Framework for Action and the new Sustainable Development Goals. No large programme is without its problems and challenges and CDMP II is not an exception. With the benefit of hindsight a number of things would no doubt have been done differently. However, the project has generated some useful learning from things that did not work as well as from those that did and this will be applied in future efforts to reduce disaster and climate vulnerability both in Bangladesh and worldwide. At the time of writing a high level delegation from the Government of Sudan is in Dhaka to learn from this experience in order to implement a comprehensive disaster management approach in their country. As the Government of Bangladesh and its partner UNDP reflect on the achievements of CDMP II and thanks the people and Government of Australia for its steadfast support to the most vulnerable Bangladeshis, we can be sure of one thing. Future work to support and strengthen the resilience of Bangladesh to its disaster and climate risks will build on the very strong foundations and the many promising, highly cost effective approaches that CDMP II has implemented. It was clear by the end of 2013 that CDMP II was not going to achieve full implementation by its intended end date of 31/12/2014. In January UNDP began discussions with the MoDMR and development partners to extend the project duration by one year on a no cost basis. Over time a strategy for the additional one year of implementation was developed in close consultation with key stakeholders that focused on achieving sustainability of major results. During this period it was made clear that, due to a change of government policy the Australian Department for Foreign Affairs andTrade would not participate in the extension period. This, along with the No Cost Extension, was agreed by the Project Steering Committee on September 21st, 2014. UNDP committed to produce a final report for the Australian Government by 30th June, 2015, in line with the cooperation agreement. It should be noted that some major activities had not been completed by December 2014 and continued to be implemented in 2015. As a result, there is expected to be some difference between what can be reported as the outcomes of the programme as of December 2014 and what will be reported as the outcomes by December 2015. In addition some important documentation of the programme, including the final evaluation and various reports of project outcomes achieved by our partners will be finalised by the end of 2015. UNDP will share all of these reports with Australia DFAT in due course. A Note on Project Duration 02
  • 7. Risk & Vulnerability Context Bangladesh is a low lying deltaic country in south Asia formed by the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna rivers. The geographical location, land characteristics, multiplicity of rivers and the monsoon climate render Bangladesh highly vulnerable to natural and climatic induced hazards. It is one of the world’s densely populated countries and one of the most vulnerable to the impacts of climatic and natural hazards. Two-thirds of the country is less than 5 meters above sea level, and in an average year, a quarter of the country is inundated. Bangladesh has experienced severe floods every 4 to 5 years that may cover more than 60% of land areas, resulting in significant losses. No area of Bangladesh is free from risk, but vulnerability in the coastal zone is especially acute, with an estimated 38.5 million people living in 19 coastal districts. In broad terms it is the rural poor that inhabit the most vulnerable areas and are at the greatest risk. People in Bangladesh are with high exposure habituated to live and cope with risks. However, this has also culturally led to high risk tolerance levels, with people generally tending to disregard possibilities of potential loss or damage if the risk is not very evident. The majority of people living in Bangladesh are highly dependent on natural resources, and when ecosystems become more fragile, communities are directly affected. Both men and women experience loss in livelihoods, physical and mental hardships in coping with shocks, but women face the consequences more acutely because they are primarily responsible for food supply, water collection, and caring for and protecting children and the elderly. The social, economic and political barriers women face limit their coping capacity and unequal access to assets, incomes, sources of food, information and decision-making processes mean that women are disproportionately affected by climate-induced natural hazards . 03 Vulnerability in the coastal zone is especially acute, with an estimated 38.5 million people living in 19 coastal districts.
  • 8. 04 Tangible improvements in early warning, preparedness, response and in building community resilience have resulted in a significant reduction in the loss of lives. However, the economic losses through damage or destruction of critical infrastructure systems, livelihoods (assets, houses, livestock), crops and development investments continue to remain high, owing to the high level of risk exposure and vulnerability to the various shocks and stresses (the inability of the infrastructure, asset or livelihood to withstand the shocks and stresses) from climatic and natural hazards and events. Vulnerability and social exclusion compound the impact of economic loss resulting from shocks. Women headed households are most at risk because their poverty rate is higher than that of men headed households in agricultural districts . There are other factors that contribute to such losses, including poor and/or illegal land-use, poor urban and rural development and non-compliance with policy and building codes. Despite these challenges, Bangladesh has seen significant results achieved in terms of economic growth, poverty reduction and improvements in health and education levels. During 2000-2010, the rate of poverty decreased by 1.7 percentage points per year, falling from 49% in 2000 to 31.5% in 2010 . Reducing risks and vulnerability have had significant economic benefits and provided enhanced resilience for the rural poor. However, it is estimated that the direct annual cost of climatic hazards remains high. Over the period 1990-2008 has been $2,189 million or 1.8% of annual GDP . It is The World Bank’s estimate that 2.5 million industrial employment days will be affected due to climatic impacts by 2030, rising to 70 million by 2100 . If climatic and other hazard risks are not factored into long-term development and economic planning, these costs are likely to increase in absolute terms and as a proportion of GDP .
  • 9. 0103 Summary of Top Results 30,000 trained and equipped urban community volunteers in 6 major cities mobilized for disaster preparedness and response. The urban volunteers proved their crucial value in rescue operation during Rana Plaza disaster in April 2013. 05 9 Rules under newly enacted Disaster Management Act 2012developed by MoDMR through wider consultative process. The approval of the developed directives and rules create a policy landmark to ensure sustainability of CDMP initiatives. 3 million people more resilient to disaster and climate change through implementation of rural and urban DRR and CCA schemes. Bangladesh achieved the intended outcomes of the Hyogo Framework For Action UNISDR validated Bangladesh's achievement as among the best performing countries in Asia. Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disaster
  • 10. 0406 About 22 million studentsnow have direct access to specific DRR & CCA knowledge and information due to incorporation of DRR-CCA issues in the curricula of 39 textbooks from class 3 to 12 through National Curricula and Textbook Board. Increased lead time from 3 days to 5 days now for floods forecasting potentially saving lives, livelihood and assets of 88 million people in major river basins. 391 knowledge products fill critical gaps in DM system. Now easily accessible through DDM’s e-library. 115 million people have access to cell phone based early warning system for possible natural disasters.
  • 11. 07 Policy Support Regional Consultation Workshop on rules for Disaster Management Act 2012 Major Achievements in Outcome Areas Professionalizing DM System in Bangladesh CDMP-II supported the drafting of the National Disaster Management Act (NDMA) which was enacted in 2012 by the parliament. As a result, the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM) was separated into two ministries, the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MoDMR) and Ministry of Food. The Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) & the Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation (DRR) were merged into the present Disaster Management Department (DDM). The Act required several rules and guidelines to be prepared to support its implementation. CDMP took the initiative to draft 9 rules: Rules for National Level Disaster Management Committees The Bangla version of the Standing Orders on Disaster (SOD) is also finalized and ready for publication. Rules for National Disaster Response Coordination Group-NDRCG. Rules for Local Level Disaster Response Coordination Groups Rules for Local Level Disaster Management Committees Rules for Constitution of Disaster Management Fund and Relief Depot 2014 Rules for Awards, Incentives, allowances for DM performance Rules for Requisition in Emergencies Rules for National Disaster Research & Training Institute Rules for National Disaster Volunteer Organization The Rules for the National Level Disaster Management Committee, local response coordination group and local Disaster Management Committees were approved and enacted in January 2015. The rules for the DM Fund, DM performance, emergency requisitions, and the Research and Training Institute have been drafted and submitted to MoDMR for review. In addition, the Standing Orders on Disaster was updated (in both English and Bangla) and published in 2010 (5,650 copies). The DM Act 2012 was translated into English for international audience. The National Plan for Disaster Management 2010 – 2015 was launched in 2010 and has been reviewed in 2015 with recommendations for the next edition, 2016-2020 presented to MoDMR for consideration. CDMP II has contributed significant technical input to the preparation of the Seventh Five Year Plan, ensuring that disaster risk management was included as a specific chapter for the first time. 1 1. See http://www.modmr.gov.bd/site/view/law
  • 12. SODs are very valid of the range of work which Bangladesh undertakes in DM areas, they cover responding to disaster, preparing for disasters and working for sustainable post disaster activities. The DM Act is enforcing DM rules, regulation and mechanisms, which are enabling Bangladesh to better, address these issues.” 08 Disaster Management Knowledge and Practical Guidance CDMP II has been extremely active, in partnership with a wide range of institutions, in the publication and dissemination of practical guidelines on DRR. These guidelines are intended to drive up standards throughout the disaster management system and to reduce costs by standardizing approaches where possible. A good example is the Cyclone Shelter Construction and Maintenance Guideline, published in English and Bangla in 2011. This guideline set the standard for the construction of many hundreds of new cyclone shelters built by the GoB and international partners and has, among other things, ensured a greater inclusion of the needs of women and girls, through a requirement for separate female toilets. CDMP II has also financed the development and dissemination of several other practical guidelines for risk reduction including for: Installation of deep tube wells in saline prone coastal areas with the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) Community Risk Assessment Guideline , for both rural and urban settings, with the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief 4 Union Disaster Management Operations Manual with the Department for Disaster Management (DDM) 5 Hospital Non-Structural Vulnerability Assessment with the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) 6 Mr. Nazmul Azam Khan Disaster Management Coordinator, BDRCS “ Multi Stakeholder Review Workshops at the divisional level on DM Rules 2 3 2.See http://modmr.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/modmr.portal.gov.bd/policies 3. A full list of publications in included in annex. 4. See http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/231 5. http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/40 6. http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/246
  • 13. 09 In 2014, an interactive online DM Library was established (www.dmic.org.bd/e-library) to facilitate easy access to CDMP’s knowledge products and is now accessible by all. It currently has more than 391 knowledge materials uploaded. It was launched in June 2014, by the Disaster Management and Relief Minister Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury Maya and it was also globally shared. The e-library is designed to be a one stop information hub for disaster and climate change adaptation information in Bangladesh. The e-library will be sustained by the DDM in the long term. At the district level CDMP II has established district resource centres in all 64 districts (in the DRRO Office) across the country, and supplied with furniture and knowledge materials in order to facilitate access to up to date DM knowledge at the local level. 391 knowledge products. Nearly 1 million searches, 72,000 document downloads and 41,000 hits performed since March, 2014. Online DM Library The e-library stores materials useful to not only the disaster management practitioners but also the development partners, individuals and organisations involved in disaster management. It is really helping us to design our Urban Resilience programme focusing on earthquake.” “ Anisuzzaman Chowdhury, Senior Programme Officer, Disaster Management and Climate Change, JICA “People will be able to know about disaster management through visiting the website and also become conscious about the issue after visiting the website. It will help people to combat against natural disasters.” Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury Maya, Minister, Disaster Management and Relief Upazila DMIC
  • 14. 10 For the first time disaster and climate change adaptation has been included into the pre-service and in-service training for civil servants at all levels. This is a sustainable and cost effective method to ensure that relevant skills and knowledge are built. CDMP supported the Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre (BPATC) to introduce new DRR and CCA content in its regular Foundation Course for the new recruits to the civil service. BPATC also integrated DRR and CCA into their Advanced Course on Administration and Development for Deputy Secretaries and into their Senior Staff Course for Joint Secretaries and above. Every year more than a thousand officials are being trained by the centre. Today 17 Bangladeshi universities and 11 training institutions have integrated DRR & CCA issues in their educational curricula. The support provided by CDMP II included the establishment of faculty/ department /institute. These Institutions are now providing, for the first time in most cases, bachelors and master’s degree courses in disaster management as well as diploma & certificate courses. CDMP has paid partial tuition fees and research grants for 944 masters and research students who are now helping to strengthen the evidence base on disaster and climate related issues for the future. CDMP has further supported these institutions by providing more than 2000 copies of 542 different reference titles and has equipped two institutions with modern GI/RS Labs. With the initial support from CDMP we set up Institute of Disaster Management and Vulnerability Studies in the University of Dhaka and started Bachelor, Masters and Post-Graduation courses. The course is now very popular and last year we received 400 applications against 40 seats.” “ Professor Mahbuba Nasreen, Director, IDMVS, University of Dhaka. I am now working in UNDP's Early Recovery Facility project after completing my Masters in Disaster Management in 2013 from the University of Dhaka. Thanks to CDMP II for providing me partial financial support and a research grant to complete my masters.” “ Md. Abdul Awal Sarkar 7. Patuakhali Science and Technology University; URL: http://www.pstu.ac.bd/faculties/search/faculty/disaster 8. Department of Disaster Science and Management; http://www.dsmdu.com 9. Institute of Disaster Management and Vulnerability Studies; www.du.ac.bd/department/common/institute_home.php 10. Dhaka University and Begum Rokeya University Rangpur A student receives a Masters degree in disaster management from BRAC University, one of three private universities in Bangladesh, where students can formally study disaster preparedness and response. Bangladesh teaches disaster preparedness to reduce risk - IRIN News http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=99488 Photo: BRAC University 98 7 10
  • 15. I strongly believe the training will help the members of the Disaster Management Committee, who attended this course, in many ways and as they are already working in Disaster Management area so the knowledge of the training program will help them to become better trainers in this sector. The trainees of today are the trainers of tomorrow and this is how the knowledge is transmitting to build a skilled nation.“ Md. Kamrul Hasan, Deputy Commissioner, Moulovibazar “ 11 e-learning centres in 9 universitiesand 2 research & training institutes (RDA and BARD) have been established. 11 11. http://elearning.bpatc.org.bd/mods/login/index.php In parallel, CDMP also introduced two online e-learning certificate courses in both Bangla and English (http://elearning.cdmp.org.bd/). 11 e-learning centres in 9 universities and 2 research & training institutes (RDA and BARD) have also been established enabling future intakes of students to access the vast amount of disaster information on the internet. The modules are also hosted in the Bangladesh Public Administration Training Center (BPATC) website. At the local level CDMP has supported the capacity development of about 3000 Union and Upazila DMC members in partnership with NGOs and the NILG. Training has focused on the essential roles and responsibilities of these organizations as described by the SOD. The Upazila DMCs have all been connected to the Dhaka based DDM through Upazila level information management centres to facilitate the transmission of disaster related information to the centre and training has been provided to the relevant staff. 11
  • 16. Communication and access to information Effective reduction of vulnerability depends on the knowledge, awareness and behaviour of individuals and communities. Consequently communication of appropriate knowledge is important. In partnership with the Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB) CDMP II updated curricula for the mass media department in Rajshahi University in order to ensure journalism graduates were interested in, sensitive to and ready to report on disaster management issues. CDMP II, in partnership with PIB, facilitated the training of 439 local level journalists in 19 districts on the topic of DRR and CCA for informed media reporting. Community radio continues to play an important role in Bangladesh, despite the increase in media channels of all kinds. This is particularly true for the poorest people. 14 community radio stations around the country have aired more than 3920 hours of program, developed with CDMP II’s support by the Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication (BNNRC), on different hazards in local dialects. CDMP II estimates the audience size for such broadcasts to be at least 14 million people. 1200 radio sets were distributed to listener groups in the broadcast areas of the community radio stations to further increase access to information. The MoDMR established the National Disaster Response Coordination Center (NDRCC) to support decision making through the timely delivery of information to apex committees under the SOD. Coordination capacity has also been enhanced by the connection of the Prime Minister’s Office, the Armed Forces Division and the DDM by video conferencing. Regular Situation Reports during disasters were produced by the NDRCC to share information about disaster loss, damage and response. These situation reports were also disseminated by the DMIC. CDMP II has prepared a Disaster Information Management Strategy to enable the Government to have a longer term vision of its information management needs and to make the best choices regarding future investment. In 2015 CDMP II is providing support to integrate a range of information tools through the establishment of a SAHANA platform. “Coastal Areas are always vulnerable to different natural disasters and as a journalist from Barguna I was looking for training on climate change and disaster risk management. In 2014 I got a chance to participate in a two-day training on Climate Change Reporting organized by the Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB) and CDMP II. Now in my reporting I can easily use the knowledge that I captured from that training and can refer the knowledge materials provided in the training”. Mushfique Arif, Senior Reporter of Maasranga Television, Barguna “Radio Chilmari is giving the right information at the right time to my local people, reducing the loss of lives and livelihoods in disasters” Shawkat Ali Sarkar (Bir Bikrom), Chairman Chilmari Upazila Parishad, Kurigram All CDMP II’s GIS products are being made available through an online geo-information tool, enabling users to overlay various information products and to produce their own bespoke maps. 12
  • 17. 13 People are now aware of Natural Disasters “We had flood in 2014 and before that I heard news and programs about the flood in the radio. I shared it with my wife and planned accordingly, so that the damage was less than before and we didn’t face any major problem after the flood. This sort of program should be aired throughout the year.” Manik Mia from Naogaon, one of the flood prone areas in Bangladesh, shared his experience about Naogaon Barendra Radio. Radio cyclone warnings save thousands of lives Monu Mia is no stranger to cyclones. “I have survived several cyclones, but the memory of losing my family in a cyclone stays with me,”shares the fisherman. Mia comes from an impoverished community of fishermen in Moheshkhali, Bangladesh. Speaking softly Mia explains that fishermen previously depended on traditional prediction methods for cyclones or bad weather before going to sea. Predictions were based on reading changes in natural phenomena, and what warnings the government disseminated via media channels or microphone were mostly ineffective, inefficient, and didn’t reach everyone. “When Gorky hit, I couldn’t warn my family and others around us to take necessary preparations,” Mia says of the 1991 cyclone that claimed upwards of 138,000 lives in Bangladesh. For millions of people in Bangladesh, Myanmar and India who are in the path of cyclones, the choice had always been between fleeing to safety or risking their lives to remain at home and protect their livestock and assets from being looted. In helping communities balance these two priorities, accurate information has always been the key determinant. With the Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II), Bangladesh has established a multi-level approach to prevention, resilience, and recovery that puts access to information at the forefront. One important aspect of the UNDP-supported programme is its ability to provide accurate information through community radio and mobile phone technologies, to help people make the right decisions. CDMP encouraged community radio stations to create local listening clubs, engaging fishermen, housewives, students, and tea stall visitors to expand their listening base and ensure the highest reach. In 2013, as Cyclone Mahasen brewed in the Bay of Bengal, CDMP II distributed 1200 high bandwidth radios and batteries to fourteen community radio broadcasters, who in turn distributed them to their listening clubs. “As soon as we heard of the depression in the bay we informed disaster management committees at the district and sub-district level,” says Md Abdul Wajed, Former Director General of Bangladesh’s Department of Disaster Management. “They have various ways of informing communities of an incoming cyclone such as going door to door, and nowadays through the use of community radio.” The community radio stations situated in the coastal zone also extended their broadcasting hours, recognizing their importance after sensitizing workshops organized by CDMP. “The situation is different as the community radio Naf has been airing regular information updates, warning messages, and awareness programmes on disaster,”Mia says. In an effort to reach out to as many listeners as possible, some of the programming was in a widely used local dialect.
  • 18. 14 In the end, over 1.15 million people were evacuated by the government – an incredible feat that has likely saved thousands of lives. The CDMP II intervention also helps community radio broadcasters produce quality radio programming on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) issues. It provided trainings to 28 master trainers covering both theoretical and practical aspects of development and production of radio programs, including script writing, knowledge of DRR and CCA issue, and how to build audiences. CDMP, in partnership with Bangladesh Teleltalk Ltd., Bangladesh Meteorological Department, and Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre, also introduced an Interactive Voice Response-based early warning system. By dialing “10941”, 110 million cell-phone users in Bangladesh have direct access to receive warnings of approaching hydro-meteorological disasters. Community radio and mobile technologies are just one aspect of CDMP’s work. They have empowered a dedicated team of volunteers who manage to not just inform millions who had previously been last in line for disaster information about imminent risks, but also help move them to safety. CDMP has helped shift the efforts from disaster response to planning and preparedness for emergencies while also helping infrastructure development to assist people in times of disasters and even after.
  • 19. International cooperation on disaster risk management CDMP II’s design intended to link action in Bangladesh at the national and local level with international agreements in place in 2010, notably the Hyogo Framework for Action. CDMP provided essential technical, financial and logistical support to the government of Bangladesh for the implementation of the HFA. As a result major achievements were made in each of the five pillars. UNISDR validated these achievements and recognized Bangladesh for making very significant progress and as a leader among Asian nations. CDMP II has played an instrumental role in supporting a platform for DRR that has shaped government thinking and strategy for the Sendai Framework for Action agreed in March 2015. CDMP II supported Bangladesh’s participation in many international events by preparation of country position papers, design of side events and financing participation (26 officials) in 4th Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (GPDRR) – UNISDR in 25-28 October 2013 in Geneva ; 4th, 5th, and 6th Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) in Korea during 28-28 October in 2010, in Indonesia during 22-25 October in 2012 and in Thailand during 22-26 June in 2014 respectively; Climate Negotiations in 16th to 20th COP during 2010 – 2014; 6th and 8th Community based Adaptation Conference in Vietnam and Nepal during 2012 and 2014; Preparatory Committee, and Second Session, in 2014. CDMP II supported Bangladesh’s participation in the Sendai Conference on DRR and underpinned a very proactive engagement in both negotiations and showcasing the progress Bangladesh made against the HFA targets. Bangladesh Delegation at the 6th Asian Ministerial Conference on DRR, Bangkok, Thailand, June 2014. 15 HFA / HFA2; SAARC; AMCDDR etc. DM Act 2012 SOD; NPDM 2010 - 15; Rules etc. Professionalisation Early Warning LDRRF - financing reduction and adaption Local Government capacity building Risk assessment - CRA, RRAP School preparedness; disaster volunteers etc. NATIONAL GLOBAL LOCAL
  • 20. 16 “ Against the backdrop of Bangladesh being considered one of the most vulnerable countries of the world due to a large number of factors such as its geophysical location, adverse impact of climate change, weak governance, extremely dense population, rapid unplanned urbanization, and about 50 million people living in poverty and another 20-30 million people are just above the poverty, preparedness does matter in reducing loss of lives and property in the event of any disasters. Disaster preparedness encompasses a wide range of initiatives including education system reforms. Supported by Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) the conventional education system has acknowledged and accepted the importance of building a culture of prevention, and incorporated disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in all levels of the education system from primary to tertiary level. We have learned a lot from our class books such as what are the common disasters in our country, how cyclone forms, what climate change is, and how we are to adapt it. Our book also teaches us how we should be prepared ahead. These learning makes us confident that at the time of need we definitely would be able to save ourselves and close ones“ Rasel Ahmed, Class V Teknaf Education that promises a disaster resilient Bangladesh
  • 21. “I am an architect, I also teach at a Private University on how to plan, design, and oversee the constructions of buildings. Constructions that can withstand seismic shock, follows land use planning; building code, address environmental issues and so on. Few years back I was working as a consultant for a cyclone shelter construction project in the coastal areas, I found I have huge shortcomings in understanding the multi-dimensional context of disasters. In my profession as a teacher and a consultant architect I have to be technically sound in transferring knowledge to future architects and to build disaster resilient structures. Accordingly, understanding disaster and climate risks and vulnerabilities becomes highest priority for me, and I choose to take on the Masters in Disaster Management course,” says Syed Munirul Islam, 6th Batch, MSDM, University of Dhaka. Hundreds of similar stories can be heard at different public and private universities of Bangladesh offering tertiary education in Disaster Management. Students from different walks of life, and disciplines such as engineers, doctors, bankers, development practitioners, fire fighters, armed forces officers, entrepreneurs, government officers, teachers, urban planners, disaster risk reduction practitioners, policy makers, fresh graduates are studying at these universities. CDMP’s partnership with National Textbook and Curriculum Board (NCTB) resulted incorporation of DRR and CCA contents in textbook curricula for Class III to XII. CDMP also partnered with 17 public and private universities and 11 training institutes including Bangladesh Public Administration Training Center (BPATC) to introduce Diploma, Bachelor and Masters Courses in Disaster Management. More than 22 million students now have access to DRR and CCA knowledge. “ 17
  • 22. 18 About 73 per cent of the total population of Bangladesh lives in rural areas (BBS, 2012), and the majority of the rural areas are prone to a variety of disasters such as flash flood, flood, salinity, landslides, or drought. Implementation of a total of 37,658 small scale rural risk reduction interventions directly benefitted 1.38 million men and 1.19 million women (totally 3.48 million people of which direct beneficiaries 2.57 million, indirect beneficiaries 0.91 million) living in 109 Upazilas of 40 districts. Implementation of LDRRF schemes created employment for around 185,000 male and 30,000 female casual workers. Since 2010, a total of US$ 17.72 million was invested in rural risk reduction activities, which comprised about 31 percent of total budget delivery by CDMP II. 37,658 small-scale rural risk reduction interventions implemented 40 Districts 109 Upazilas USD 17.72 million invested since 2010 which comprised about 31 percent of total CDMP budget. 185,000 male casual workers employed 30,000 female casual workers employed Rural Risk Reduction 3.48 million people directly & indirectly benefitted
  • 23. I am really happy to work together with CDMP as the works done by them, are ultimately benefiting the local poorest of the poor communities." Mr. Mizanur Rahman, PIO, Pangsha Upazaila, Razbari “ 19 12. As a result of a slow start, CDMP II introduced a Fast Track Risk Assessment. This had the benefit of accelerating project identification, but in some cases undermined the participatory element of project selection. 13. Disaster Management Act (Section 20), National Plan for Disaster Management 2010-15, draft rules for Local DMCs and DM fund 14. Please see http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/157 The Local Disaster Risk Reduction Fund (LDRRF) LDRRF is an innovative funding mechanism under CDMP II. Its key objective is to support the implementation of risk reduction activities by the local governments and NGOs on the basis of Risk Reduction Action Plan (RRAP) developed through Community Risk Assessment (CRA), the tool developed by CDMP to identify and address risks at the community level. Selection of interventions is based on CRA, FTRA and RRAP. These are the first steps in identification of hazards in a specific locality through participatory and consultative processes. Once the CRA is completed, the Union would normally develop its RRAP with technical support from CDMP. The RRAP consists of prioritized risk reduction activities in that particular Union. The local Union, PIO and UNO then requested support to implement risk reduction activities based on the RRAP. CDMP updated the Community Risk Assessment guideline developed in the first phase, and printed it in both Bengali (500 copies) and English (200 copies) for wider dissemination. The CRA guideline was adopted by a range of disaster management organizations as a tool to develop local level disaster management plans and to undertake projects/interventions. National and international organizations such as Islamic Relief, Action-Aid, Oxfam, Save the Children, Plan, and CARITAS have also adopted the CRA guideline to develop their community based disaster management programs. 12 13 As far as sustainability of risk assessment is concerned it is evident that CRA has been considered one of the key principles in almost all Policy Frameworks (DM Policy, National DM Plan, etc.) related to disaster management in Bangladesh. The disaster management model and disaster risk reduction strategy of Bangladesh government was developed giving the significant importance of risk assessment at community level which is a great achievement of CDMP II. The Community Risk Assessment is a living document and it is expected that once a Union CRA is done this will be used and updated in the future. These CRAs are available in the online DM library.14
  • 24. 20
  • 25. Trees Planted132,256 Water Option2668 Livelihood Support 19,323 Rural Road & Embankment 314 Non-farm Livelihood 234 Disaster Resilient Houses 6415 Sanitation8539 Risk Assessment56 37,658 Total Interventions The “Killa” is not only protecting our lives but also our livelihoods. With the raised ground, during flood thousands of local dwellers come here with their animals and protect themselves from flood. We have also contributed from our own fund in addition to LDRRF to build a toilet and drinking water facility. We are thankful to LDRRF for supporting us." Mr. Abdul Alim, Chairman Rowalia Union of Dhamrai Upazila “ 21 Shelter/Killa 109 16 15. Fast Track Risk Assessment; this is a much shorter version of the original community based assessment process prescribed in different key government documents. This was introduced to achieve the targeted delivery within the project life. This had the benefit of accelerating project identification, but in some cases undermined the participatory element of project selection. 16. Raised earthen platform for livestock and movable assets used in case of cyclone shelter and flood/storm surge inundation. This is often constructed close to the cyclone shelters for the humans so that their assets are kept closer within their sight. CDMP-II has implemented about 37.658 small-scale rural risk reduction interventions based on Community Risk Assessments (56 CRA and 307 FTRA). As the hazard profiles of the Districts, Upazilas, and Unions vary across the country and are often associated with multiple hazards, CDMP had to offer a set of multi-purpose risk reduction options for hazard specific zones. For example, safe drinking water options are prioritized for those areas where salinity level has gone up into both surface and ground water compounded by arsenic contamination, and in areas with scarcity of both drinking and irrigation water due to a prolonged dry season. Disaster resilient houses and killas were provided in the cyclone and storm surge affected areas, and house plinth/village mound raised in the flash/flood affected districts and unions. The infograph below shows a list of all the interventions as per their category. 15
  • 26. 22 Figure: LDRRF Process Handing Over Designs to Implementing Agency PIC Formation Dispute Management Monitoring (Field Visits) Catogorizing Initial Schemes/projects Consultation (Local Govt./DMCs) Designing Verification of Schemes/ projects (Pre Survey) IDENTIFICATION CRA Revision/ FTRA Site Selection Post Measurement Handing Over to Local Government/ DMCs LAC LTC APPROVAL PROCESS Contract Signing DEFINING STRATEGY Prioritizing Policies Hazards/ Vulnerabilities CRA/ RRAP Consulation With Local Dmcs IMPLEMENTATION DESIGN PLANNING CLOSING
  • 27. LDRRF Rural Investment ( US$ 23.22m ) Cyclone, Storm Surge, Salinity and Walter Logging Riverine Flood, Bank Erosion, and Drought Flash Flood and Landslide $ 2,097,788 $ 8,111,158 $ 13,007,059 23 17. PDO-ICZMP (2006) State of the Coast 2006 18. Lakshmipur, Shariatpur, Chittagong, Gopalganj, Chandpur, Jessore, Bhola, Barisal, Coxs bazar, Noakhali, Jhalokati, Bagerhat, Barguna, Pirojpur, Patuakhali, Satkhira, and Khulna District 19. Munshiganj, Rajbari, Manikganj, Madaripur, Kurigram, Nilphamari, Brahmanbaria, Lalmonirhat,Gaibandha, Rangpur, Rajshahi, Faridpur, Dhaka, Jamalpur, Tangail, Sirajganj Districts 20. Flood Forecasting and Warning Center is providing early warning for flash flood as an experiemental basis with support from CDMP 21. CDMP (2013). Union Disaster Management Committee Functionality Assessment, Unpublished Study Report; available at: www.cdmp.org.bd Of the total planned delivery of USD 23.22m for rural risk reduction USD 17.72m was spent by the end of 2014 across 40 districts. Financing was distributed geographically according to an estimate of greatest vulnerability, with coastal and flood affected areas being paramount as shown in the table above. There are 19 coastal districts in Bangladesh out of which CDMP has invested in 17 districts with a total amount of USD 13m. The region is vulnerable to multiple hazards. Cyclones and storm surges are among the most destructive disasters. 190 people were killed and 400,000 houses damaged during AILA (2009) in Khulna and Satkhira; 3,363 people were killed and 1.5 million houses damaged across the coastal districts of the country during Cyclone SIDR (2007). The area is also vulnerable to saline intrusion and water logging across the region but the problems are more prominent in Khulna, Satkhira and Jessore Districts due to the siltation in the river beds. CDMP provided several options in the area including safe drinking water, disaster resilient houses, plantations and small embankments to combat saline intrusion and scarcity of safe drinking water. Almost every year the central and north-central districts along the Jamuna River face floods and river bank erosion. Although the north-western districts also face floods from the Padma River, the main threat comes from the very long and dry summer and its resulting water scarcity for 17 18 drinking and agriculture. CDMP made an investment of USD 8.11m in 16 districts across the region. The key interventions for this zone were the conservation of safe surface water for drinking and small irrigation, sanitation, flood protection embankments at the village level which are also used as rural roads, flood resilient habitat and alternate livelihood support. In the north-eastern region of the country, CDMP supported 7 districts to combat flash floods occurring at the foothills of the Meghalayan Mountains. Flash flood does not cost only life and settlements; field crops are totally damaged without a proper early warning mechanism in place. The key LDRRF interventions for this region were the construction of submersible embankments, raising village mounds and homestead plinths and alternate livelihood options. CDMP has made an investment of USD 2.1m for this. 19 20 UDMCs are the fundamental community level institution for delivering disaster management on the ground. A study identified lack of capacity of UDMCs in risk reduction planning, coordination, governance and gender inclusion, among others. CDMP in partnership with National Institute for Local Government (NILG) implemented a broad based training programme for 195 DMCs (180 Union DMCs and 15 District DMCs) in different hazard zones of the country. The training and learning process is based on the DMC Operational Manual, 22,500 copies of which have been distributed to DMCs and training participants. A DMC training guideline was prepared as an aid for future training of the DMCs beyond CDMP II. Moreover, a “Union Development Planning (UDP) incorporating Disaster Management”guideline was prepared. Progress was made to institutionalize the Disaster Management Guideline at the local level planning though Local Government Division. 21
  • 28. The 2014 flood affected approximately 2 million people in the central and north-western districts along the Brahmaputra River. CDMP conducted a rapid assessment of the flood impact on the infrastructure supported by LDRRF. Overall, the LDRRF-supported schemes were found to be appropriate to the hazard type. On low-lying, flood-prone land, the raising of safe areas for shelter in times of flood, along with adequate provision of water and sanitation, is a relevant and high-impact intervention. Infrastructure interventions served their basic purpose of protecting lives, livelihoods and assets. In some locations hundreds of families took shelter, sometimes for several weeks. There were many positive examples of the people living in relatively safer areas supported by LDRRF interventions extending shelter to their neighbours in need. Beneficiaries and local authorities mentioned that they were happy with the impact of LDRRF interventions, especially killas, and that they used them to take shelter when needed. The assessment resulted in recommendations which the LDRRF secretariat has taken into consideration in their planning and implementation process. A few interventions (including ongoing ones) were revised and new interventions were undertaken for comprehensiveness. 2 million people affected by flood in 2014 Recommendations from the assessment Construction of rural roads and embankments should not obstruct any flowing natural drainage system (including seasonal/dead canals). Height of the earth works should be determined based on the Flood Danger Level and High Flood Level for the locality. Protection for soil erosion from earthworks must be considered during design and budgeting, especially for sandy soils in the newly accredited islands Schemes should be complete, incorporating all potential beneficiaries in the immediate locality, and comprehensive through inclusion of soft (e.g. livelihood support, disaster risk awareness) inputs. Engagement of the community for earthwork and construction of facilities will create greater ownership and short term employment. The plan and budget needs to be shared with the intended beneficiaries to enhance accountability. A community planning meeting should be organized prior to physical implementation alongside a functional accountability system for enabling feedback. Maintenance commitments should be enshrined as a pre-condition for implementation. Private lands should never be considered for any interventions. District wise fixed rate for earth works does not help much. Standardizing rates as per vulnerable zones (char, floodplains, coastal, etc.) will serve the purpose. 24
  • 29. Firoz Khan (35) lives in Char Kushumbari Village under Ward No. 2 of Mahmudpur Union, Dohar Upazila for the last 12 years with his family. A farmer by profession, Firoz cultivates on other people’s land but seems happy with his wife Halima Begum and 4 children. His children go to school and his wife looks after the 6 cattle and ducks in their homestead area. On an average, his cattle provide more than 20 litres of milk per day which he sells at Tk. 40-45 per litre. Firoz’s village is a Char and khas land. Approximately 3,000 people live in the village on houses built on the government khas land. When Firoz first moved into the area, he earmarked the land on the Char and raised the height as plinth to build a small hut. But every year during monsoon and flood season, the surrounding areas became inundated. Gradually, they started extending their homestead for extension of houses, cow shed and vegetable gardening. Seeing his success, Firoz’s father-in-law also moved and built a house beside him.They live in the floating house during the rainy season and when the Padma river overflows, engine boats running alongside the villages create continuous waves, damaging their homes, cowsheds and vegetable gardens on raised lands. To make matters worse, dacoits from neighbouring districts also attack the villages by engine boats robbing the helpless villagers during monsoon when law enforcers couldn’t catch them. “From this year, we are experiencing a great change with the newly build embankment that not only protects us from flooding and inundation but also save from frequent wave erosion as now the waves created by engine boats are barricaded by the raised embankment,”reported Firoz.With the embankment serving as a protection wall, the villagers are also protected from dacoits. ”How we can let this embankment be damaged?” says Firoz.“This is what is protecting and saving us from so many hazards.” An alternative comprehensive approach to Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Resilient Shelter, Resilient Community 25
  • 30. 1.3 Urban Risk Reduction Urban risk, city planning and the role of local governments in dealing with risk reduction have been recognized as key factors in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. Both communities and local authorities were to be empowered to manage and reduce disaster risks. Poor urban governance, informal settlements on unsafe land, declining ecosystems and vulnerable rural livelihoods are among the main underlying risk drivers, which need to be addressed to build safer cities. Against this background, CDMP designed its urban risk reduction through execution of an integrated set of structural and non-structural activities to include expanding the preparedness programme across a broader range of hazards; operationalizing response systems; raising the level of expertise; mainstreaming disaster risk management programming and strengthening community institutional mechanisms. CDMP implemented structural interventions that aimed to reduce urban hazards such as water logging, drinking water scarcity, reducing earthquake and fires. Implementation of 42 large and small scale risk reduction interventions under the urban LDRRF directly benefitted over 400,000 people living in 2 city corporations, 7 municipalities of in 7 districts (i.e. Chittagong, Cox’s Bazaar, Mymensingh, Gopalgonj, Khulna, Chuadanga, Sylhet and Chandpur District). These schemes addressed Urban Flooding, Salinity, Arsenic Contamination, Resettlement of evicted urban slum dwellers, River erosion, Cyclone, Waterlogging, Land Conservation, and Tidal Surge hazards. 42 large and small-scale urban risk reduction interventions implemented 7 Districts 2 City Corporations 7 Municipalities Urban Hazards Earthquake Urban Fire Urban Flooding Salinity Arsenic Contamination River Erosion Cyclone Waterlogging Tidal Surge Hazards 400,000 people directly benefitted 26
  • 31. 27 Forced evictions result in people losing their possessions, social network and access to work and services. The forcible eviction in South Molavi Para in Gopalgonj municipality on 22nd October 2009 was one such eviction, where the government evicted more than 350 households with a population of about 2000 for implementation of another government infrastructure project. Resettlement of such a large number of household in the context of disaster- prone Gopalgonj Municipality carries clear and present danger. The areas are exposed to recurring flood and inundation as well as a certain degree of cyclone. Considering the vulnerability situations of the evicted slum dwellers in Gopalgonj, CDMP came forward with a comprehensive urban risk reduction approach through piloting a Disaster Resilient Housing Complex (DRHC) for 100 evicted households in association with UPPR and Gopalganj Municipality. Providing Shelter through LDRRF finance to the Urban evicted Slum Dwellers Disaster Resilient Housing Complex (DRHC) of Gopalgonj Municipality Key benefits of the habitat Improved disaster resilient housing: Each household received a living space of 341 sq ft area which includes 2 rooms, 1 verandah, a kitchen, a latrine cum bathroom, access to electricity and access to shared tube well for safe water. Women empowerment: Women are the best disaster managers. Considering the role they play in preparedness, response and recovery in any disaster they are highly valued for the project. After completion of the 2nd phase (planned to end by September 2015), the houses will be leased to the women representative of the households. 4 women members were included in the 7 members PIC to take leadership role in the implementation of DRCH. Reducing internal migration: If not intervened with the DRHC, the evicted communities who were living in various slum areas in Gopalgonj Municipalities will eventually turn into bigger urban centres making their own life miserable along with burdening the existing capacity of the host urban settings. DRCH is a local solution to reduce displacement and migration. Community level disaster management: Through a participatory process community identified the possible hazards, risk and risk reduction options. The project participants are trained on disaster preparedness and mitigation. Promoting education: The DRHC have been planned to have a primary school along with a playground for children. Beneficiaries will have access to education grants for their children. Sustainable development: DRCH addressed the issue of energy efficiency, water and sanitation, land use, basic municipal services and disaster and climate resilient. Water and Sanitation: Every ten houses will have 1 tubewell to have access to arsenic free safe water. There is also a plan for expansion to overhead water tanks. Each household will have a separate toilet cum bathroom facilities. Way Forward Development of organized and formal urban poor especially evicted families, marginalized groups, linked with existing community development platforms like CBOs.VDCs will provide an institutional mechanism for mobilizing support, resources and services from actors/providers and community support structures.
  • 32. Case Study: 2 Retrofitting assessments were made of three major buildings; Dhaka Medical College Hospital, and two buildings (no. 1 and 4) of Bangladesh Secretariat. These assessments included subsoil investigation and as-built-structure/architectural drawings. To augment the process and develop internal capacity, CDMP provided some equipment and software for retrofitting assessment to the Public Works Department. Building on that JICA further supported PWD with advanced training on retrofitting to 30 more PWD officials and 100 construction engineers from the private sector. MoDMR has already instructed PWD to undertake some more retrofitting assessments for nationally important buildings. Another project named Urban Building Safety Project supported by JICA (120 million USD) will be implemented with MoDMR drawing on some of CDMP II’s initiatives in urban risk reduction. More than forty thousand people have been relieved from water logging with the assistance from CDMP project.” Md. Ekramul Haque Titu, Mayor, Mymensingh Municipality “ With support from CDMP, FSCD is in the process of constructing 10 Model Fire Stations in Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong, allowing 200 urban volunteers to be attached to each station. Moreover the fire stations also received small and light rescue equipment like chipping hammers, Rotary Rescue Saw, and Reciprocating Saw with Blade. 1.1 million people are directly covered by these ten fire stations, in case there is any urban hazard like earthquake or fire. In the second phase of CDMP 30,000 urban community volunteers were trained among those 6,970 are female and 23,041 are male volunteers.This is in line with the Bangladesh government’s national target to train 62,000 volunteers across the country. These trained volunteers have successfully demonstrated their skill in differ- ent urban incidents so far, most notably during the Rana Plaza incident in 2013. The World Bank has committed to finance the remaining training of 32,000 additional volunteers from 2016. The volunteers are anchored within the FSCD management. 10 Model Fire Stations in Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong 200 urban volunteers to be attached to each station. 1.1 million people directly covered by 10 fire stations 30,000 urban community volunteers trained Training facilities for urban volunteers are under construction at 10 model fire stations in Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong 28
  • 33. 29 The volunteer who repaid a debt When the Rana Plaza collapsed in Savar, the Fire Service and Civil Defence (FSCD) immediately realized that they were confronted with an industrial disaster of an unprecedented scale in Bangladesh. As the FSCD organised themselves on the ground, one of the calls they made was to Habib-ul-Islam Sumon, their Chief volunteering coordinator, asking him to arrange a team to assist the search and rescue. Within hours Sumon had 180 trained volunteers en route to Savar: ordinary citizens like himself, trained for post disaster rescue work with CDMP’s help, and driven by a zeal that saw more than 2,500 lives saved from the rubble. Sumon’s journey to Savar actually started 15 years earlier, the day his father collapsed from a stroke. "In 1997 my father suffered a massive stroke and we couldn’t find a way to get him to hospital. My brother sent me to find help and I instinctively ran to the local fire department." "I’ll never forget that it was the fire service men who saved my father’s life. From that day onwards I wanted to help the fire service out, but never really had a chance", said Sumon.That was until three years ago when his local fire department announced that they would be training urban volunteers in disaster response. He jumped at the opportunity and when he asked if he could attend, they asked him to put together a group of 50 locals to start the volunteer group. Within a few days he had the numbers and they all underwent a CDMP funded disaster response training. As part of their mandate CDMP helped facilitate the training of volunteers to help in urban disaster response activities and Mr. Sumon and his band of volunteers are proud graduates of the initiative. The training of volunteers represents a fraction of the work of CDMP but remains essential to its mandate. Having been trained in fire and earthquake response operations by the FSCD, the urban volunteers have been called into action many times before the Savar tragedy. They have responded to fires across the city and were instrumental in evacuating a dilapidated building in Shakhari Bazar recently. But nothing could have prepared them for what they encountered in Savar. "Five buses filled with volunteers arrived at Savar and only after we got down did we realise the scale of tragedy. We immediately made use of our training as we used search and rescue techniques that we had earlier learned", said Sumon.The volunteers spread out across the disaster zone, helping pull people from the rubble and often going into dangerous crevasses with torch lights to try and locate other survivors. "I entered where the 7th floor should have been and heard wailing. People were trapped and injured and I did whatever I could to save them. I cannot describe those scenes, but it will stay with me for life." Wearing orange vests the urban volunteers were ever present throughout the search and rescue operation their pictures plastered all over the media, but Mr. Sumon remains humble. "We did what any person would have done, the only difference is that with our training we were working in a coordinated manner and helped facilitate the work there. In 8-hour shifts more than250 volunteers worked around the clock and put the lives of others before theirs. I salute them", said Sumon.
  • 34. 30 As a part of, UNISDR’s global campaign‘Making Cities Resilient’, , CDMP II, in association with Municipal Association of Bangladesh (MAB), facilitated orientation sessions for municipalities on the Local Government–Self Assessment Toolkit (LG–SAT). The aim was to build knowledge and capacity of city corporation authorities on urban hazards and emergency management. Representatives of 245 city corporations and municipalities (City Mayors and other officials) have received orientation. Mayors are now able to effectively design and implement DRR interventions in their respective municipalities. “My officials and I were trained on the Local Government - Self Assessment Toolkit (LG-SAT) and came to know about the urban hazards and its emer- gency management. We are already benefitted from the training and imple- mented the knowledge in our munici- pal area. On behalf of Alamdanga Munic- ipality, Chuadanga, I would like to thank CDMP for helping us to make our city resilient to urban disaster. Alhaj Mir Mohiuddin Mayor, Alamdanga Municipality Chuadanga, Bangladesh “ Urban volunteers working in Rana Plaza operations 245 representatives of city corporations and municipalities (City Mayors and other officials) have received orientation on urban hazards and emergency management.
  • 35. “It is a very timely initiative by CDMP to commission earthquake risk assessment of major cities and pouroshavas of Bangladesh and publishing this Atlas on “Seismic Risk Assessment of Bangladesh” compiling outputs of the assessments undertaken in this regard.”- Md. Shah Kamal, Secretary; Ministry of Disaster Managemnt and Relief (MoDMR) This atlas presents extensive and detailed data on earthquake hazards, risks and vulnerabilities of six major cities and municipalities. It is the product of a risk research and assessment effort as yet unparalleled in Bangladesh, providing a thorough and detailed knowledge base both decision-making and future research and updates.” Pauline Tamesis, Country Director, UNDP Bangladesh “ 31 CDMP II developed active fault maps and seismic vulnerability maps for 9 cities (Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet Bogra, Dinajpur, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Tangail). The risk assessments and maps were subsequently used to develop Scenario based spatial contingency plans for all 9 cities and 50 ward level plans (Dhaka-25, Sylhet-10, and Chittagong-15 wards). CDMP also conducted trainings in 6 cities on “Preparation of Scenario-based Contingency Plan with regard to Earthquake”. The main objective of the training workshop was to share earthquake risk analysis for each city with key stakeholders, especially the government agencies and departments. This included the city corporation and pourashava that have a critical role to play during an earthquake emergency. The training built their capacity for the preparation of scenario-based Contingency Plans for earthquakes. These plans and maps cover an area of 8 million inhabitants, who benefitted from enhanced earthquake preparedness and faster response capacity of the respective agencies. The DDM and US Army, with support from UNDP’s Early Recovery Facility are in the process of preparing the debris management plan for Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet city corporations where they have used these Contingency Plans as key reference documents. A building database for Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet cities was developed to to aid the process of city and ward level Contingency Plans for these cities. 8 million inhabitants are covered within the area of the plans and maps, who benefitted from enhanced earthquake preparedness and faster response capacity of the respective agencies. “It is a very timely initiative by CDMP to commission earthquake risk assessment of major cities and pouroshavas of Bangladesh and publishing this Atlas on “Seismic Risk Assessment of Bangladesh” compiling outputs of the assessments undertaken in this regard.”- Md. Shah Kamal, Secretary; Ministry of Disaster Managemnt and Relief (MoDMR) 22 22. ATLAS: Seismic Risk Assessment; http://www.kmp.dmic.org.bd/handle/123456789/107
  • 36. 32 As a pilot initiative, the maps and plans of Mymensingh City have been translated into a realistic and risk integrated city development plan using an innovative participatory methodology with support from Urban Development Directorate (UDD). The project was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2014 from UN Habitat. UDD is preparing 14 new Upazila master plans where the methodology for the Mymensingh project is incorporated in the work process, providing a good example of institutionalization of a CDMP II financed intervention. UDD also mainstreamed this approach in their allocation of business, but challenges remain with the availability of the adequately trained professionals. The CDMP-supported Mymensingh Strategic Development Plan (MSDP) was selected for the 2014 Asian Townscapes Jury Award. The Award aims to highlight and honor significant efforts made by Asian cities and organizations for the improvement, revitalization and creation of a beautiful and harmonious townscapes that are safe, sustainable and respectful of local history and culture. The Theme of 2014 Asian Townscape Award was “Townscapes bridging to the future”. Development of the MSDP took place as part of the CDMP project“Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in urban planning practices”. The project, undertaken in agreement with the Government of Bangladesh’s physical planning agency the Urban Development Directorate, began in April 2011. The Mymensingh Strategic Development Plan integrates risk-sensitive land use planning with consideration for the local ecosystem and environment, physical and social infrastructure, economy, and transportation system. Planning guidelines prepared as part of the MSDP call for land use and building permissions to ensure risk sensitive building development, as well as a strengthening of the emergency response capacity through flood mapping and volunteer mobilization. Developed in dialogue with the local community, the plan takes into account local traditions while also looking towards the future. The 20-year prediction model for the municipality’s transportation system aims to support regional connectivity, the promotion on sustainable livelihoods, and a secure economic base for the town. The MSDP served as a pilot model for risk-sensitive land use planning. It is now being applied by UDD in planning projects in 14 other cities. It has laid down the legal basis through drafting “Urban and Regional Planning Act 2013”. This pilot project is going to prepare a module for mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction Measures into Comprehensive Land Use Development Planning and Management. This may act as a manual on how to make Bangladesh’s towns safer, healthier, more eco-sensitive, social, vibrant and resilient to natural and man‐made disasters. Asian Townscapes Jury’s Award for Mymensingh Strategic Development Plan CDMP initiated MSDP is the paradigm shift in the history of town planning of Bangladesh.” Dr. K. Z. Hossain Taufique, Deputy Director, Research and Coordination, Urban Development Directorate and Project Director, MSDP “
  • 37. The Urban Risk Assessment Guideline plays an important role in assisting urban communities, relevant authorities and disaster risk reduction practioners to identify“all hazard”. This allows the development of appropriate risk reduction options which can be implemented to eliminate or reduce risk to a manageable level.” Mohammad Abdul Qayyum; National Project Director, CDMP II “ 33 Assessing local level risk is a pre-requisite in implementing any risk reduction interventions. CDMP, in its urban risk reduction initiative, developed the Urban Community Risk Assessment (CRA) guideline. This guideline is a useful tool for stakeholders in assessing risk in a participatory manner and development of Risk Reduction Action Plan (RRAP) in urban context. 3 CRAs were conducted in three wards of Dhaka South City Corporation (33, 34 & 35) on a pilot basis. CRA and RRAP methodology has been mainstreamed in UNDP programmes in Bangladesh and will be utilized in future by the new Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction programme and the Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Facility. 23 23. Urban Risk Assessment Guideline
  • 38. 34 1.3 Preparedness & Response As envisaged in both the revised Standing Orders on Disaster 2010 and the National Plan for Disaster Management 2010-15, local government and line departments are to develop their own DM plans. With CDMP support, DM plans for 10 districts and 48 Upazilas– covering a population of 26 million people - were developed and made available online in respective district and Upazila Information Portals. The DMCs are expected to use this information in all phases of disaster management. DDM will apply this approach country wide in future as Bangladesh moves towards mainstreamed risk informed development planning. CDMP undertook a promising pilot initiative to engage the Bangladesh Ansar & VDP to close the important last mile gap for flood early warning. Ansar has trained 15,630 members in the flood vulnerable districts Sirajganj (10150 volunteers) and Gaibandha (5480 volunteers) using custom-made training modules developed for the project. Working hand in hand with FFWC the volunteers will disseminate early warning messages to vulnerable communities when needed. The performance of the volunteers will be carefully monitored in the monsoon flood season of 2015. ANSAR & VDP has more than six million volunteers nationwide organized in a gender balanced, para-military structure. The organization has huge potential to play a more significant role in disaster preparedness, response and recovery in the future, once this initiative is expanded nationwide. 15,630 Ansar and VDP members trained More than 6 million Ansar and VDP members nation-wide Improvements to the Bangladesh early warning system in flood and cyclone affected areas will have a potentially huge impact on the loss and damage caused by these hazards. School children are safer from the risk of earthquake and the fire services are a more capable first response organization. Flood marker posts and water gauges have been installed and early warning equipment (1563 Hand Megaphone, 188 cell phones) has been distributed to the volunteers to establish a community based early warning system. 1563 courtyard meetings were organized to raise community awareness in the project area. 23 23. District DM Plan, Sunamgonj: http://www.sunamganj.gov.bd/node/1079421-Disaster-Management-Plan 24. Upazila DMPlan, Jamalganj: http://jamalganj.sunamganj.gov.bd/node/1070867-Upazila-Disaster-Management-Plan,-Jamalganj. 24
  • 39. The volunteers are the unique force of Bangladesh Ansar & VDP and they are dedicated & work together within the community before, during and after any disaster. The Flood Preparedness Programme volunteers will play a strong role in the upcoming monsoon season.” - Major General Md. Nazimuddin,psc, Director General, Bangladesh Ansar & VDP Selina Akter of Paikpara in Sirajganj Sadar, is a FPP volunteer and passionate about raising awareness and helping people affected by the floods – and no wonder, as she herself has experienced them intimately. “During last flood I was pregnant and living in low plinth house, with no nearby close relatives to go to. Even my nearest neighbours did not have enough space to shelter me, so I had to travel far away, to my uncle’s house. This year I have raised my land and am prepared for the flood. I’m happy to be a part of the Flood Preparedness Programme, which has given me the opportunity to share my experience with others and help them prepare for the flood.” 35 Another participant in the court-yard session at Modon-er Para also raised the issue of the challenges women in general – and pregnant women in particular – face during floods, and their need for access to medical facilities and rescue/safety equipment. She also expressed her strong commitment to perform her duty despite any possible obstacles.“I can do anything, there is nothing that I can’t do,I have that courage. I can even swim to rescue people,”she said. I can do anything. There is nothing that I can’t do. I have that courage. I can even swim to rescue people.” Participant at courtyard session at Modon-er Para “ Selina Akter eager to perform her volunteer duty “
  • 40. The Honourable Minister of MoDMR launched the CDMP-supported Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system to facilitate widespread access to flood and cyclone early warning by mobile phone. The IVR system is now available through all mobile service providers in Bangladesh, and enables 115 million cell-phone users to receive early warnings and to be prepared well ahead of time. DuringTropical Storm Mahasen in May 2013, more than 60,000 calls were made to IVR, while the total number of enquiries in 2013 exceeded 110,000 (and 80,189 in 2014 with only one flood in August). To popularize the IVR, advertisements were published in national newspapers and a big marketing campaign is planned for 2015. During 2013, DDM provided early warning through 40,000 SMS to local DMC Members of 19 cyclone prone districts using a system established by CDMP II, to alert them about the approaching hazard, its potential impacts, and possible preparedness activities. Both IVR and bulk SMS will be sustained with Government finance and cost recovery from call tariffs in the future. In partnership with the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), a baseline survey for damage, loss and needs assessment of 4,500 unions was prepared in 2014. The database is stored in DMIC server on behalf of DDM, but is not accessible to all at this time. The baseline data is now being used by Department of Disaster Management (DDM) for their Emergency Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRP). In collaboration with the Armed Forced Division, CDMP has procured and installed an Audio Visual system to connect the DM Cell in Prime Minister’s Office, the NDRCC and DDM. DDM has been gradually taking over the operational responsibility of Disaster Management Information Centre (DMIC). Accordingly, DDM amended their organizational chart to assign an official to work closely with the DMIC to improve its capacity to support better decision making and coordination. With CDMP assistance all of the 485 Upazilas are connected with DMIC via the internet. A Poly-com Audio Conference system has been installed in the Deputy Commissioner’s conference room in the 26 most hazard prone districts, to help improve coordination when disasters strike. 115 million cell-phone users to receive early warnings and to be prepared well ahead of time 60,000 calls were made to IVR Total number of enquiries in 2013 exceeded 110,000 (and 80,189 in 2014 with only one flood in August) DDM provided early warning through 40,000 SMS to localDMC Membersof 19 cyclone prone districts using a system established by CDMP II 36
  • 41. 37 In 2012, MoE and MoPME issued an office order to all the schools to regularly organize school safety drills during International Day for Disaster Reduction and National Disaster Preparedness day. Accordingly, 30,000 primary schools and 6,000 secondary schools conducted earthquake safety drills during 2012. To further scale up the practice, CDMP II - in partnership with the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education - developed standardised training manuals on earthquake drills and undertook a massive training programme directed towards school teachers that will be completed in 2015. The Institute of Disaster Management and Vulnerability Studies (IDMVS) of Dhaka University supported the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) to organize the training of school teachers and Upazila education officials on earthquake safety. Contingency plans for Dhaka and Chittagong airports were developed in 2013, and followed-up with six training workshops on airport emergency Contingency Plans As part of Government’s initiative to make schools safe from disasters, CDMP has so far: Trained 960 Secondary School teachers, from 480 schools, on how to conduct earthquake safety drills. Provided 14,000 primary school teachers in 7 divisions with ToT. Trained 1,200 Upazila Education Officers and Upazila Instructors on how to conduct earthquake safety drills. 2880 school teachers and 240 masters trainers from Teachers Training College trained Standardized training manuals developed 25. So far 2,880 school teachers and 240 masters trainers from Teachers Training College have been trained. 25
  • 42. In an attempt to improve the emergency response in hard to reach areas, 2,000 small parachutes with a capacity of 17 kg for relief distribution have been produced with support from the Bangladesh Air Force (BAF). These modified parachutes enable smaller quantities to be distributed in a larger area, instead of bulk amounts in one place. To strengthen household-level preparedness and safety, 2,000 fishermen in coastal fishing communities received life-jackets and solar lanterns. Furthermore, 12,000 Life Buoys were delivered to fishing boats in Cox’s Bazar, Bagerhat, Bhola, Chandpur, Laxmipur & Patukhali district in 2013. Additionally, 12,000 highly vulnerable families were provided with family preparedness items (such as plastic box for preserving food grain, water can, life buoys and water proof poly bag to protect important documents. In 2014, emergency preparedness equipment was sent to Gosairhat upazila of Shariatpur district, Borhan Uddin Upazila of Bhola district, Galachipa and Dashmina upazilas in Patuakhali district, and Muladi upazila of Barisal district. 38 The earthquake drill is a new experience for me. I will implement this knowledge in the classroom and try my best to conduct at least one earthquake drill every month. “ Runia Begum, Physical Teacher, Zinzira P.T.R Mohammad Pilot Girls High School Basic Training of Teachers Life jackets are helping to save the lives of the fishermen.They can now go for fishing to deep Meghna river in Chandpur-Shariatpur-Barisal region, which is helping their livelihoods also. Thanks to CDMP for providing jackets to the fishermen S. M. Mizanur Rahman, Chairman, Kodalpur Union Parishad, Gosairhat, Shariatpur “
  • 43. 39 Over the last decade, hundreds of people have died in landslides in Bangladesh; last year alone over 100 people perished in what could have been preventable tragedies. Anwara, Shahidullah and 57 other CDMP landslide volunteers have taken it upon themselves to reduce that number to zero. As so often happens, their work began in their own backyard. Anwara and Shahidullah used loudspeakers to warn local people of heavy rainfall and potential landslides and instructed their neighbours to get ready and move to the nearest shelter.“We were on the road doing our rounds till midnight on 15 May, 2013 and luckily for us no untoward incident happened”, says Ms Anwara. Earlier that day, the Bangladesh Meteorological Office issued warning that landslides may occur due to heavy rainfall induced by the cyclonic storm Mahasen in Chittagong Division’s hilly regions. Some residents in hilly areas of Cox’s Bazar and Teknaf received further details and more frequent updates from landslide volunteers who are part of the CDMP-supported landslide early warning system. Developed by CDMP, with support from ADPC, volunteers were provided with information about landslides and related preparedness measures. Equipped with rain gauges to read and monitor daily rainfall, they used their skills to analyse precipitation thresholds in the case of heavy rainfall induced by cyclone and monsoon. Ms. Anwara added,“We were trained to disseminate warning when necessary. During the monsoon season, we also monitor the rainfall on a regular basis.” While the danger of landslides was averted in May, several days of incessant downpour inundated Cox’s Bazar again by the end of June. This time it rendered many people homeless and the rainwater showed shagging slope soils ready to turn into landslides anytime. Anwara, Shahidullah and others were on their feet again, doing the door-to-door visits to their neighbourhood and surrounding areas to warn people about the on-going heavy rainfall and the probable landslides that could follow. Overnight, some 50 people from 10 of the most exposed households heeded the volunteers’ warning and evacuated to safe ground. In one of those neighbourhoods, at around 2.30 pm, a sudden mudslide decimated four houses, including that of Ms. Hasina. While Ms. Hasina is heartbroken over the loss of her home, she is eternally grateful to the landslide volunteers who warned her just an hour before the landslide - saving both her own and her husband’s lives. Several landslide incidents took place also in other places in Cox’s Bazar. The next day a chunk of earth fell on the house of Rezaul Karim in Saikatpara village, killing his four year old son Sakib and leaving his wife Taiyaba Begum seriously injured. There were several landslides in Mohajer village, but luckily people were not in any danger as they had been warned by Anwara and Shahidullah, and had left for the designated shelters. The community-based landslide warning consistently managed to save lives. Ms. Anwara is proud of her work, “I volunteer because it makes me feel good. I get to help my neighbours and maybe, if I’m lucky, save lives along the way”, she says. Her modesty belies the fact that with a little training and a lot of heart she and the other volunteers have managed to save lives. It is not often that any of us can say that. Considering the increased risk of rainfall induced landslide hazard in south-eastern Bangladesh including Chittagong Hill Tracts and recent landslide events (127 deaths in 2007, 60 deaths in 2010, 17 death in 2011), CDMP as a pilot initiative, recruited, trained and provided light equipment to community based landslide volunteers in Cox’s Bazar (43 volunteers) & Teknaf (15 volunteers). SAVING LIVES FROM LANDSLIDES 26. CDMP (2012).Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping, DEM Preparation, Precipitation Threshold Value & Establishment of Early Warning Devices; and Reliefweb (2011). http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/bangladesh-landslide-toll-rises-17 26
  • 44. 40 Bangladesh has been traditionally subjected to deadly cyclones and other climactic phenomena. The climate change has altered the scenario in the recent years. Areas that usually were spared from cyclones have been affected badly by the cyclonic storms SIDR and AILA. Against that backdrop, the resilience of the Bangladeshi people has been well documented. People offer their goodwill, time, expertise and materials in the various solidarity actions such as in the event of road accidents, fires, boat capsize, river erosion, epidemic etc. This dedication in practice has been highly honoured in the community. The Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) was founded in this bedrock of voluntarism and managed to dramatically change the equation of the cyclone-related life loss from hundreds of thousands in the 70s to tens of thousands in 90s to a few thousands in the recent years. Responding to the changing geographic pattern of the recent major cyclones, CDMP extended the financial and technical supports to the CPP to expand its command areas to five newly affected upazillas in Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira districts. The evidence of such dedicated voluntarism is found in Mr. Debashish Mandal, a young man of 28. The terror still haunts him when in the terrible night of SIDR he managed to avert the wall of water rushing while the high-pitched screams and cries for help of women, men and children blended together everywhere. This man who is known and have easy access to every segments of the community turned his awful recollections of the SIDR cyclone into the inspiration to join in the newly formed CPP corps of volunteers. He earned a post graduate Degree from the National university of Bangladesh and presently engaged with small trading in Dacope upazila. The CPP authority and UNO of Dacope upazilla recognized his leadership potentials and selected him as upazilla Team Leader. In the Dacope upazilla all of volunteers, one third of them are female, were found very enthusiastic, well communicative and energetic. Debashis’ team have already received a three-day long basic training and acquired the concept, attitude, and the skills fitting to their respective roles and responsibilities. Some are in charge of the early warning dissemination, alert the community, evacuate them to safe places, rescuing the marooned people etc. Debashis maintains his communication with local administration and managed to negotiate a good room in the upazilla premises to establish the CPP office. In no too long in the future, the CDMP-supported series will provide him, his team – along with some six thousands other newly recruited volunteers, skill-based trainings and the standard issued gears like transistor radio, megaphone, siren, and signal lights/ flags and first aid kit etc. “We the people of the coast always confront the natural calamities with the vigour and courage. This training, equipment and organisation will strengthen us who now have been united with common awareness, training as well as the sense of being in the Corps” said Debashis. From now on, the voluntarism in these five new upazilla is being transformed into a formidable force to mitigate life loss from the upcoming cyclones. BEFORE THE STORM Preparing for cyclones Over time meteorologists have noticed that there has been a trend for cyclone tracks to move westward over time, making the South West more vulnerable.To strengthen and make the community warning systems on the south-east coast effective, CDMP II supported the expansion of the Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) areas in five upazilas (Assasuni & Shyamnagar-Satkhira, Dacope & Koyra-Khulna, and Mongla-Bagerhat) . Out of planned 9435 new CPP volunteers 7200 volunteer already recruited and trained. CDMP-II has also supported the training of 6540 new cyclone volunteers on basic search and rescue and first aid in the coastal areas during 2013. All in all, 49,215 volunteers have been provided with training - initial training to 6,540 newly recruited volunteers and one-day refresher orientation to 42,675 existing volunteers. 897 signal masts were installed in 6 new Upazilas (i.e. Hatiya, Sandwip, Ramgoti, Banskhali, Teknaf and Moheskhali) and 21 VHF & 6 HF radio sets have been distributed to CPP to improve communication and coordination.
  • 45. 41 1.3Mainstreaming DRR & CCA into Sectoral Policies and Planning Major Government institutions have adopted risk management at the core of their policy, planning and operational frameworks and are beginning to apply this approach throughout their work. 27. Department of Agriculture Extension (Ministry of Agriculture), Department of Fisheries, Department of Livestock (Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock), Department of Environment (Ministry of Environment and Forests), Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (Ministry of Water Resources), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (Ministry of Defense), Geological Survey of Bangladesh (Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources), National Curriculum and Textbook Board (Ministry of Education), Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defense (Ministry of Home Affairs), Department of Public Health Engineering (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives), Directorate General of Health Services (Ministry of Health and Family Affairs), Department of Women Affairs (Ministry of Women and Child Affairs). 28. Ministry of Land This outcome aimed to incorporate DRR-CCA into the policy and planning frameworks of different ministries across the government. CDMP officially partnered with 12 departments and 1 ministry since 2010 and invested around USD $10 million. The investment resulted in a number of new DRR-CCA mainstreaming guidelines, trained officers in the government, introduced innovation, research and development into the different concerned sectors. In parallel, CDMP also improved the advocacy and coordination role of MoDMR to promote a whole of government DRR-CCA mainstreaming agenda. The MoDMR is now in the process of establishing a Disaster Management Research and Training Institute to support mainstreaming and a Coordination and Monitoring Wing in the ministry to sustain and build on the work of this outcome. This outcome area has produced some valuable project level results and learning and, in some cases, partners have demonstrated a commitment to mainstreaming DRR-CCA into their policy and planning frameworks. However, the main lesson learned has been that mainstreaming requires direction from above to ensure that a whole of government approach is achieved. This was missing from the CDMP II design. Future programmes on disaster risk management and resilience must work with the Planning and Finance Ministries to ensure that every Ministry establishes a risk based focus within their planning and operations. Some partners produced better results than others in this outcome area. CDMP II’s structure did not provide sufficient technical capacity to support mainstreaming in 13 partner institutions. The Ministry of Land was largely unresponsive and most of the funding allocated to them was never used. A more focused mainstreaming approach based on detailed partner assessments should be adopted in future. 27 28 12 Departments and 1 Ministry since 2010 $10 Million invested
  • 46. CDMP supported the Bangladesh Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre to increase its monitoring stations, from 35 to 54, across all 4 big river valleys. FFWC’s performance assessment during the 2013 monsoon shows that the extended lead time achieved 72% accuracy for the fifth day predictions, which exceeds the acceptance level set by the World Meteorological Organisation. A recent case study by FFWC looked into how much one could save in spite of flooding as a result of 5 days flood warning. A fisherman’s averted loss was estimated to be BDT 50,000 and livestock owners averted loss was estimated at BDT 30,000 for livestock. CDMP is continuing to support innovation in flood forecasting. FFWC is generating structure based early warning on an experimental basis. Flash flood early warning is also available on the FFWC website as a pilot for north-eastern depressed (Haor) regions and the seasonally inundated basin at the foothill of the Meghalayan Mountains. CDMP’sValue for Money Study, conducted in early 2015 estimates the investment in flood early warning to have created a return on investment of 260:1. There can be no doubt that investment in this area is truly high impact. Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA across government Highlights Flood Forecasting now provides 5 days of early warning to more than 88 million people: 42 “I highly appreciate the effort of disseminating medium range forecast. Whenever I get the message, first I discuss it in the Union Parishad then with the community especially in public place like Bazar. Few weeks back, there was a sudden rise in water level for few days, then the forecast came into play. We discussed based on the forecast, how many days it’s going to rise and when to fall. So the farmers who already planted their paddy didn’t apply fertilizer because if water comes in presence of fertilizer, it destroys the crop quickly. Again, those who were planning to prepare seed bed waited until the water level fall to some extent based on the forecast.” Mr. Md. Kawser Ali, member secretary, Mogolbasa union Parishad “ Building on this investment FFWC is now also undertaking trials of a mid-term experimental forecast providing up to ten days early warning, with support from USAID and technical assistance from RIMES. CDMP II’s investment has created the foundation for sustainable change in this critical area, which UNISDR’s Global Assessment Report points out is by far the biggest cause of loss in Bangladesh. 260:1 Return on Investment 5 days of early warning 27. There are several irrigation projects in Northern Bangladesh where specific early warning capacity is in trial for the protection of particular pieces of infrastructure. 29