CoronaVirUs, CoV, SARS ,SARS-COV-2 ,MERS ,19N-COV, COV-ID 19.

1. SARS-CoV
HCoV-NL63
HCoV-NL63MERs-CoV
2019 n—CoV
Researched by: Antonio Bernard
Shorten Version

3. "The Coronaviridae constitute a diverse
group of large, enveloped, positive-
stranded RNA viruses with non-segmented
genomes of about 27–32kb — the largest
among the RNA viruses.”
-RNA VIRUSES: Host Gene Responses to Infections edited by
Decheng Yang ,University of British Columbia, Canada, pg. 297

4. “The name ‘coronavirus’ is derived from the
crown or solar corona-like appearance of the
virus particles in negatively-stained electron
micrographs, resulting from prominent
surface projections known as spike proteins.”
-RNA VIRUSES: Host Gene Responses to Infections edited by
Decheng Yang ,University of British Columbia, Canada, pg. 297

5. “They are pleomorphic, usually roughly
spherical with a diameter of approximately
80–120 nm, and possess helical
nucleocapsids. ”
-RNA VIRUSES: Host Gene Responses to Infections edited by
Decheng Yang ,University of British Columbia, Canada, pg. 297

6. “The genomes contain five major open
reading frames (Orfs) that encode the
replicase polyproteins (Orf 1a and Orf 1ab),
spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and
nucleocapsid (N) proteins, in that order.”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,Edited by
Dave Cavanagh , pg 13

10. "The Coronaviridae family is included in
the Nidovirales order together with the
Arteriviridae and Roniviridae. Possibly the
first recorded corona- virus-related disease
was feline infectious peritonitis in 1912.”
-Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics , L. Enjuanes (Ed.),
preface

11. "However, unil the late 1960s the coronaviruses
were not recognized as pathogens responsible
for human diseases (common cold), and it was in
2003 when human coronaviruses (HCoVs)
received worldwide attention with the
emergence of the severe…”
-Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics , L. Enjuanes (Ed.),
preface

12. “… and acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), produced by a
coronavirus (SARS-CoV), that has infected more than 8,000
people in 32 countries, killing about 10%. The increase in
research on coronaviruses soon led to the discovery of
another human coronavirus (HCoV-NL63), which is
prevalent in 7% of hospital patients and has been associated
with bronchiolitis and, possibly, conjunctivitis. ”
-Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics , L. Enjuanes (Ed.),
preface

13. “Based on antigenic and genetic analyses,
coronaviruses can be subdivided into three
groups. Coronaviruses from groups 1 and 2
have been found to infect mammals. By
contrast, avian species are known to be the
natural hosts for group 3 viruses.”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,Edited by
Dave Cavanagh , pg 13-14

14. “Most coronaviruses are pathogenic to their
hosts. Animal coronaviruses are known to
cause respiratory, gastrointestinal,
neurological, and hepatic diseases.”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,
Edited by Dave Cavanagh , pg 13-14

15. “By contrast, with the exception of SARS
coronavirus, in the case of healthy individuals
all previously known human coronaviruses
were generally only associated with mild
respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases.”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,Edited by
Dave Cavanagh , pg 13-14

16. “The discovery of a novel coronavirus as the
cause of SARS led to a resurgence in
interest in these viruses and to the discovery
of other novel coronaviruses in humans,
namely NL-63 and HKU-1.”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,
Edited by Dave Cavanagh , pg 13-14

17. “The recognition of SARS-like coronaviruses in
palm civets and other small mammals in live-
game animal markets prompted intensive
surveillance for coronaviruses in wild animals.”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,Edited by
Dave Cavanagh , pg 13-14

18. “Following upon this interesting discovery,
several novel coronaviruses were identified
in the mammalian and avian species . In
particular, our initial studies first revealed
that bats are important reservoirs for
coronaviruses.”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,
Edited by Dave Cavanagh , pg 13-14

19. “By screening respiratory and fecal samples
collected from a wide range of animals, we
identified the first coronavirus in bats .”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,
Edited by Dave Cavanagh , pg 13-14

20. “Subsequent studies by ourselves and
others also indicated that there are number
of group 1 and group 2 viruses circulating
in bat species.”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,
Edited by Dave Cavanagh , pg 13-14

21. “In particular, a SARS-like coronavirus
was found in two of these studies
independently. These results suggest that
bats might play a key role in the evolution of
coronaviruses. ”
-SARS- and Other Coronaviruses:Laboratory Protocols ,
Edited by Dave Cavanagh , pg 13-14

22. “Coronaviruses have been identified in
mice, rats, chickens, turkeys, pigs, dogs,
cats, rabbits, horses, cows, and humans.
Coronaviruses are associated mainly with
respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and central
nervous system diseases.”
-Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics , L. Enjuanes (Ed.),
preface

23. “In humans and fowl, coronaviruses
primarily cause upper respiratory tract
infections, while porcine and bovine
coronaviruses establish enteric infections
that result in severe economic losses. ”
-Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics , L. Enjuanes (Ed.),
preface

24. “HCoVs are responsible for 10%–20% of common
colds, and have been implicated in gastroenteritis,
high and low respiratory tract infections, and rare
cases of encephalitis. HCoVs have also been
associated with infant necrotizing enterocolitis and
are tentative candidates for multiple sclerosis. ”
-Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics , L. Enjuanes (Ed.),
preface

25. COURSE & PROGNOSIS
“All evidence from naturally occurring infection
suggest that coronaviruses causes ‘colds’ without
evidence of complications in most patients. ”
-Textbook of Internal Medicine, Kelly (Second Edition), pg. 1482

26. INCIDENCE and EPIDEMIOLOGY
“Circulation of coronaviruses appears to be more
common in the winter and spring. ”
-Textbook of Internal Medicine, Kelly (Second Edition), pg. 1482

27. Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome coronavirus
(SARS-CoV)

28. Returning to Guangdong
“To find answers to the virus’s beginnings, some
researchers went to Guangdong Province (China),
where the first cases of SARS occurred. Scientists
noted that the first victims of the disease were
people who worked in the many live animal
markets throughout the province.”
-Diseases and Disorders SARS ,Gail B. Stewart, pg. 38

29. Returning to Guangdong
“A visit to a market just an hour south of the
province’s capital showed reporter Elizabeth
Rosenthal a place that seemed rife with germs: ”
-Diseases and Disorders SARS ,Gail B. Stewart, pg. 38

30. “Scientists found it easy to imagine how a virus could move from such animals to
people in the crowded and filthy conditions of the market stalls, where sick and
dying animals were cramped together in filthy cages in close proximity to stall
workers. To test that theory, researchers collected specimens from eight different
wild animals sold at the market and found varied strains of the coronavirus in all
eight animals, including civet cats and rats being butchered in the stalls. “
-DISEASES AND DISORDERS SARS ,GAIL B. STEWART, PG. 38

31. “In hundreds of cramped stalls that stink of blood and guts, wholesale food
vendors tend to veritable zoos that will grace Guangdong Province’s tables:
snakes, chickens, cats, turtles, badgers, frogs. And, in summertime, sometimes
rats, too. They are all stacked in cages one on top of another—which in turn
serve as seats, card tables for the poor migrants who work there.“
ROSENTHAL, “FROM CHINA’S PROVINCES,” P. A3.

32. Corona-Viruses and Animals
“Coronaviruses have been identified in mice, rats, chickens, turkeys,
pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, cows, and humans.”
-Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics , L. Enjuanes (Ed.), preface

33. 2019 Corona-Virus:
3. Wuhan has a population over 11 million
1. Began in a Animal market in Wuhan
2. Animals sold there were mainly
UNCLEAN Animals (Lev.11 & Deut.14)

37. Unusual delicacy
A new study published in the China Science Bulletin earlier this week
claimed that the new coronavirus shared a strain of virus found in bats.
Previous deadly outbreaks of SARS and Ebola were also believed to
have originated in the flying mammal.

39. 2019-Corona-Virus Origins:
Bats
Bats
Snakes

41. Unusual delicacy
A new study published in the China Science Bulletin earlier this week
claimed that the new coronavirus shared a strain of virus found in bats.
Previous deadly outbreaks of SARS and Ebola were also believed to
have originated in the flying mammal.

42. Unusual delicacy
A Experts had thought the new virus wasn't capable of causing an
epidemic as serious as those outbreaks because its genes were
different.
But this research appeared to prove otherwise, while scientists scrabble
to produce a vaccine - something that could take at least a year.

43. Footage and images have since been circulated purporting to show
people eating the Chinese delicacy.
The outbreak of coronavirus began in the city of Wuhan - which has
since been put in lockdown after more than 800 people were infected
globally.

44. Bat soup is reported to be an unusual but popular dish
particularly in Wuhan, where the virus is understood to have
originated at an open air fish market.
And scientists claim that the delicacy may have sparked the
outbreak.

45. The EBOLA Virus
“ Ebola, the deadly virus that killed more than 11,000 people in
West Africa between 2013 and 2016, is also believed
to have originated from bats."
Vice- Scientists Now Think They Know What Started China's Deadly Coronavirus: Bats

46. “ Another report from China earlier this week claimed that the coronavirus
may have originated in snakes, which were reportedly sold in the Wuhan
market. However, that report also suggested that since snakes hunt bats in
the wild, they could have been the original source of the virus.”
Vice- Scientists Now Think They Know What Started China's Deadly Coronavirus: Bats

47. “ The outbreak is believed to have originated at a meat and seafood market in
Wuhan where live animals were slaughtered and wild animals were also sold… The
new coronavirus, like SARS and MERS, is a zoonotic viral disease, meaning the first
patients who were infected acquired these viruses directly from animals.
Vice- Scientists Now Think They Know What Started China's Deadly Coronavirus: Bats

48. “Since the SARS outbreak 18 years ago, a large number of severe
acute respiratory syndrome related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV) have
been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats. Previous studies
indicated that some of those bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to
infect humans. Here we report the identification and characterization of
a novel coronavirus (nCoV-2019) which caused an epidemic of acute
respiratory syndrome in humans, in Wuhan, China.”

49. “The epidemic, started from December 12th, 2019, has
caused 198 laboratory confirmed infections with three fatal
cases by January 20th, 2020. Full-length genome
sequences were obtained from five patients at the early stage
of the outbreak. They are almost identical to each other
and share 79.5% sequence identify to SARS-CoV.”

50. “Furthermore, it was found that nCoV-2019 is 96%
identical at the whole genome level to a bat
coronavirus. The pairwise protein sequence analysis
of seven conserved non-structural proteins show that
this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV.”

51. “The nCoV-2019 virus was then isolated from the
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient, which
can be neutralized by sera from several patients. Importantly,
we have confirmed that this novel CoV uses the same cell
entry receptor, ACE2, as SARS-CoV.”

53. “ A Safer Future,” a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, warned of high risk
of global epidemic from new diseases that are emerging at a “historically unprecedented”
rate. Since the 1970s, the WHO has identified thirty-nine new diseases, including Ebola,
SARS, bird flu, Nipah virus, and Marburg hemorrhagic fever.
Red Alert: Hurtling Into Eternity by Herbert E. Douglass ,page 31

55. Stay home except to get medical care
You should not leave your home, except to get medical care. Do not go to work, school, or public
areas, and do not use public transportation or taxis.
Separate yourself from other people in your home
As much as possible, you should stay in a different room from other people in your home. Also, you
should use a separate bathroom, if available.

56. Avoid sharing household items
You should not share dishes, drinking glasses, cups, eating utensils, towels,
bedding, or other items with other people in your home. After using these items, you
should wash them thoroughly with soap and water.

57. Monitor your symptoms
Get medical care quickly if your illness is getting worse(for example if you are having
trouble breathing). Call the healthcare provider ahead of time and tell them that you
have, or are being evaluated for, 2019-nCoV infection. This will help the healthcare
provider’s office take steps to keep other people from getting infected.

58. Call ahead before visiting your doctor
Before your medical appointment, call the healthcare provider and tell them that you have, or are being
evaluated for, 2019-nCoV infection. This will help the healthcare provider’s office take steps to keep other
people from getting infected.
Wear a facemask
You should wear a facemask when you are in the same room with other people and when you visit a
healthcare provider. If you cannot wear a facemask, the people who live with you should wear one while they
are in the same room with you.

59. Cover your coughs and sneezes
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, or you can cough
or sneeze into your sleeve. Throw used tissues in a lined trash can, and immediately
wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

60. Wash your hands
Wash your hands often and thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Use
an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol if soap and water are
not available. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.

61. TREATMENT
“Treatments must considered to be directed at
symptomatic relief during the limited time of the
infection. No effects are directed toward vaccine
development or other ways of preventing
coronavirus infections. ”
-Textbook of Internal Medicine, Kelly (Second Edition), pg. 1482

62. Ancient Precepts
with Modern Applications
“ Remember ye the
law of Moses my servant,
which I commanded unto him in
Horeb for all Israel, with the
statutes and judgments“
-MALACHI 4:4 KING JAMES VERSION (KJV)

63. Corona-Viruses and Animals
“Coronaviruses have been identified in mice, rats, chickens, turkeys,
pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, cows, and humans.”
-Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics , L. Enjuanes (Ed.), preface

64. Corona-Viruses and Animals
“Bats and birds are considered reservoir species
for viruses with pandemic potential,”
-Bart Haagmans, a virologist at the Erasmus Medical Center
in Rotterdam, Netherlands, told Business Insider.

65. Ancient Hebrews as Forerunners
of Modern Public Health
“One has but to read the Bible carefully and thoughtfully to conclude that
the wisdom expressed therein regarding health, hygiene and sanitation form
the groundwork of today’s public health rules. As one closes the book he
must realise that these biblical rules on health and hygiene were far in advance
of, and superior to, any which then existed in the world. Many of these
hygienic precepts have been little improved upon to this day, and are as
worth following now as when they were first promulgated.”
-Wain, History of Preventive Medicine (1970).

66. Ancient Hebrews as Forerunners
of Modern Public Health
“Moses has been characterised as the greatest sanitary
engineer that the world has ever seen. His doctrines laid down
in that fine treatise on hygiene, the book of Leviticus, could be
summed up by the objects of sanitation to- day—pure food,
pure water, pure air, pure bodies, and pure dwellings.”
-R. H. Major, A History of Medicine (1954).

67. The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or
stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of
vitamin C. Physicians have demonstrated the powerful antiviral
action of vitamin C for decades. There has been a lack of
media coverage of this effective and successful approach against
viruses in general, and coronavirus in particular.

68. The basis for using high doses of vitamin C to prevent and combat virus-
caused illness may be traced back to vitamin C's early success against polio,
first reported in the late 1940s.[6] Many people are unaware, even surprised,
to learn this. Further clinical evidence built up over the decades, leading to an
anti-virus protocol published in 1980.[7]
It is important to remember that preventing and treating respiratory
infections with large amounts of vitamin C is well established. Those
who believe that vitamin C generally has merit, but massive doses are
ineffective or somehow harmful, will do well to read the original papers for
themselves.

69. When Se-deficient virus-infected hosts were supplemented with
dietary Se, viral mutation rates diminished and immunocompetence
improved. Herein is described the role of micronutrient Se deficiency on the
evolution of some contemporary RNA viruses and their subsequent VIDs.
Distinguishing cellular and biomolecular evidence for several VIDs suggests
that environmental conditions conducive to chronic dietary Se deprivation
could be monitored for bioindicators of incipient viral virulence and
subsequent pathogenesis.

70. 1. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin C, Vitamin E,
Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000.
Selenium Allowances
Age Male Female Pregnancy Lactation
Birth to 6 months 15 mcg* 15 mcg*
7–12 months 20 mcg* 20 mcg*
1–3 years 20 mcg 20 mcg
4–8 years 30 mcg 30 mcg
9–13 years 40 mcg 40 mcg
14–18 years 55 mcg 55 mcg 60 mcg 70 mcg
19–50 years 55 mcg 55 mcg 60 mcg 70 mcg
51+ years 55 mcg 55 mcg
Table 1: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Selenium [6]

71. Eat a selenium-rich diet: Good dietary sources of selenium include nuts
(Brazil nuts have the highest concentration of selenium of all foods),
Brewers yeast, fish, oysters (unclean don’t eat), turkey, sunflower seeds,
wheat bran, wheat germ, garlic, soybeans and mushrooms. However, as
modern agriculture uses more and more chemical fertilisers and with
increasing acid rain from environmental pollution, the selenium levels in the
soil are lowered. This results in lower selenium levels in our food.

72. Subjects: A total of 463 students ranging in age from 18 to 32 years made
up the control group. A total of 252 students ranging in age from 18 to 30
years made up the experimental or test group.
Method: Investigators tracked the number of reports of cold and flu
symptoms among the 1991 test population of the facility compared with the
reports of like symptoms among the 1990 control population.

73. Those in the control population reporting symptoms were treated with pain
relievers and decongestants, whereas those in the test population reporting
symptoms were treated with hourly doses of 1000 mg of Vitamin C for the
first 6 hours and then 3 times daily thereafter. Those not reporting symptoms
in the test group were also administered 1000-mg doses 3 times daily.

74. Results: Overall, reported flu and cold symptoms in the test group
decreased 85% compared with the control group after the administration of
megadose Vitamin C.
Conclusion: Vitamin C in megadoses administered before or after the
appearance of cold and flu symptoms relieved and prevented the symptoms
in the test population compared with the control group. (J Manipulative
Physiol Ther 1999;22:530–3)

75. Griffithsin (GRFT) is a red-alga-derived lectin that binds the terminal
mannose residues of N-linked glycans found on the surface of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and other enveloped viruses,
including hepatitis C virus (HCV), severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Ebola virus.

76. GRFT displays no human T-cell mitogenic activity and does not induce
production of proinflammatory cytokines in treated human cell lines. However,
despite the growing evidence showing the broad-spectrum nanomolar or
better antiviral activity of GRFT, no study has reported a comprehensive
assessment of GRFT safety as a potential systemic antiviral treatment.

77. These findings support further evaluation of GRFT [Griffithsin] for pre-
exposure prophylaxis against emerging epidemics for which specific
therapeutics are not available, including systemic and enteric
infections caused by susceptible enveloped viruses.

78. A unique collection of 33 plant lectins with different specificities were
evaluated. The plant lectins possessed marked antiviral properties
against both coronaviruses with EC(50) values in the lower microgram/ml
range (middle nanomolar range), being non-toxic (CC(50)) at 50-100
microg/ml. The strongest anti-coronavirus activity was found
predominantly among the mannose-binding lectins.

79. Of the 33 plants tested, 15 extracts inhibited replication of both
coronaviruses. Those antiviral lectins were successful in inhibiting the
replication of the viruses.
The 15 coronavirus-inhibiting plants were:
• Amaryllis (Hippeastrum hybrid)
• Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)
• Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
• Red spider lily (Lycoris radiate)
• Leek (Allium porrum)

80. • Ramsons (Allium ursinum)
• Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
• Cymbidium orchid (Cymbidium hybrid)
• Twayblade (Listera ovata)
• Broad-leaved helleborine (Epipactis helleborine)
• Tulip (Tulipa hybrid)
• Black mulberry tree (Morus Nigra)
• Tabacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum)
• Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)