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09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM1,Bangalore
Introduction
                            Alkaloid –containing plants
                    constitute an extremely varied group
                    both taxonomically and chemically, a
                    basic nitrogen being the only unifying
                    factor for the various classes.
                   Alkaloids are a group of nitrogen-
            containing bases. But few
             of them are derived from
             purines or pyrimidines,
            while the majority of them
            are produced from
             amino acids .

 09/10/12          Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM2,Bangalore
Alkaloid is term defined from
                  alkali-like , but this could not be defined
                  well as these were derivatives from
                  complex amins , typical alkaloid is
                  derived from plant source


       They are basic
       They contain one or
       more nitrogen atoms.
       Have a marked
       physiological action
       either on man or on
       animal.
09/10/12          Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM3,Bangalore
The name prototype-alkaloid or
           amino alkaloid are applied to
           compounds such as hordenine,
           ephedrine and colchine which lack one
           or more properties of typical alkaloids.
           Others which contain synthetic
           compounds but are closely related




09/10/12    Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM4,Bangalore
Position
                   The position of the nitrogen
           atom in the carbon ring varies with
           different alkaloids and with different
           plant families. In some alkaloids, such as
           mescaline, the nitrogen atom is not in a
           carbon ring.



                                           Nitrogen



09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM5,Bangalore
Graphical representation




09/10/12    Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM6,Bangalore
History
                 The first isolations of alkaloids
                 were in the nineteenth centuary.
Prior to approximately 300 years ago the first one
was NICOTINE .Malaria was the scourge of
Europe, likely having been introduced through the
Middle East. To over come the disease cinchona
was used , this was the first breakthrough where in
an alkaloid was isolated from the bark of cinchona
the “QUININE” which is one among the 31
alkaloids obtained from the cinchona bark.


 09/10/12         Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM7,Bangalore
Earliest alkaloids
            1. Narcotine-1803 ----Tobacco
            2. Morphine-1806 & 816—Opium
            3. Strychnin-1817—Strychous
            4. Emetine—1817--
            5. Brucine-1819---Strychous
            6. Piperine– 1819--
            7. Caffine 1819--Coffee
            8. Quinine 1820--Cinchona
            9. Colchine 1820--
            10. Coniine -1826-Hemlock



 09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM8,Bangalore
Coniine

Coniine - 1826 was
the first to have its
structure
established .It was
done by Schiff in
1870 and
synthesized by
Ladenburg in 1889


09/10/12         Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM9,Bangalore
Distribution
            The alkaloid chemistry starts about 150 yrs
            back, by the mid 1940s there were about 800
            Alkaloids isolated, with the new technologies
            by the next 50 yrs we have about 10,000
            alkaloids isolated at present, there is more
            and more demand of the isolated alkaloids
            leading to the discovery of about 10
            alkaloids per year. There is rare occurece in
            the lower plants like fungi but among the
            pteridophytes and gymnosperms the
            ephedra and taxus alkaloids have medicinal
            value.
 09/10/12       Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM10
                                          ,Bangalore
Commonly found in the orders of:

            •   Centrospermae –(Chenopodiaceae)
            •   Magnoliales (Lauraceae Magnoliaceae)
            •   Ranuculales (Berberidaceae)
            •   Papaverales (Papeverace)
            •   Rosales (Leguminosae)
            •   Rutales (Rutaceae)
            •   Gentales (Apocynaceace)
            •   Tubiflorae (Boraginaceae, Solanceae)
            •   Campanulales (Campanulaceae)




 09/10/12          Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM11
                                             ,Bangalore
Centrospermae –(Chenopodiaceae)




                aaaa




           Chenopodium ficifolium - Fig-leaved Goosefoot

09/10/12        Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM12
                                          ,Bangalore
Magnoliales (Lauraceae Magnoliaceae)




              Magnoliales
09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM13
                                     ,Bangalore
Ranuculales (Berberidaceae)




                Berberis trifoliolata
09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM14
                                     ,Bangalore
Properties
      •    Well defined crystalline substances.
      •    Unite to acids to form salts
      •    They may exist in free state or as N-oxides.
      •    Consists of elements carbon, hydrogen, and
           nitrogen .
      •    Most of them contain oxygen.

      But a few of them are oxygen free , hence they
         are liquids .They are coniine from hemlock
         (Shukraan) and nicotine from tobacco
         (Tambaaku)

09/10/12           Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM15
                                             ,Bangalore
Properties
                 Apart from these there are a
           few of exception of colored
           alkaloids like.
           •Berberine-Yellow
           •Sanguinarine-Copper red




09/10/12         Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM16
                                           ,Bangalore
Properties
           Solubility

           •The alkolidal salts are have good
           solubility in water than in a organic
           solvent.
           •Free bases are more frequently soluble
           in organic solvent than water.
           •They have their unique solubility
           property like—Quinine sulphate is only
           soluble in 1: 1000 parts of water.


09/10/12        Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM17
                                          ,Bangalore
Structure and classification
              Based on the chemical structures
                       there are two
                    broad classifications.




                                   Heterocyclic
                                           or
            Non heterocyclic       typical alkaloids
                    or             There are 14 types
            atypical alkaloids     according to their
            Protal kaloids         Ring structure.
            Biological amines

 09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM18
                                         ,Bangalore
Types




  09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM19
                                       ,Bangalore
Nonhetrocyclic Alkaloids
                 Hordenine—germinating
                barley
                Mesoline --- Lophophora
                williamssi (Cateacea)
                Ephedrine-Ephedra spp
                (Ephedraceae)
                Cholachine—Colchium spp
                (Liliaceae)
                Erythromycin –Streptomyces
                erytreus (Bacteriophyta)



  09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM20
                                       ,Bangalore
Nonhetrocyclic Alkaloids




  09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM21
                                       ,Bangalore
Heterocyclic alkaloids
                Pyrrole and pyrolidine –coca spp
                (Erythroxylaceae)
                Hygrines---Solanceace
                Stachydrine- soya bean and other
                leguminosae




  09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM22
                                       ,Bangalore
Pyrrolizidine
      Symphitine, echimidine-----Symphytum spp
      Senecionine , seneciphylline , etc/---Senecio spp




  09/10/12        Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM23
                                            ,Bangalore
Pyridine and piperidine
       Trigonella----Fenugreek
       Coniine—Conium maculatum
       Arecoline----Araca catechu
       Lobeline---Lobeliaceae
       Pelletierine---Punica grantum
       Nicotine—Nicotiana tabacum
       Anabasine—Nicotiana glauca
       Pipernine---Piper spp
       Ricinine—Ricinus comunis



  09/10/12       Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM24
                                           ,Bangalore
Pyridine and piperidine




  09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM25
                                       ,Bangalore
Tropane
       Hyoscyamina,atropine---Dhatura
       Calystegines—convolvulus spp, Morus spp
       Cocaine—Cocoa species
       Pseudo pelletierine—Punica grantum




  09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM26
                                          ,Bangalore
Quinoline
       Quinine----Cinchona
      Cusparine----Angostura or cusparia




  09/10/12       Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM27
                                           ,Bangalore
Isoquinoline
       Papaverine,narcenia,narcotine—Papavera spp
       Corydaline--Corydalis
       Hydrastine , berberine—Numerous genera
       Emetine---Cephaaelis spp
       Tubocurarine—Curare
       Morphine—Papavera spp
       Erythraline—Erythrine spp
       Galanthamine—Leucojum aestivum




  09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM28
                                          ,Bangalore
Isoquinoline




  09/10/12     Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM29
                                         ,Bangalore
Aporphine
       Boldine---Peumus boldus




  09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM30
                                          ,Bangalore
Norlupinane
       Sparteine—Lupine alkaloids
      Cystine
      Lupanine
      Laburnine




  09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM31
                                          ,Bangalore
Indole or benzopyrrole
      Ergometrine---Claviceps
      Lysergic acid amine—Rivea corymbosa
      Physostigmine--Physstigma
      Ajmalina,serpentine , reserpine-Rauwolfia spp
      Yohimbine, as pidospermine—Aspidosperma spp
      Vimblastine –Catharanthus roseus
      Calabash---Strychnos spp
      Strychnine , brucin-- Strychnos spp




  09/10/12       Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM32
                                           ,Bangalore
Indole or benzopyrrole




  09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM33
                                       ,Bangalore
Indolizidine
       Castanospermine-castanspermum
      Swainsonine—swainsona spp




  09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM34
                                          ,Bangalore
Indazole
      Pilocarpine—Pilocarpus spp




  09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM35
                                          ,Bangalore
Purine
       Caffine—coca spp




  09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM36
                                          ,Bangalore
Theobromine Striodal

        Solanidine---Shoots of potato. Spp
        Veratrum alkamina –Veratrum spp
       Conessine—Holarrhea spp
       Funtumine—Funtumia spp




   09/10/12       Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM37
                                            ,Bangalore
Theobromine --Terpinod
       Aconite—Aconitum spp
      Atisine—Delphinium spp
      Lyctonie




  09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM38
                                          ,Bangalore
Pseudo alkaloids
             These are those alkaloids which are
             not derived from regular amines.




  09/10/12       Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM39
                                           ,Bangalore
Extraction of Alkaloids
               There are two major methods for
               the extraction of alkaloids.

       80
       70
       60
       50
                                         Alkaloids
       40
                                         Water
       30                                Mineral
       20
       10
           0
09/10/12         Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM40
                   1st Qtr                 ,Bangalore
Extraction of Alkaloids
Process A                           Powdered
                                     material




               wa
                  te r
                                     Alkaloids

           Lime
09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM41
                                     ,Bangalore
Extraction of Alkaloids
Process B             Powdered
                                          material



             Water or aqueous alcohol containing dilute acid




             Chloroform                    Alkaloids
              Or other
           Organic solvents
09/10/12        Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM42
                                          ,Bangalore
Tests for alkaloids
       Precipitation tests with reagents
      •Mayer’s-potassiomecric iodide
      •Hager’s –saturated solution of picric acid
      •Wager’s- solution-iodine in potassium iodide
      •Dragendroff ’s-solution of potassium bismuth iodide


        A few like caffine (a purine derivative ) does not
     precipitate with above reagents , hence it is detected by
        mixing the alkaloid material with small amount of
      Potassium chlorate and a drop of hydrochloric acid
     Purple color is obtained after evaporation of ammonia

09/10/12          Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM43
                                            ,Bangalore
Functions of Alkaloids
           1. Act as good potassium intake
              media.
           2. Transport vehicle
           3. Enzyme inhibition
           4. To produce alkaloid free drug.
           5. Foreign alkaloid
           6. Plant metabolism
           7. To reduce tissue damage.



09/10/12      Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM44
                                        ,Bangalore
Alkaloids

   Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan (1863–December 29, 1927)
   was a noted Indian freedom fighter, renowned physician
   and educationalist.Hakim Ajmal Khan and opened a
   'dawakhana' in lahore which has its branches throughout
   Pakistan. It was opened under the name of 'Dawakhana
   Hakim Ajmal Khan Private Ltd' and is running ever
   since. Dr. Khan's descendants still live in Lahore.
   During his reign the alkaloids were discovered and
   isolated and as a tribute named after him by the then
   director Dr Salimuzaman Siddique (who was the director
   of research council). They were Ajmalinine and
   Ajmaline These were used for the treatment of aliments
   of nerves and brain , especially was a good
   Medicine for blood pressure.

09/10/12          Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM45 Amina Ather
                                            Dr
                                            ,Bangalore
Alkaloids




                                Ajmalinine




      Ajmaline

09/10/12         Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM46 Amina Ather
                                           Dr
                                           ,Bangalore
Thank You



             Dr Aamina Ather
09/10/12   Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM47
                                     ,Bangalore

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Alkaloids

  • 1. 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM1,Bangalore
  • 2. Introduction Alkaloid –containing plants constitute an extremely varied group both taxonomically and chemically, a basic nitrogen being the only unifying factor for the various classes. Alkaloids are a group of nitrogen- containing bases. But few of them are derived from purines or pyrimidines, while the majority of them are produced from amino acids . 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM2,Bangalore
  • 3. Alkaloid is term defined from alkali-like , but this could not be defined well as these were derivatives from complex amins , typical alkaloid is derived from plant source They are basic They contain one or more nitrogen atoms. Have a marked physiological action either on man or on animal. 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM3,Bangalore
  • 4. The name prototype-alkaloid or amino alkaloid are applied to compounds such as hordenine, ephedrine and colchine which lack one or more properties of typical alkaloids. Others which contain synthetic compounds but are closely related 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM4,Bangalore
  • 5. Position The position of the nitrogen atom in the carbon ring varies with different alkaloids and with different plant families. In some alkaloids, such as mescaline, the nitrogen atom is not in a carbon ring. Nitrogen 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM5,Bangalore
  • 6. Graphical representation 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM6,Bangalore
  • 7. History The first isolations of alkaloids were in the nineteenth centuary. Prior to approximately 300 years ago the first one was NICOTINE .Malaria was the scourge of Europe, likely having been introduced through the Middle East. To over come the disease cinchona was used , this was the first breakthrough where in an alkaloid was isolated from the bark of cinchona the “QUININE” which is one among the 31 alkaloids obtained from the cinchona bark. 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM7,Bangalore
  • 8. Earliest alkaloids 1. Narcotine-1803 ----Tobacco 2. Morphine-1806 & 816—Opium 3. Strychnin-1817—Strychous 4. Emetine—1817-- 5. Brucine-1819---Strychous 6. Piperine– 1819-- 7. Caffine 1819--Coffee 8. Quinine 1820--Cinchona 9. Colchine 1820-- 10. Coniine -1826-Hemlock 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM8,Bangalore
  • 9. Coniine Coniine - 1826 was the first to have its structure established .It was done by Schiff in 1870 and synthesized by Ladenburg in 1889 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM9,Bangalore
  • 10. Distribution The alkaloid chemistry starts about 150 yrs back, by the mid 1940s there were about 800 Alkaloids isolated, with the new technologies by the next 50 yrs we have about 10,000 alkaloids isolated at present, there is more and more demand of the isolated alkaloids leading to the discovery of about 10 alkaloids per year. There is rare occurece in the lower plants like fungi but among the pteridophytes and gymnosperms the ephedra and taxus alkaloids have medicinal value. 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM10 ,Bangalore
  • 11. Commonly found in the orders of: • Centrospermae –(Chenopodiaceae) • Magnoliales (Lauraceae Magnoliaceae) • Ranuculales (Berberidaceae) • Papaverales (Papeverace) • Rosales (Leguminosae) • Rutales (Rutaceae) • Gentales (Apocynaceace) • Tubiflorae (Boraginaceae, Solanceae) • Campanulales (Campanulaceae) 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM11 ,Bangalore
  • 12. Centrospermae –(Chenopodiaceae) aaaa Chenopodium ficifolium - Fig-leaved Goosefoot 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM12 ,Bangalore
  • 13. Magnoliales (Lauraceae Magnoliaceae) Magnoliales 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM13 ,Bangalore
  • 14. Ranuculales (Berberidaceae) Berberis trifoliolata 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM14 ,Bangalore
  • 15. Properties • Well defined crystalline substances. • Unite to acids to form salts • They may exist in free state or as N-oxides. • Consists of elements carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen . • Most of them contain oxygen. But a few of them are oxygen free , hence they are liquids .They are coniine from hemlock (Shukraan) and nicotine from tobacco (Tambaaku) 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM15 ,Bangalore
  • 16. Properties Apart from these there are a few of exception of colored alkaloids like. •Berberine-Yellow •Sanguinarine-Copper red 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM16 ,Bangalore
  • 17. Properties Solubility •The alkolidal salts are have good solubility in water than in a organic solvent. •Free bases are more frequently soluble in organic solvent than water. •They have their unique solubility property like—Quinine sulphate is only soluble in 1: 1000 parts of water. 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM17 ,Bangalore
  • 18. Structure and classification Based on the chemical structures there are two broad classifications. Heterocyclic or Non heterocyclic typical alkaloids or There are 14 types atypical alkaloids according to their Protal kaloids Ring structure. Biological amines 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM18 ,Bangalore
  • 19. Types 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM19 ,Bangalore
  • 20. Nonhetrocyclic Alkaloids  Hordenine—germinating barley Mesoline --- Lophophora williamssi (Cateacea) Ephedrine-Ephedra spp (Ephedraceae) Cholachine—Colchium spp (Liliaceae) Erythromycin –Streptomyces erytreus (Bacteriophyta) 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM20 ,Bangalore
  • 21. Nonhetrocyclic Alkaloids 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM21 ,Bangalore
  • 22. Heterocyclic alkaloids Pyrrole and pyrolidine –coca spp (Erythroxylaceae) Hygrines---Solanceace Stachydrine- soya bean and other leguminosae 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM22 ,Bangalore
  • 23. Pyrrolizidine Symphitine, echimidine-----Symphytum spp Senecionine , seneciphylline , etc/---Senecio spp 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM23 ,Bangalore
  • 24. Pyridine and piperidine  Trigonella----Fenugreek  Coniine—Conium maculatum  Arecoline----Araca catechu  Lobeline---Lobeliaceae  Pelletierine---Punica grantum  Nicotine—Nicotiana tabacum  Anabasine—Nicotiana glauca  Pipernine---Piper spp  Ricinine—Ricinus comunis 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM24 ,Bangalore
  • 25. Pyridine and piperidine 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM25 ,Bangalore
  • 26. Tropane  Hyoscyamina,atropine---Dhatura  Calystegines—convolvulus spp, Morus spp  Cocaine—Cocoa species  Pseudo pelletierine—Punica grantum 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM26 ,Bangalore
  • 27. Quinoline  Quinine----Cinchona Cusparine----Angostura or cusparia 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM27 ,Bangalore
  • 28. Isoquinoline  Papaverine,narcenia,narcotine—Papavera spp  Corydaline--Corydalis  Hydrastine , berberine—Numerous genera  Emetine---Cephaaelis spp  Tubocurarine—Curare  Morphine—Papavera spp  Erythraline—Erythrine spp  Galanthamine—Leucojum aestivum 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM28 ,Bangalore
  • 29. Isoquinoline 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM29 ,Bangalore
  • 30. Aporphine  Boldine---Peumus boldus 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM30 ,Bangalore
  • 31. Norlupinane  Sparteine—Lupine alkaloids Cystine Lupanine Laburnine 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM31 ,Bangalore
  • 32. Indole or benzopyrrole  Ergometrine---Claviceps  Lysergic acid amine—Rivea corymbosa  Physostigmine--Physstigma  Ajmalina,serpentine , reserpine-Rauwolfia spp  Yohimbine, as pidospermine—Aspidosperma spp  Vimblastine –Catharanthus roseus  Calabash---Strychnos spp  Strychnine , brucin-- Strychnos spp 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM32 ,Bangalore
  • 33. Indole or benzopyrrole 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM33 ,Bangalore
  • 34. Indolizidine  Castanospermine-castanspermum Swainsonine—swainsona spp 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM34 ,Bangalore
  • 35. Indazole Pilocarpine—Pilocarpus spp 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM35 ,Bangalore
  • 36. Purine  Caffine—coca spp 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM36 ,Bangalore
  • 37. Theobromine Striodal  Solanidine---Shoots of potato. Spp  Veratrum alkamina –Veratrum spp Conessine—Holarrhea spp Funtumine—Funtumia spp 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM37 ,Bangalore
  • 38. Theobromine --Terpinod  Aconite—Aconitum spp Atisine—Delphinium spp Lyctonie 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM38 ,Bangalore
  • 39. Pseudo alkaloids These are those alkaloids which are not derived from regular amines. 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM39 ,Bangalore
  • 40. Extraction of Alkaloids There are two major methods for the extraction of alkaloids. 80 70 60 50 Alkaloids 40 Water 30 Mineral 20 10 0 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM40 1st Qtr ,Bangalore
  • 41. Extraction of Alkaloids Process A Powdered material wa te r Alkaloids Lime 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM41 ,Bangalore
  • 42. Extraction of Alkaloids Process B Powdered material Water or aqueous alcohol containing dilute acid Chloroform Alkaloids Or other Organic solvents 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM42 ,Bangalore
  • 43. Tests for alkaloids Precipitation tests with reagents •Mayer’s-potassiomecric iodide •Hager’s –saturated solution of picric acid •Wager’s- solution-iodine in potassium iodide •Dragendroff ’s-solution of potassium bismuth iodide A few like caffine (a purine derivative ) does not precipitate with above reagents , hence it is detected by mixing the alkaloid material with small amount of Potassium chlorate and a drop of hydrochloric acid Purple color is obtained after evaporation of ammonia 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM43 ,Bangalore
  • 44. Functions of Alkaloids 1. Act as good potassium intake media. 2. Transport vehicle 3. Enzyme inhibition 4. To produce alkaloid free drug. 5. Foreign alkaloid 6. Plant metabolism 7. To reduce tissue damage. 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM44 ,Bangalore
  • 45. Alkaloids Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan (1863–December 29, 1927) was a noted Indian freedom fighter, renowned physician and educationalist.Hakim Ajmal Khan and opened a 'dawakhana' in lahore which has its branches throughout Pakistan. It was opened under the name of 'Dawakhana Hakim Ajmal Khan Private Ltd' and is running ever since. Dr. Khan's descendants still live in Lahore. During his reign the alkaloids were discovered and isolated and as a tribute named after him by the then director Dr Salimuzaman Siddique (who was the director of research council). They were Ajmalinine and Ajmaline These were used for the treatment of aliments of nerves and brain , especially was a good Medicine for blood pressure. 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM45 Amina Ather Dr ,Bangalore
  • 46. Alkaloids Ajmalinine Ajmaline 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM46 Amina Ather Dr ,Bangalore
  • 47. Thank You Dr Aamina Ather 09/10/12 Dept of Ilmul Advia, NIUM47 ,Bangalore