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Supracondylar fracture of the
humerus
Akana mohan phaneendra
Final M.B.B.S part-2
8th semester
12th august 2016
Distal humerus anatomy
• Medial epicondyle:
Proximal to trochlea
• Lateral epicondyle :
Proximal to capitulum
• Radial fossa:
Accomodates margin of
radial head during
flexion
• Coronoid fossa:
Accepts coronoid process
of ulna during flexion
Quick review of statistics
• Age : 1st decade , 5-8 years , 84% cases <10 years
• Sex : boys 63.6%
• Sides : (L)-58.6% , (R)-42.4%
• Open fracture : 2.3%
• Extension type : 97.7%
• Flexion type : 2.3%
• Nerve injury : 7%
– Radial nerve - 45%
– Median nerve - 32%
– Ulnar nerve - 23%
Vital facts of pathological anatomy
Why common in children <10 years of age???
Bony architecture at the supracondylar region is weak &
vulnerable because in this region
• Bone is remodelling
• It is less cylindrical
• Metaphysis is just distal to 2 fossae , coronoid & radial
• Here the cortex is thin
• Anterior cortex has a defect in the area of coroniod
fossa
• Laxity of ligaments permits hyperextension at the
elbow
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus by phaneendra akana
Predisposing factors for juvenile
Supracondylar fracture are
• Ligamentous laxity at the elbow
leads to hyperextension
• Hyperextension converts linear force into bending force
• Olecranon concentrates this force to the weak condylar
area
• Anterior capsule is taut
• Bony architecture of supracondyalr area
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus by phaneendra akana
GARTLAND’S CLASSIFICATION (CHILDREN):
• TYPE I : Undisplaced
• TYPE II : Displaced,but posterior cortex is intact
• TYPE III : Displaced, but no intact posterior cortex &
the distal fragment could be either displaced;
A)posteromedial or
B) posterolateral.
MECHANISM OF INJURY
• Extension type :
Fall on outstretched hand
Elbow hyperextended
Forearm pronated or
supinated
MECHANISM OF INJURY
• Flexion type:
Fall directly on the
elbow rather than
out stretched hand
CHARECTERISTIC CLINICAL SIGNS IN SC #
• Arm is short , forearm is normal in length
• Gross swelling , and tenderness
• Crepitus is present but should not be elicited for
fear of increasing the pain and damaging the
neighbouring neurovascular structures
• Relationship between three bony points is
maintained
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus by phaneendra akana
• S-shaped deformity
• Dimple sign due to one of the spikes of proximal
fragment penetrating the muscle and tethering the skin
• “soft spots” is
an effusion beneath
anconeus muscle
• Movements of
elbow both active &
passive -- decreased
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus by phaneendra akana
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus by phaneendra akana
X-RAY OF ELBOW
Antero-posterior view:
• BAUMANN’S ANGLE:
Angle b/n horizontal
line of elbow and line
drawn through lateral
epiphysis & long axis of the arm
• Angle b/n long axis of humerus & transverse axis of
elbow is normally 90 degrees
<90 degrees  cubitus varus
> 90 degrees  cubitus valgus
LATERAL VIEW:
• TEAR DROP SIGN : Disturbed in
Supracondylar fracture
• Normally , there is an angulation of 40 degrees b/n
long axis of humerus & long axis of lat. Epicondyle
• ANTERIOR HUMERAL LINE:
A line drawn along
ant. border or distal humeral shaft passes
through the middle 1/3rd
of capitulum.
If it passes through ant.
1/3rd ,it indicates posterior
displacement of fragment
• FAT PAD SIGN:
The olecranon process is deep & thus the fat pad here lies totally
contained within the fossa
Not seen on the lateral radiograph of the elbow at 90 degrees
Distension of the capsule with an effusion due to trauma or
infection causes the olecranon pad to be visualized as a
radiolucent gap
• CRESCENT SIGN:
Here the normal radiolucent gap of the elbow joint is
missing & a crescent –shaped shadow due to the
overlap of the capitulum’s over the olecranon is evident
& indicates either varus or valgus tilt of the distal
fragement
• THE CORONOID LINE :
A line directed proximally along the anterior border
of the coronoid process of the ulna should barely
touch the anterior portion of the lateral
condyle.posterior displacement of the lateral
condyle will project the ossification center posterior
to this line
• FISH-TAIL SIGN:
Due to rotation of the distal fragment,the anterior
border of the proximal fragment look like sharp
spike
RADIOLOGICAL POINTS
• Coronal tilt of the distal fragment : usally varus tilt
rarely valgus indicated on radiography by:
– Crescent sign
– Baumann’s triangle
• Horizontal rotation of the distal fragment:indicated
by fish tail sign
• Posterior displacement of the distal fragment:
– Loss of tear drop sign
– Coronoid line
– Fat pad sign
– Anterior humeral line
MANAGEMENT
• CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT
• TRACTION METHODS
• SURGERY : PCIF & OPEN REDUCTION
• CLOSED REDUCTION & PERCUTANEOUS INTERNAL
FIXATION
• OPEN REDUCTION
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus by phaneendra akana
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus by phaneendra akana
COMPLICATIONS
• CAUSING FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT
• ONLY COSMETIC SEQUELAE
• FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT:
– NEUROLOGICAL INVOLVEMENT – 7%
– RADIAL NERVE – postero-medial displacement
– MEDIAN NERVE – posterior displacement
– ANTERIOR INTEROSSEUS NERVE – posterolateral
displacement of distal fragment
– ULNAR NERVE – overhead skeletal traction & in flexion
type of SC #
– VASCULAR INJURY
• 0.5 to 1 %
• Common with extension type
• Direct injury to brachial artery
– LOSS OF MOBILITY:
• Avg. loss of flexion is 4 degrees due to posterior
displacement,which unites in that position causing mechanical
block of flexion
– MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS
• Seen in manipulative closed reduction & open reduction
REFERENCES:
• ESSENTIAL ORTHOPAEDICS(5th edition)—
maheswari & mhaskar
• TEXT BOOK OF ORTHOPAEDICS(4th edition) –
john ebnezar
THANK ‘Q’ EVERY ‘1’
THE IS TIME
FACT ONLY
DECIDES THAT
EVERYTHING
-anonymous

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Supracondylar fracture of the humerus by phaneendra akana

  • 1. Supracondylar fracture of the humerus Akana mohan phaneendra Final M.B.B.S part-2 8th semester 12th august 2016
  • 2. Distal humerus anatomy • Medial epicondyle: Proximal to trochlea • Lateral epicondyle : Proximal to capitulum • Radial fossa: Accomodates margin of radial head during flexion • Coronoid fossa: Accepts coronoid process of ulna during flexion
  • 3. Quick review of statistics • Age : 1st decade , 5-8 years , 84% cases <10 years • Sex : boys 63.6% • Sides : (L)-58.6% , (R)-42.4% • Open fracture : 2.3% • Extension type : 97.7% • Flexion type : 2.3% • Nerve injury : 7% – Radial nerve - 45% – Median nerve - 32% – Ulnar nerve - 23%
  • 4. Vital facts of pathological anatomy Why common in children <10 years of age??? Bony architecture at the supracondylar region is weak & vulnerable because in this region • Bone is remodelling • It is less cylindrical • Metaphysis is just distal to 2 fossae , coronoid & radial • Here the cortex is thin • Anterior cortex has a defect in the area of coroniod fossa • Laxity of ligaments permits hyperextension at the elbow
  • 6. Predisposing factors for juvenile Supracondylar fracture are • Ligamentous laxity at the elbow leads to hyperextension • Hyperextension converts linear force into bending force • Olecranon concentrates this force to the weak condylar area • Anterior capsule is taut • Bony architecture of supracondyalr area
  • 8. GARTLAND’S CLASSIFICATION (CHILDREN): • TYPE I : Undisplaced • TYPE II : Displaced,but posterior cortex is intact • TYPE III : Displaced, but no intact posterior cortex & the distal fragment could be either displaced; A)posteromedial or B) posterolateral.
  • 9. MECHANISM OF INJURY • Extension type : Fall on outstretched hand Elbow hyperextended Forearm pronated or supinated
  • 10. MECHANISM OF INJURY • Flexion type: Fall directly on the elbow rather than out stretched hand
  • 11. CHARECTERISTIC CLINICAL SIGNS IN SC # • Arm is short , forearm is normal in length • Gross swelling , and tenderness • Crepitus is present but should not be elicited for fear of increasing the pain and damaging the neighbouring neurovascular structures • Relationship between three bony points is maintained
  • 13. • S-shaped deformity • Dimple sign due to one of the spikes of proximal fragment penetrating the muscle and tethering the skin • “soft spots” is an effusion beneath anconeus muscle • Movements of elbow both active & passive -- decreased
  • 16. X-RAY OF ELBOW Antero-posterior view: • BAUMANN’S ANGLE: Angle b/n horizontal line of elbow and line drawn through lateral epiphysis & long axis of the arm • Angle b/n long axis of humerus & transverse axis of elbow is normally 90 degrees <90 degrees  cubitus varus > 90 degrees  cubitus valgus
  • 17. LATERAL VIEW: • TEAR DROP SIGN : Disturbed in Supracondylar fracture • Normally , there is an angulation of 40 degrees b/n long axis of humerus & long axis of lat. Epicondyle
  • 18. • ANTERIOR HUMERAL LINE: A line drawn along ant. border or distal humeral shaft passes through the middle 1/3rd of capitulum. If it passes through ant. 1/3rd ,it indicates posterior displacement of fragment
  • 19. • FAT PAD SIGN: The olecranon process is deep & thus the fat pad here lies totally contained within the fossa Not seen on the lateral radiograph of the elbow at 90 degrees Distension of the capsule with an effusion due to trauma or infection causes the olecranon pad to be visualized as a radiolucent gap
  • 20. • CRESCENT SIGN: Here the normal radiolucent gap of the elbow joint is missing & a crescent –shaped shadow due to the overlap of the capitulum’s over the olecranon is evident & indicates either varus or valgus tilt of the distal fragement
  • 21. • THE CORONOID LINE : A line directed proximally along the anterior border of the coronoid process of the ulna should barely touch the anterior portion of the lateral condyle.posterior displacement of the lateral condyle will project the ossification center posterior to this line
  • 22. • FISH-TAIL SIGN: Due to rotation of the distal fragment,the anterior border of the proximal fragment look like sharp spike
  • 23. RADIOLOGICAL POINTS • Coronal tilt of the distal fragment : usally varus tilt rarely valgus indicated on radiography by: – Crescent sign – Baumann’s triangle • Horizontal rotation of the distal fragment:indicated by fish tail sign • Posterior displacement of the distal fragment: – Loss of tear drop sign – Coronoid line – Fat pad sign – Anterior humeral line
  • 24. MANAGEMENT • CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT • TRACTION METHODS • SURGERY : PCIF & OPEN REDUCTION • CLOSED REDUCTION & PERCUTANEOUS INTERNAL FIXATION • OPEN REDUCTION
  • 27. COMPLICATIONS • CAUSING FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT • ONLY COSMETIC SEQUELAE • FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT: – NEUROLOGICAL INVOLVEMENT – 7% – RADIAL NERVE – postero-medial displacement – MEDIAN NERVE – posterior displacement – ANTERIOR INTEROSSEUS NERVE – posterolateral displacement of distal fragment – ULNAR NERVE – overhead skeletal traction & in flexion type of SC #
  • 28. – VASCULAR INJURY • 0.5 to 1 % • Common with extension type • Direct injury to brachial artery – LOSS OF MOBILITY: • Avg. loss of flexion is 4 degrees due to posterior displacement,which unites in that position causing mechanical block of flexion – MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS • Seen in manipulative closed reduction & open reduction
  • 29. REFERENCES: • ESSENTIAL ORTHOPAEDICS(5th edition)— maheswari & mhaskar • TEXT BOOK OF ORTHOPAEDICS(4th edition) – john ebnezar
  • 30. THANK ‘Q’ EVERY ‘1’ THE IS TIME FACT ONLY DECIDES THAT EVERYTHING -anonymous