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African genocide ppt
- 1. Warm-up • Describe a time when you have been treated unfairly based on age, race, or sex. What happened? How did it make you feel? • If this has never happened to you, describe a time you witnessed it. How did it make you feel?
- 2. African Genocide A Continent in Conflict
- 3. A person who flees in search of refuge or safety in a time of war, political oppression, or persecution. REFUGEE:
- 4. The deliberate destruction of all or part of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group. GENOCIDE:
- 5. GENO: Greek for “tribe” or “race” CIDE: Latin for “killing”
- 6. - Killing members of the group - Causing bodily or mental harm to group members - Imposing measures intended to prevent births - Forcibly transferring children from one group to another INCLUDES ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:
- 7. Causes of Genocide in Africa
- 8. Causes • Lust for power • Political differences • Poverty • Poor government policies – Taxation – giving jobs to a particular tribe
- 11. Rwanda
- 12. RWANDA - Began in April of 1994 - Rival ethnic groups clash, Hutu (80%) and Tutsi (19%) - Belgians originally took the side of the Tutsi calling them a “superior people” - Thus, Hutus served the Tutsis
- 13. - Rwandan Hutu President Habyarimana’s plane is shot down from a still-mysterious missile. -Hutu extremists quickly seize control of the government. RWANDA
- 14. • Hutu gunmen systematically start tracking down and killing moderate Hutu politicians and Tutsi leaders. RWANDA
- 15. • The U.S. decides to evacuate all Americans. • Canadian General Romeo Dallaire, head of the U.N. peacekeeping force in Rwanda, is told by headquarters not to intervene and to avoid armed conflict. RWANDA
- 16. • Front page stories newspaper stories cite reports of "tens of thousands" dead and "a pile of corpses six feet high" outside a main hospital. RWANDA
- 17. -The machete was very commonly used during the killings - very cheap & difficult to track RWANDA
- 18. -Over 800,000 Rwandans killed in only 100 days - Nearly 10% of the population -Women who weren’t killed were often assaulted by HIV+ men, thus infecting them with the disease RWANDA
- 20. • 100 days later Tutsi forces captured Kigali. The Hutu government flees to DR Congo (Zaire). RWANDA
- 21. 2 million Hutu refugees flee, many head west to DR Congo RWANDA
- 22. -Today, Rwanda is one of the poorest nations in the world - 60% live below the poverty line RWANDA TODAY
- 23. -The population is extremely young, over 50% under 18 yrs. old -Thousands of children orphaned after the genocide RWANDA TODAY
- 24. -Life expectancy is 57 yrs compared to 78 in the US RWANDA TODAY
- 25. Darfur
- 26. Background & History of the Crisis
- 27. Sudan • The largest nation in Africa • Capital–Khartoum •Sudan was a British colony governed by the Britain and its Egyptian neighbors.
- 28. Sudan •Under its rule, Britain governed Sudan as two separate countries – in the North and in the South • Sudan achieved independence in 1956 and has been beset by civil conflict since that time.
- 29. Sudan •1955-1972 and 1983-2005 Civil War •Sudan’s oil exports are growing •Wealth is concentrated in Khartoum and in the hands of the ruling elite. •The dramatically inequitable distribution of resources has helped to fuel unrest and create grievances within populations.
- 30. Geography
- 31. Ethnic Groups
- 32. Infant Mortality
- 34. Food Insecurity
- 35. Oil Fields
- 36. Darfur The Darfur region is about the size of Darfur is in the Western region of Sudan and shares a border with Chad and the Central African Republic.
- 37. -Violence is isolated in the western region of Darfur Darfur
- 38. SUDAN: - Tensions first arose over land and grazing rights between African farmers & Arabic nomads
- 39. Darfur Rebels 2003: African tribes took up arms against the Arab-dominated government in Khartoum
- 41. The •The government is now allegedly using the “Janjaweed” to fight back •“Armed men on horseback” •Destroying villages, killing inhabitants, raping women
- 43. Countless villages have been burned, their wells poisoned, and their livestock killed in a systematic “scorched earth” campaign.
- 44. A coordinated campaign to cleanse Darfur of its “African” tribes III. The result?
- 45. The attacks have forced people out of their villages. Parents are forced to leave children behind.
- 46. - An estimated around 300,000 have been killed - Another 2.5 million have fled their homes to neighboring Chad - They are now living in refugee camps in the southern Sahara. This population is almost entirely reliant upon the humanitarian relief effort.
- 47. From the United Nations: The conflict in the Darfur region is “the greatest humanitarian catastrophe” in the world today.
- 48. The victims are from the Fur, Zaghawa, Massalit, and other non-Arab African tribes.
- 49. Nijah, 4, and Nibraz, 13 months, fled from their village after their parents, uncle and older brother were either killed or went
- 50. These boys made a toy truck out of cardboard, plastic, and an old sandal they found in their refugee camp.
- 51. •Thousands are killed every month. At least 12,000 families were displaced during July 2007. •Clashes between rebels and government troops in the western region have displaced 40,000 people in January Attacks Continue
- 52. •The Humanitarian Effort is straining under the pressures of the massive dependent population and the lack of security in 2/3 of the region.
- 53. •The two rebel movements in Darfur have multiplied and splintered into over a dozen different groups with different agendas and no coherent common demands slowing international peace negotiations.
- 54. A Glimmer of Hope, A Window of Opportunity • On July 31st, 2007, the United Nations passed resolution 1769 authorizing 26,000 troops for a hybrid U.N.-A.U. operation in Darfur. • The Government of Sudan agreed to accept U.N. peacekeepers for Darfur.
- 55. • An International Criminal Court prosecutor sought to indict Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir in 2011 on charges of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Darfur.
- 56. Results of Conflict in Africa
- 58. • From one country to another. –Refugee and associated problems. Migration
- 59. Famine
- 60. Poverty
- 61. “How can a citizen of a free country not pay attention? How can anyone, anywhere not feel outraged? How can a person, whether religious or secular, not be moved by compassion? And above all, how can anyone who remembers remain silent?" - Elie Wiesel
- 62. June 2005 Sudan 10 0 5 47 41 103 “Runaway Bride” 45 38 85 36 98 302 Michael Jackson 468 614 526 878 1,753 4,239 TOTAL Tom Cruise 190 321 352 199 213 1,275 TARGET YOUR MEDIA source: www.beawitness.org
- 63. Major genocides of the 20th century • The Herero Genocide, Namibia, 1904-05 Death toll: 60,000 (3/4 of the population) – I, the great general of the German troops, send this letter to the Herero people... All Hereros must leave this land... Any Herero found within the German borders with or without a gun, with or without cattle, will be shot. I shall no longer receive any women or children; I will drive them back to their people or have them fired upon. This is my decision for the Herero people. – When the order was lifted at the end of 1904, prisoners were herded into concentration camps and given as slave laborers to German businesses. Many prisoners died of overwork and malnutrition.
- 64. Major genocides of the 20th century • The Armenian Genocide, Ottoman Empire, 1915-23 Death toll: Up to 1.5 million – the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I. • Massacres • deportations involving forced marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees
- 65. Major genocides of the 20th century • The Ukrainian Famine, 1932-1933 Death toll: 7 million – a famine in the Ukrainian SSR during which millions of people starved to death as a result of the economic and trade policies instituted by the government of Joseph Stalin. – There were no natural causes for starvation and in fact, Ukraine—unlike other Soviet Republics—enjoyed a bumper wheat crop in 1932.
- 66. Major genocides of the 20th century • The Nanking Massacre, 1937-1938 Death toll: 300,000 (50% of the pop) – a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the Republic of China. – During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000–80,000 women were raped by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.
- 67. Major genocides of the 20th century • The World War II Holocaust, Europe, 1942-45 Death toll: 6 million Jews, and millions of others
- 68. Major genocides of the 20th century • The Cambodian Genocide, 1975-79 Death toll: 2 million –Millions of Cambodians accustomed to city life were now forced into slave labor in Pol Pot's "killing fields" where they soon began dying from overwork, malnutrition and disease, on a diet of one tin of rice (180 grams) per person every two days.
- 69. Major genocides of the 20th century • The East Timor Genocide , 1975- 1999 Death toll: 120,000 (20% of the population) • The Mayan Genocide, Guatemala, 1981-83 Death toll: Tens of thousands • Iraq, 1988 Death toll: 50-100,000 • The Bosnian Genocide, 1991-1995 Death toll: 8,000 • The Rwandan Genocide , 1994 Death toll: 800,000 • The Darfur Genocide, Sudan , 2003-present Death toll: debated. 100,000? 300,000? 500,000?
- 70. JANUARY 23, 2008 “5 million dead as Congo peace deal signed”
- 71. JANUARY 31, 2008 “African Union head warns summit of genocide in Kenya”
- 72. FEBRUARY 2, 2008 “Thousands flee fighting in Chad”
- 73. Genocidal Acts of the Twentieth & Twenty-First Centuries
- 74. 8 Stages of Genocide Not necessarily chronological—many could happen at the same time! 1. CLASSIFICATION (“Us” vs. “Them”) 2. SYMBOLIZATION (names or symbols) 3. DEHUMANIZATION (denying targeted group’s humanity) 4. ORGANIZATION (formal or informal plans) 5. POLARIZATION (remove middle: “with us or against us”) 6. PREPARATION (identify or separate victims) 7. EXTERMINATION (murder of victims 8. DENIAL (cover up murders or blame the victims)
Hinweis der Redaktion
- But, first…an exercise of free-association: when you see this word, what comes to mind? So: who can tell me what’s happening in Darfur? Ok. So we can all agree that what is happening is terrible. Here are some of the “vital signs” of the crisis.
- “4 million…dependent…” – the population in Darfur is around 7 million Researches presenting at a conference on charitable giving at Princeton University indicated that individuals are more likely to comprehend, connect, and respond to an individual image or story than to statistics – no matter how overwhelming – about human suffering on a massive scale. It is hard to wrap our minds around the individual suffering of 4 million – nearly twice Manhattan’s population. As a result, I want to share with you the story of Rashida Abbas from Darfur from the article “Dying in Darfur” written by Samantha Power for New Yorker magazine. “I noticed a woman who was sitting nearby with a child on each side of her. She was trying to stir millet over a fire, but she had no wood and was having little luck using grass to make a flame. Both children looked extremely weak; their legs were bone thin, and pus caked around the eyes of one child. The woman, Rashida Abbas, came from Kailek, a town a few hours away; in March, Rashida said, more than a hundred men had been summarily executed there, including her husband. She had six children before the conflict, but only four had survived. When the janjaweed came, Abbas told me, her oldest child, a boy, had run ahead of her. She had carried her infant on her back, and she had taken one of her girls in each hand. This hadn’t left her with a free hand for either of her younger sons, five-year-old Adam Muhammed and seven-year-old Hassan Muhammed. They trailed behind as the Arab soldiers threw matches onto the roofs of the huts. An Arab militiaman suddenly grabbed the boys, and Abbas pleaded that they be released. The gunman warned her that if she didn’t shut up, all of her children would be killed. She backed away as instructed, but as she did so the man threw five-year-old Adam into the fire. “Mama, Mama!” he shouted, as the flames consumed him. Hassan, his older brother, briefly escaped his captor’s grasp, but as he ran toward his mother he was shot in the back twice and died instantly.”
- So now I am going to give you some background and history of the crisis… I expect that many of you already know some of this information, but, remember, we want to prepare you to lead your communities and that includes educating them about the crisis, perhaps by doing a presentation like this one.
- Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It is bordered by nine different countries. The capital of Sudan is Khartoum. Sudan was a British colony governed by the Britain and its Egyptian neighbors. Under its rule, Britain governed Sudan essentially as two separate countries – in the North and in the South Sudan achieved independence in 1956 and has been beset by civil conflict virtually since that time. The First Sudanese Civil War between the North and the South lasted from 1955-1972. The conflict was reignited in 1983 when the Second Sudanese Civil War began. It did not end until 2005 with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, a still tenuous peace threatened by continued violence in Darfur. Around 2 million civilians were killed in this conflict. General Omar El Bashir has lead the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) and the authoritarian Government of Sudan since taking power in a military coup in 1989. As a result of Sudan’s growing oil exports, its economy is booming. Sudan is one of the fastest growing economies in all of Africa and even in the world. Wealth, in Sudan, is concentrated in the capital, Khartoum, and in the hands of the ruling elite and the demographics that they represent and support. The dramatically inequitable distribution of resources in demand has helped to fuel unrest and create grievances within marginalized populations.
- Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It is bordered by nine different countries. The capital of Sudan is Khartoum. Sudan was a British colony governed by the Britain and its Egyptian neighbors. Under its rule, Britain governed Sudan essentially as two separate countries – in the North and in the South Sudan achieved independence in 1956 and has been beset by civil conflict virtually since that time. The First Sudanese Civil War between the North and the South lasted from 1955-1972. The conflict was reignited in 1983 when the Second Sudanese Civil War began. It did not end until 2005 with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, a still tenuous peace threatened by continued violence in Darfur. Around 2 million civilians were killed in this conflict. General Omar El Bashir has lead the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) and the authoritarian Government of Sudan since taking power in a military coup in 1989. As a result of Sudan’s growing oil exports, its economy is booming. Sudan is one of the fastest growing economies in all of Africa and even in the world. Wealth, in Sudan, is concentrated in the capital, Khartoum, and in the hands of the ruling elite and the demographics that they represent and support. The dramatically inequitable distribution of resources in demand has helped to fuel unrest and create grievances within marginalized populations.
- Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It is bordered by nine different countries. The capital of Sudan is Khartoum. Sudan was a British colony governed by the Britain and its Egyptian neighbors. Under its rule, Britain governed Sudan essentially as two separate countries – in the North and in the South Sudan achieved independence in 1956 and has been beset by civil conflict virtually since that time. The First Sudanese Civil War between the North and the South lasted from 1955-1972. The conflict was reignited in 1983 when the Second Sudanese Civil War began. It did not end until 2005 with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, a still tenuous peace threatened by continued violence in Darfur. Around 2 million civilians were killed in this conflict. General Omar El Bashir has lead the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) and the authoritarian Government of Sudan since taking power in a military coup in 1989. As a result of Sudan’s growing oil exports, its economy is booming. Sudan is one of the fastest growing economies in all of Africa and even in the world. Wealth, in Sudan, is concentrated in the capital, Khartoum, and in the hands of the ruling elite and the demographics that they represent and support. The dramatically inequitable distribution of resources in demand has helped to fuel unrest and create grievances within marginalized populations.
- Darfur is in the Western region of Sudan and shares a border with Chad and the Central African Republic. The situation in Sudan and Chad is “the largest and most complex humanitarian problem on the globe,” according to the United Nations.
- * The conflict began in February 2003 when two rebel groups based in Darfur – the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) – took up arms against the government, attacking a police station in Al-Fashir, in an effort to secure greater influence and resources for the region.
- * In response and in keeping with its “divide and destroy” policy, the Government of Sudan armed, trained, and directed proxy militias to do the bulk of the work in attacking – with the objective of clearing the region of – the civilian populations that the rebel groups claimed to represent. The Sudanese Army provided command instructions as well as aerial and some ground support to Khartoum’s proxy militias.
- These militias, known as the Janjaweed, have for four years terrorized the people of Darfur (those from the Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit tribes) feeding off of what they can loot from villages they attack as their pay with the blessing of the Government of Sudan. The Government of Sudan worked to exacerbate perceptions of ethnic differences (though all parties to the conflict identify as Muslim) by promoting “anti-African” and “pro-Arab” policies and manipulated existing tensions between tribes over competition for scarce resources strained further by decades of desertification, population growth, and the changing climate in order to create a brutal and unaccountable force motivated by hatred and greed. Though some tensions related to ethnicity and resources existed prior to the crisis in Darfur beginning in 2003, the Government of Sudan used these tensions as a tool to fuel the flames of its murderous campaign in Darfur. The Janjaweed have worked to systematically clear the region of the so-called “African” tribes, murdering, raping, burning, and pillaging their way across the region, frequently hurling racial epithets and insults in the midst of their attacks. Though the Government of Sudan has promised to disarm the Janjaweed on numerous occasions, the distinction between the objectives of these militias and official government policy has blurred and Khartoum continues to funnel weaponry into the region and to these militias.
- The Janjaweed spend days going through communities – sometimes home to tens of thousands – and burning the huts one by one to ensure that for those who do survive, there is nothing left to call home.
- President Bush, Secretary of State Condaleeza Rice, Former Secretary of State Colin Powell, and the U.S. Congress have called the ongoing crisis in Darfur genocide. It has been about three years since Colin Powell first testified before the Security Council on September 9th, 2004 that mass atrocities were occurring in Darfur. The United States has not done enough to stop these horrendous crimes.
- In the chaos of fleeing from air strikes and attackers on horseback, families get separated and parents are forced to leave their children behind.
- Darfur means “Homeland of the Fur People”
- The baby is malnourished.
- “The Humanitarian Effort”… The situation is grave. Millions hang on by a very tenuous thread. “Almost 2/3”…aid convoys are attacked by rebels and the Janjaweed alike for supplies and to exert their control over parts of the region. In June, Oxfam – a key provider of essential humanitarian services in Darfur – was forced to permanently pull out of Gereida, Darfur’s largest IDP camp due to security risks and direct attacks on humanitarian aid workers.
- “The Humanitarian Effort”… The situation is grave. Millions hang on by a very tenuous thread. “Almost 2/3”…aid convoys are attacked by rebels and the Janjaweed alike for supplies and to exert their control over parts of the region. In June, Oxfam – a key provider of essential humanitarian services in Darfur – was forced to permanently pull out of Gereida, Darfur’s largest IDP camp due to security risks and direct attacks on humanitarian aid workers.
- There are some important reasons to be optimistic about recent progress in the diplomatic and political processes with regards to Darfur. In all of these cases, these hopeful signs remain mere possibilities for delivering a real change in the situation on the ground in Darfur. “The United Nations”…the U.N. passed a similar resolution (1706) 11 months earlier conditioned on Sudan’s consent to peacekeepers, yet no new protections were realized for the people of Darfur and the peacekeeping mission was not deployed. The authorized hybrid operation will likely take 18 months to be fully deployed. “The Government of”…Sudan has a long, well documented history of backtracking on its commitments and breaking its promises. Darfur advocates are skeptical that GoS will stick to this commitment. See http://www.savedarfur.org/pages/bashir_lies_darfur_dies/.
- Nobel Peace Prize Winner and Holocaust Survivor Elie Wiesel says…so we can all agree that we have a responsibility to stop it too. Where did you hear/learn about Darfur?...
- …not from the news! Here are figures from television news coverage of the conflict as compared with other news events in June 2005. During the entire month of June 2005, the major network and cable news stations—broadcasting 24 hours a day, 7 days a week— aired only 126 segments on Sudan. In contrast, these same stations aired a combined 8303 segments on the “runaway bride”, the Michael Jackson trial, and Tom Cruise. Major news media aired 65 times as many segments on these trivial matters as it did on the fighting and genocide in Sudan. Roughly three-quarters of Americans state that they get their information from broadcast or cable television. Put simply, if television does not cover the genocide in Sudan, it does not exist in the minds of many Americans. Thinking back to what Elie Wiesel said, how can someone be outraged or moved by compassion if they don’t really know what’s happening? As community leaders, you will need to be put energy into first educating yourself, second educating your community, and finally finding ways to broadcast your activities – your concern, your sense of urgency – to as many people as possible through all types of media.
- All maps by Alexander Sayer Gard-Murray. © Copyright Choices for the 21st Century Education Program.