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Artificial Intelligence
1.
George F Luger ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE 6th edition Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving Knowledge Representation Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 7.0 Issues in Knowledge Representation 7.1 A Brief History of AI Representational Systems 7.2 Conceptual Graphs: A Network Language 7.3 Alternatives to Explicit Representation 7.4 Agent Based and Distributed Problem Solving 7.5 Epilogue and References 7.6 Exercises 1
2.
Fig 7.1 Semantic
network developed by Collins and Quillian in their research on human information storage and response times (Harmon and King, 1985) Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 2
3.
Fig 7.2 Network
representation of properties of snow and ice Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 3
4.
Fig 7.3 three
planes representing three definitions of the word “plant” (Quillian, 1967). Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 4
5.
Fig 7.4 Intersection
path between “cry” and “comfort” (Quillian 1967). Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 5
6.
Fig 7.5 Case
frame representation of the sentence “Sarah fixed the chair with glue.” Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 6
7.
Conceptual dependency theory
of four primitive conceptualizations Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 7
8.
Fig 7.6 Conceptual
dependencies (Schank and Rieger, 1974). Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 8
9.
Fig 7.8 Some
bacis conceptual dependencies and their use in representing more complex English sentences, adapted from Schank and Colby (1973). Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 9
10.
Fig 7.9 Conceptual
dependency representing “John ate the egg” (Schank and Rieger 1974). Fig 7.10 Conceptual dependency representation of the sentence “John prevented Mary from giving a book to Bill” (Schank and Rieger 1974). Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 10
11.
Fig 7.11 a
restaurant script (Schank and Abelson, 1977). Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 11
12.
A frame includes: Luger:
Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 12
13.
Fig 7.12 Part
of a frame description of a hotel room. “Specialization” indicates a pointer to a superclass. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 13
14.
Fig 7.13 Spatial
frame for viewing a cube (Minsky, 1975). Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 14
15.
Fig 7.14 Conceptual
relations of different arities. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 15
16.
Fig 7.15 Graph
of “Mary gave John the book.” Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 16
17.
Fig 7.16 Conceptual
graph indicating that the dog named Emma is brown. Fig 7.17 Conceptual graph indicating that a particular (but unnamed) dog is brown. Fig 7.18 Conceptual graph indicating that a dog named Emma is brown. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 17
18.
Fig 7.19 Conceptual
graph of a person with three names. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 18
19.
Fig 7.20 Conceptual
graph of the sentence “The dog scratches its ear with its paw.” Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 19
20.
Fig 7.21 A
type lattice illustrating subtypes, supertypes, the universal type, and the absurd type. Arcs represent the relationship. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 20
21.
Fig 7.22 Examples
of restrict, join, and simplify operations. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 21
22.
Fig 7.23 Inheritance
in conceptual graphs. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 22
23.
Fig 7.24 Conceptual
graph of the statement “Tom believes that Jane likes pizza,” showing the use of a propositional concept. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 23
24.
Fig 7.25 Conceptual
graph of the proposition “There are no pink dogs.” Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 24
25.
Fig 7.26 The
functions of the three-layered subsumption architecture from Brooks (1991a). The layers are described by the AVOID, WANDER, and EXPLORE behaviours. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 25
26.
Fig 7.27 A
possible state of the copycat workspace. Several examples of bonds and links between the letters are shown; adapted from Mitchell (1993). Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 26
27.
Fig 7.28 A
small part of copycat’s slipnet with nodes, links, and label nodes shown; adapted from Mitchell (1993). Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 27
28.
Fig 7.29 Two
conceptual graphs to be translated into English. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 28
29.
Fig 7.30 Example
of analogy test problem. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 29
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