Privatization and Disinvestment - Meaning, Objectives, Advantages and Disadva...
Open Educational Resources (OER) for Enhancing Teaching and Learning
1. Open Educational Resources (OER) for
Enhancing Teaching and Learning
by Zakir Hossain
International Training Course in
“Enhancing Training Quality in Higher Education”
Participating countries: Cambodia; Lao PDR and Vietnam
SEAMEO Regional Training Center
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2. Talking Points
1. Overview of OER
2. OER initiatives
3. OER initiatives in Asia/participating countries
4. Why funding/ creating OER
5. Benefits of OER
6. OER vs. OCW vs. e-Learning
7. OER challenges
8. Creative commence
9. OER guidelines
10. How can I SHARE my RESOURCES as OER
3. 1. OER?
Digitized materials offered freely and openly to
educators, students and self‐learners to use, re-use and
remix for teaching, learning and research without an
accompanying need to pay royalties or license fees.
4. According to UNESCO (2002)-
Open Educational Resources are defined as
‘technology‐enabled, open provision of educational
resources for consultation, use and adaptation by a
community of users for noncommercial purposes.’ They
are typically made freely available over the Web or the
Internet. Their principle use is by teachers and
educational institutions to support course development,
but they can also be used directly by students. Open
Educational Resources include learning objects such as
lecture material, references and readings, simulations,
experiments and demonstrations, as well as syllabuses,
curricula, and teachers’ guides.
OER? cont…
5. OER? cont…
Shared
Shared
freely and
openly to
be…
Used
Improved
Redistributed
… used
by
anyone to
…
… adapt /
repurpose/
improve under
some type of
license in order to
…
…
redistribute
and share
again.
So, OER are the educational materials which are
discoverable in online and openly licensed that can be:
6. The Open
Movement
OER @ Open Movement
Open Source Software
Open Access
Open Licences
Open Science
Open Society
Open Data
7. History of OER
In 1994 Wayne Hodgins coined the term “learning object”
In 1998 David Wiley coined the term “open content”
In 2001 Larry Lessig and ….. “the Creative Commons”
In 2001 MIT announced its “OpenCourseWare initiative”
In 2002 UNESCO Forum ..“Open Educational Resources”
8. OER Anatomy
• Learning content:
Full courses, courseware, content modules, learning
objects, collections and journals.
• Tools:
Software to support the development, use, reuse and
delivery of learning content, including searching and
organisation of content, content and learning
management systems, content development tools, and
online learning communities.
• Implementation resources:
Intellectual property licenses to promote open publishing of
materials, design principles of best practice and localise
content.
9. What types of materials can become
OER?
• Classroom Materials: including lecture
presentations, reading lists, syllabi, etc.
• Websites
• Videos
• Image Collections
• Software
10. Producers Consumers
o Higher Education Institutions Lifelong Learners
o International /Regional Organizations Students
o National Governments Educators
Who’s who of OER?
12. Example of OER development
Original
diagram in a
PhD thesis …
Improved and
adapted for the
Portuguese
context …
Translated into
Greek …
Adapted and
translated to
Spanish …
Adapted at the
SEAMEO
RETRAC
13. Available to other faculties,
students and institutions.
Other educators can now
discover and reuse.
Learning activity
or resource
Creates
Publishes as
OER on web
Shares
with students
and other
faculties
Traditional sharing of
teaching materials
Sharing educational
resources as OER
Additional considerations:
• Clearing of copyright issues
• Formatting for web and
accessibility for reuse
• Addition of metadata
• Publishing in repository or
referatoryEducator
…sharing beyond the classroom
15. OER initiatives at a glance
• Over 10,000 courses available from more than 500
universities/ consortiums worldwide
MIT & MITx
ParisTech (11p)
Japan Open Course Ware Consortium (22 p)
CORE Consortium (70 p)
Coursera (83 p)
edX (28 p)
• Thousands of learning objects available in repositories
Connexions by Rice University
MERLOT by California State University
16. OER styles
Full-package courses
MIT OCW & MITx 2,150+
Edx 62+
Coursera 397+
Saylor Foundation 296+
Video courses
Academic Earth 15,000+
Khan Academy 4,200+
Smarthistory (KA) 500+
17. Repositories
Merlot 43,999+
Connexions 17,000+
NROC n/f
iTunesU 500,000+
OER Commons 46,645+
Textbooks
Global Text Project 1,000+
Global Textbook Project n/f
WikiBooks 2,690+
Project Gutenberg 43091+
18. OER initiative ..... cont.
MIT
Started : 2002
Courses : 2,150
“The idea is simple: to publish all of our course materials online and make
them widely available to everyone.”- by Dick K.P. Yue, Pf SE
20. OER initiative ..... cont.
Open Courseware Consortium
Started : 2005
Courses : 3643
Over 250 Higher Education institutions & associations world
wide dedicating to creating OCW
*Institutions must publish at least 10 courses
21. OER initiative ..... cont.
Khan Academy
Started : 2006
Collection : 4,200 videos
"I teach the way that I wish I was taught. The lectures are coming
from me, an actual human being who is fascinated by the
world around him."—Salman Khan
33. Why Funding OER?
Why should anyone give away anything
for free?
Why should anyone create OER?
4. Why?
34. At the heart of the movement toward Open Educational
Resources is the simple and powerful idea that the world’s
knowledge is a public good and that technology in general and
the World Wide Web in particular provide an extraordinary
opportunity for everyone to share, use, and reuse knowledge.
OER are the parts of that knowledge that comprise the
fundamental components of education—content and tools for
teaching, learning, and research.
The Hewlett Foundation
4a. Why funding OER?
35. • Today, there are over thirty million people who
are fully qualified to enter a university, but there
is no place available. This number will grow to
over 100 million during the next decade
• To meet the staggering global demand for
advanced education, a major university needs
to be created every week.
• In most of the world, higher education is mired
in a crisis of access, cost, and flexibility.
Why funding OER?
37. ….for faculty
Recognition
Freedom of access both for yourself and others
Connect with other collaborators
To bring down costs for students
To publicize a commercial version of the content
(Commercial benefits)
5. Benefits of OER
38. Benefits of OER in teaching
• Gaining access to the best possible resources
• Promote scientific research and education as
publicly open activities
• Bringing down costs for students
• Bringing down costs for course development for
institutions
• Outreach to disadvantaged communities
• Assisting developing countries
• Becoming independent of publishers
• Creating more flexible materials
• Conducting research and development
• Building sustainable partnerships
39. Benefits of OER for the university
Internationalization
Recruit better students
Increase reputation globally
To prepare incoming students
Decrease duplication, increase efficiency
To create an archive of educational content
Contribution to society by advancing education
Share expertise and curricula with other institutions
40. 6. OCW vs. OER
OCW focuses on sharing open content that is developed
specifically to instruct a course (locally taught)
OER includes any educational
content that is shared under an
open license, whether or not it is
a part of a course
*OCW is a subset of OER
41. 6a. eLearning vs. OER
eLearning are electronic instructional resources that
are not necessarily Openly Licensed.
OER materials are designed to be the physical or
electronic building blocks of instructional resources
and are always Openly Licensed.
42. 6c. Digital Resources viz. OER
OER
Digital Resources
(DR)
Educational
Resources (ER)
45. Major Challenges
Sustainability
Curation and Preservation of Access
Quality Assessment and Enhancement
Intellectual Property and Copyright Issues
Computing and Communication Infrastructure
59. • Would you allow commercial uses of your work?
• Yes
• No
• Would you allow modifications or derivatives of
your work?
• Yes
• No
Questions to ask
60. How to have a CC license?
@
http://creativecommons.org/
62. Edit/Cite a CC Licensed Material
To cite a CC Licensed object in your edited
materials, you use the following:
1. Author
2. Source
3. License Abbreviation (e.g. CC BY)
4. License URL
66. GLs for Government
Support the use of OER through their policy-
making role in higher education
Consider adopting open licensing frameworks
Consider adopting open standards
Contribute to raising awareness of key OER issues
Promote national ICT/connectivity strategies
Support the sustainable development and sharing
of quality learning materials
67. GLs for Academic staff
Consider publishing OER
Encourage student participation
Provide feedback about the existing OER
Promote OER through publishing about OER
Update knowledge of IPR, copyright policy etc
Assemble, adapt and contextualize existing OER
68. GLs for HE Institutions
Develop institutional strategies for the integration of OER
Provide incentives to support high quality learning
materials
Consider creating flexible copyright policies
Ensure ICT access for staff and students
Develop institutional policies and practices to store and
access OER
69. GLs for
quality assurance/accreditation bodies
Develop their understanding of OER
Engage in debates on OER, in particular on
copyright
Accept OER as good practice in quality
assurance and recognition
90. For more info. please visit
@
http://works.bepress.com/zakir_hossain/
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-
ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Hinweis der Redaktion
Through this address I hope to first provide a brief overview of the OERAsia survey and what us Asians are currently engaged in. I will then attempt to paint the macro picture of the current situation in terms of OER creation, use and re-use from the perspectives of both individuals as well as institutions in Asia. You will then be provided with an overview of the readiness of institutions in the region with respect to adopting an institutional policy; and a few points for action which will provide a potential benchmark for policymakers for encouraging wider adoption of open educational resources in Asia.
The key aspect of an OER is that it is both discoverable online – so that people can find it AND openly licensed - so that people can legally make use of it. OER includes texts, different forms of media, ideas, as well as documented teaching strategies/techniques or practices. Advocates of openness would suggest that the value in OER is in its potential to support learning in many ways and in many contexts.
So open educational resources are part of a larger open movement, which harnesses the affordances provided by the internet, and aims to increase access to information. Open access to research, open availability of data, open science for global collaboration, open source software are all part of this movement.
So what is meant to happen is a cycle of teaching material evermore being improved and shared. Plus it is all legal under the terms of the open license. Adapted from Conole, G., McAndrew, P. & Dimitriadis, Y., 2010
P=Partners
OCW makes the materials used in the teaching of MIT's subjects available on the Web. http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm
The OpenCourseWare Consortium is a worldwide community of hundreds of higher education institutions and associated organizations committed to advancing OpenCourseWare and its impact on global education.http://www.ocwconsortium.org/en/members/application
Khan Academy is an organization on a mission. We're a not-for-profit with the goal of changing education for the better by providing a free world-class education for anyone anywhere.
www.edx.org
(Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching). In 1997, the California State University Center for Distributed Learning (CSU-CDL at www.cdl.edu) developed and provided free access to MERLOT (www.merlot.org). Under the leadership of Chuck Schneebeck, CSU-CDL's Director, MERLOT was modeled after the NSF funded project, "Authoring Tools and An Educational Object Economy (EOE)". http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm
Project Gutenberg is the first and largest single collection of free electronic books, or eBooks. Michael Hart, founder of Project Gutenberg, invented eBooks in 1971 and continues to inspire the creation of eBooks and related technologies today. http://www.gutenberg.org/
All the data will be made available openly on the OERAsia website in the coming months. ref. http://www.slideshare.net/ishansa/oer-in-asia-pacific-trends-and-issues?from_search=18
Participating are from these 3 countries Educationists
http://www.voer.edu.vn/
Discussion (writing & oral) –group or individual
The respondents agree that the use of open educational resources will have great impact with respect to the reduction of costs for both students and institutions promoting a win-win situation. It is also encouraging to see that OER are seen as a movement which can potentially improve the standards of living for many developing countries in Asia.
OER includes: OCW, single images, general campus lectures, image collections, singular learning modules, paper or article; OCW includes: syllabi, lecture notes, presentation slides, assignments, lecture videos - all related to a course;
Before probing the practice with respect to OER, the survey tried to identify the extent of the practice with respect to digital resources which forms the superset of OER.Ref. http://www.slideshare.net/ishansa/oer-in-asia-pacific-trends-and-issues?from_search=18
Doug McAbee “Taking a break”
Wiley, D. (2012) Openness and the Future. ETS Future of Assessment Conference. Presentation available: http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/openness-and-the-future-of-assessment
Soruce: Guidelines for Open Educational Resources (OER) in Higher Education by UNESCO (2011)