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1
By:
Vikas Vaibhav
Where it all started…
2
• Pile foundations have been used as load carrying and
load transferring systems for many years.
• In the early days of civilisation from the
communication, defence or strategic point of view
villages and towns were situated near to rivers and
lakes. It was therefore important to strengthen the
bearing ground with some form of piling.
• Timber piles were driven in to the ground by hand or
holes were dug and filled with sand and stones.
And then…
3
• In 1740 Christoffoer Polhem invented pile driving equipment
which resembled to days pile driving mechanism. Steel piles
have been used since 1800 and concrete piles since about 1900.
• The industrial revolution brought about important changes to
pile driving system through the invention of steam and diesel
driven machines.
• More recently, the growing need for housing and construction
has forced authorities and development agencies to exploit
lands with poor soil characteristics. This has led to the
development and improved piles and pile driving systems. Today
there are many advanced techniques of pile installation.
Piles…
4
Piles are long and slender members which transfer the
load to deeper soil or rock of high bearing capacity avoiding
shallow soil of low bearing capacity. The main components of the
foundation are the pile cap and the piles.
Why Pile Foundations…
5
• Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry
and transfer the load of the structure to the bearing
ground located at some depth below ground surface.
• In presence of expansive and collapsible soils at the site.
• Offshore structures
• For structures near flowing water, (eg: bridge abutments)
to avoid problems due to erosion.
Materials used…
6
• The main types of materials used for piles are Wood, steel and
concrete.
• Piles made from these materials are driven, drilled or jacked
into the ground and connected to pile caps.
Classification of Piles…
7
• With respect to load transmission and functional behaviour
• With respect to type of material used
• With respect to effect on soil
Classification of pile with respect to
load transmission and functional
behaviour…
8
• End bearing piles (point bearing piles)
• Friction piles
• Cohesive piles
• Anchor piles
• Uplift piles
End bearing piles (point bearing piles)
9
These piles transfer their load on to a firm
stratum located at a considerable depth below the
base of the structure and they derive most of their
carrying capacity from the penetration resistance of
the soil at the toe of the pile. The pile behaves as an
ordinary column and should be designed as such. Even
in weak soil a pile will not fail by buckling and this
effect need only be considered if part of the pile is
unsupported, i.e. if it is in either air or water.
10
Friction piles…
11
Carrying capacity is derived mainly from the
adhesion or friction of the soil in contact with the
shaft of the pile
Cohesive piles…
12
These piles transmit most of their load to the
soil through skin friction. This process of driving such
piles close to each other in groups greatly reduces the
porosity and compressibility of the soil within and
around the groups. Therefore piles of this category are
some times called compaction piles.
Classification of pile with respect to
type of materials…
13
• Timber piles
• Concrete piles
• Steel piles
• Composite piles
Timber piles…
14
Used from earliest record time and still used for permanent
works in regions where timber is plentiful. Timber is most suitable for
long cohesion piling and piling beneath embankments. The timber should
be in a good condition and should not have been attacked by insects. For
timber piles of length less than 14 meters, the diameter of the tip should
be greater than 150 mm. If the length is greater than 18 meters a tip
with a diameter of 125 mm is acceptable. It is essential that the timber
is driven in the right direction and should not be driven into firm ground.
As this can easily damage the pile. Keeping the timber below the ground
water level will protect the timber against decay and putrefaction. To
protect and strengthen the tip of the pile, timber piles can be provided
with toe cover. Pressure creosoting is the usual method of protecting
timber piles.
Steel piles…
15
Steel pile/ Iron piles are suitable for
handling and driving in long lengths. Their relatively
small cross-sectional area combined with their high
strength makes penetration easier in firm soil. They
can be easily cut off or joined by welding. If the pile
is driven into a soil with low pH value, then there is a
risk of corrosion, but risk of corrosion is not as great
as one might think. Although tar coating or cathodic
protection can be employed in permanent works.
16
X-cross section I- cross section Steel pipe
Steel pile cross sections.
Concrete piles…
17
• Pre-cast concrete piles
• Cast in place concrete piles
these are again classified into two
types depending on the type of installation of
the pile.
Concrete piles: Some Facts…
18
Pre-cast Piles:
• Usual length: 10 m – 45 m
• Usual Load: 7500 kN – 8500 kN
Cast-in-situ Piles:
• Usual length: 5 m – 15 m
• Usual Load: 200 kN – 500 kN
Concrete piles: Some Facts…
19
Advantage:
• Relatively cheap
• It can be easily combined with concrete
superstructure
• Corrosion resistant
• It can bear hard driving
Disadvantage:
• Difficult to transport
• Difficult to achieve desired cutoff
Pre-cast concrete piles…
20
Usually of square triangle, circle or octagonal
section, they are produced in short length in one metre
intervals between 3 and 13 meters. They are pre-caste so
that they can be easily connected together in order to
reach to the required length. This will not decrease the
design load capacity. Reinforcement is necessary within the
pile to help withstand both handling and driving stresses.
Pre stressed concrete piles are also used and are becoming
more popular than the ordinary pre cast as less
reinforcement is required .
Pre-cast concrete piles…
21
Cast in place concrete piles…
22
A steel tube is erected vertically over the place
where the pile is to be driven, and about a metre depth of
gravel is placed at the end of the tube. A drop hammer,
1500 to 4000kg mass, compacts the aggregate into a solid
plug which then penetrates the soil and takes the steel tube
down with it. When the required depth has been achieved
the tube is raised slightly and the aggregate broken out. Dry
concrete is now added and hammered until a bulb is
formed. Reinforcement is placed in position and more dry
concrete is placed and rammed until the pile top comes up
to ground level.
23
Composite piles…
24
Combination of different materials in
the same of pile. As indicated earlier, part of a
timber pile which is installed above ground water
could be vulnerable to insect attack and decay.
To avoid this, concrete or steel pile is used above
the ground water level, whilst wood pile is
installed under the ground water level
Composite piles…
25
Classification of piles with respect to
effect on soil…
26
Depending on the type of effect the pile
has, it is again divided into two categories
• Driven piles
• Bored piles
Driven piles…
27
Driven piles are considered to be
displacement piles. In the process of driving
the pile into the ground, soil is moved radially as
the pile shaft enters the ground. There may also
be a component of movement of the soil in the
vertical direction.
Drive-in-situ piles…
28
Drive-in-situ piles…
29
Drive-in-situ piles…
30
Drive-in-situ piles…
31
Bored piles…
32
Bored piles(Replacement piles) are generally considered to be
non-displacement piles a void is formed by boring or excavation before
piles is produced. Piles can be produced by casting concrete in the void.
Some soils such as stiff clays are particularly amenable to the formation
of piles in this way, since the bore hole walls do not requires temporary
support except cloth to the ground surface. In unstable ground, such as
gravel the ground requires temporary support from casing or bentonite
slurry. Alternatively the casing may be permanent, but driven into a hole
which is bored as casing is advanced. A different technique, which is still
essentially non-displacement, is to intrude, a grout or a concrete from an
auger which is rotated into the granular soil, and hence produced a
grouted column of soil.
Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material…
33
Wood piles
 The piles are easy to handle
 Relatively inexpensive where timber is plentiful.
 Sections can be joined together and excess length easily removed.
o The piles will rot above the ground water level. Have a limited bearing
capacity.
o Can easily be damaged during driving by stones and boulders.
o The piles are difficult to splice and are attacked by marine borers in
salt water.
Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material…
34
Pre stressed concrete piles (advantages)
 Do not corrode or rot.
 Are easy to splice. Relatively inexpensive.
 The quality of the concrete can be checked before driving.
 Stable in squeezing ground, for example, soft clays, silts and peats
pile material can be inspected before piling.
 Can be re driven if affected by ground heave. Construction procedure
unaffected by ground water.
 Can be driven in long lengths. Can be carried above ground level, for
example, through water for marine structures.
 Can increase the relative density of a granular founding stratum.
Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material…
35
Pre stressed concrete piles (disadvantages)
o Relatively difficult to cut.
o Displacement, heave, and disturbance of the soil during driving.
o Can be damaged during driving. Replacement piles may be required.
o Sometimes problems with noise and vibration.
o Cannot be driven with very large diameters or in condition of limited
headroom.
Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material…
36
Driven/displacement concrete piles : (advantages):
 Relatively inexpensive.
 Low noise level.
 The piles can be cast before excavation.
 Pile lengths are readily adjustable.
 An enlarged base can be formed which can increase the relative
density of a granular founding stratum leading to much higher end
bearing capacity.
Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material…
37
Driven/displacement concrete piles: (disadvantages):
o Displacement of nearby retaining walls. Lifting of previously driven
piles, where the penetration at the toe have been sufficient to resist
upward movements
o Light steel section or Precast concrete shells may be damaged or
distorted by hard driving.
o Relatively expensive
o Time consuming. Cannot be used immediately after the installation.
o Limited length.
Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material…
38
Bored/non -displacement piles (advantages):
 Length can be readily varied to suit varying ground conditions.
 Soil removed in boring can be inspected and if necessary sampled or
in- situ test made.
 Can be installed in very large diameters.
 Can be installed in very long lengths.
 Can be installed with out appreciable noise or vibrations.
Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material…
39
Bored/non -displacement piles (disadvantages):
o Concrete is not placed under ideal conditions and cannot be
subsequently inspected.
o Enlarged ends cannot be formed in cohesion less materials without
special techniques.
o Cannot be readily extended above ground level especially in river
and marine structures.
o Boring methods may loosen sandy or gravely soils requiring base
grouting to achieve economical base resistance.
o Sinking piles may cause loss of Cohesion-less ground leading to
settlement of adjacent structures.
Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material…
40
Steel piles-Rolled steel section: (advantages):
 The piles are easy to handle and can easily be cut to desired length.
 Can be driven through dense layers. The lateral displacement of the
soil during driving is low (steel section H or I section piles) can be
relatively easily spliced or bolted.
 Can be driven hard and in very long lengths.
 Can carry heavy loads.
 Can be successfully anchored in sloping rock.
 Small displacement piles particularly useful if ground displacements
and disturbance critical.
Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material…
41
Steel piles-Rolled steel section: (disadvantages):
o The piles will corrode,
o Will deviate relatively easy during driving.
o Are relatively expensive.
Indian standards:
42
IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 1 : 1979 Driven cast in-situ concrete piles
IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 2 : 1979 Bored cast-in-situ piles
IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 3 : 1979 Driven precast concrete piles
IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 4 : 1984 Bored precast concrete piles
IS 2911 : Part 2 : 1980 Timber piles
IS 2911 : Part 4 : 1985 Load test on piles
Indian standards:
43
IS 5121 : 1969 Safety code for piling and other deep foundations
IS 6426 : 1972 Specification for pile driving hammer
IS 6427 : 1972 Glossary of Terms Relating to Pile Driving Equipment
IS 6428 : 1972 Specification for pile frame
IS 9716 : 1981 Guide for lateral dynamic load test on piles
IS 14362 : 1996 Pile boring equipment - General requirements
IS 14593 : 1998 Bored cast-in-situ piles founded on rocks - Guidelines
IS 14893 : 2001 Non-Destructive Integrity Testing of Piles (NDT) -
Guidelines
44

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Pile Foundation

  • 2. Where it all started… 2 • Pile foundations have been used as load carrying and load transferring systems for many years. • In the early days of civilisation from the communication, defence or strategic point of view villages and towns were situated near to rivers and lakes. It was therefore important to strengthen the bearing ground with some form of piling. • Timber piles were driven in to the ground by hand or holes were dug and filled with sand and stones.
  • 3. And then… 3 • In 1740 Christoffoer Polhem invented pile driving equipment which resembled to days pile driving mechanism. Steel piles have been used since 1800 and concrete piles since about 1900. • The industrial revolution brought about important changes to pile driving system through the invention of steam and diesel driven machines. • More recently, the growing need for housing and construction has forced authorities and development agencies to exploit lands with poor soil characteristics. This has led to the development and improved piles and pile driving systems. Today there are many advanced techniques of pile installation.
  • 4. Piles… 4 Piles are long and slender members which transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity. The main components of the foundation are the pile cap and the piles.
  • 5. Why Pile Foundations… 5 • Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of the structure to the bearing ground located at some depth below ground surface. • In presence of expansive and collapsible soils at the site. • Offshore structures • For structures near flowing water, (eg: bridge abutments) to avoid problems due to erosion.
  • 6. Materials used… 6 • The main types of materials used for piles are Wood, steel and concrete. • Piles made from these materials are driven, drilled or jacked into the ground and connected to pile caps.
  • 7. Classification of Piles… 7 • With respect to load transmission and functional behaviour • With respect to type of material used • With respect to effect on soil
  • 8. Classification of pile with respect to load transmission and functional behaviour… 8 • End bearing piles (point bearing piles) • Friction piles • Cohesive piles • Anchor piles • Uplift piles
  • 9. End bearing piles (point bearing piles) 9 These piles transfer their load on to a firm stratum located at a considerable depth below the base of the structure and they derive most of their carrying capacity from the penetration resistance of the soil at the toe of the pile. The pile behaves as an ordinary column and should be designed as such. Even in weak soil a pile will not fail by buckling and this effect need only be considered if part of the pile is unsupported, i.e. if it is in either air or water.
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  • 11. Friction piles… 11 Carrying capacity is derived mainly from the adhesion or friction of the soil in contact with the shaft of the pile
  • 12. Cohesive piles… 12 These piles transmit most of their load to the soil through skin friction. This process of driving such piles close to each other in groups greatly reduces the porosity and compressibility of the soil within and around the groups. Therefore piles of this category are some times called compaction piles.
  • 13. Classification of pile with respect to type of materials… 13 • Timber piles • Concrete piles • Steel piles • Composite piles
  • 14. Timber piles… 14 Used from earliest record time and still used for permanent works in regions where timber is plentiful. Timber is most suitable for long cohesion piling and piling beneath embankments. The timber should be in a good condition and should not have been attacked by insects. For timber piles of length less than 14 meters, the diameter of the tip should be greater than 150 mm. If the length is greater than 18 meters a tip with a diameter of 125 mm is acceptable. It is essential that the timber is driven in the right direction and should not be driven into firm ground. As this can easily damage the pile. Keeping the timber below the ground water level will protect the timber against decay and putrefaction. To protect and strengthen the tip of the pile, timber piles can be provided with toe cover. Pressure creosoting is the usual method of protecting timber piles.
  • 15. Steel piles… 15 Steel pile/ Iron piles are suitable for handling and driving in long lengths. Their relatively small cross-sectional area combined with their high strength makes penetration easier in firm soil. They can be easily cut off or joined by welding. If the pile is driven into a soil with low pH value, then there is a risk of corrosion, but risk of corrosion is not as great as one might think. Although tar coating or cathodic protection can be employed in permanent works.
  • 16. 16 X-cross section I- cross section Steel pipe Steel pile cross sections.
  • 17. Concrete piles… 17 • Pre-cast concrete piles • Cast in place concrete piles these are again classified into two types depending on the type of installation of the pile.
  • 18. Concrete piles: Some Facts… 18 Pre-cast Piles: • Usual length: 10 m – 45 m • Usual Load: 7500 kN – 8500 kN Cast-in-situ Piles: • Usual length: 5 m – 15 m • Usual Load: 200 kN – 500 kN
  • 19. Concrete piles: Some Facts… 19 Advantage: • Relatively cheap • It can be easily combined with concrete superstructure • Corrosion resistant • It can bear hard driving Disadvantage: • Difficult to transport • Difficult to achieve desired cutoff
  • 20. Pre-cast concrete piles… 20 Usually of square triangle, circle or octagonal section, they are produced in short length in one metre intervals between 3 and 13 meters. They are pre-caste so that they can be easily connected together in order to reach to the required length. This will not decrease the design load capacity. Reinforcement is necessary within the pile to help withstand both handling and driving stresses. Pre stressed concrete piles are also used and are becoming more popular than the ordinary pre cast as less reinforcement is required .
  • 22. Cast in place concrete piles… 22 A steel tube is erected vertically over the place where the pile is to be driven, and about a metre depth of gravel is placed at the end of the tube. A drop hammer, 1500 to 4000kg mass, compacts the aggregate into a solid plug which then penetrates the soil and takes the steel tube down with it. When the required depth has been achieved the tube is raised slightly and the aggregate broken out. Dry concrete is now added and hammered until a bulb is formed. Reinforcement is placed in position and more dry concrete is placed and rammed until the pile top comes up to ground level.
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  • 24. Composite piles… 24 Combination of different materials in the same of pile. As indicated earlier, part of a timber pile which is installed above ground water could be vulnerable to insect attack and decay. To avoid this, concrete or steel pile is used above the ground water level, whilst wood pile is installed under the ground water level
  • 26. Classification of piles with respect to effect on soil… 26 Depending on the type of effect the pile has, it is again divided into two categories • Driven piles • Bored piles
  • 27. Driven piles… 27 Driven piles are considered to be displacement piles. In the process of driving the pile into the ground, soil is moved radially as the pile shaft enters the ground. There may also be a component of movement of the soil in the vertical direction.
  • 32. Bored piles… 32 Bored piles(Replacement piles) are generally considered to be non-displacement piles a void is formed by boring or excavation before piles is produced. Piles can be produced by casting concrete in the void. Some soils such as stiff clays are particularly amenable to the formation of piles in this way, since the bore hole walls do not requires temporary support except cloth to the ground surface. In unstable ground, such as gravel the ground requires temporary support from casing or bentonite slurry. Alternatively the casing may be permanent, but driven into a hole which is bored as casing is advanced. A different technique, which is still essentially non-displacement, is to intrude, a grout or a concrete from an auger which is rotated into the granular soil, and hence produced a grouted column of soil.
  • 33. Advantages and disadvantages of different pile material… 33 Wood piles  The piles are easy to handle  Relatively inexpensive where timber is plentiful.  Sections can be joined together and excess length easily removed. o The piles will rot above the ground water level. Have a limited bearing capacity. o Can easily be damaged during driving by stones and boulders. o The piles are difficult to splice and are attacked by marine borers in salt water.
  • 34. Advantages and disadvantages of different pile material… 34 Pre stressed concrete piles (advantages)  Do not corrode or rot.  Are easy to splice. Relatively inexpensive.  The quality of the concrete can be checked before driving.  Stable in squeezing ground, for example, soft clays, silts and peats pile material can be inspected before piling.  Can be re driven if affected by ground heave. Construction procedure unaffected by ground water.  Can be driven in long lengths. Can be carried above ground level, for example, through water for marine structures.  Can increase the relative density of a granular founding stratum.
  • 35. Advantages and disadvantages of different pile material… 35 Pre stressed concrete piles (disadvantages) o Relatively difficult to cut. o Displacement, heave, and disturbance of the soil during driving. o Can be damaged during driving. Replacement piles may be required. o Sometimes problems with noise and vibration. o Cannot be driven with very large diameters or in condition of limited headroom.
  • 36. Advantages and disadvantages of different pile material… 36 Driven/displacement concrete piles : (advantages):  Relatively inexpensive.  Low noise level.  The piles can be cast before excavation.  Pile lengths are readily adjustable.  An enlarged base can be formed which can increase the relative density of a granular founding stratum leading to much higher end bearing capacity.
  • 37. Advantages and disadvantages of different pile material… 37 Driven/displacement concrete piles: (disadvantages): o Displacement of nearby retaining walls. Lifting of previously driven piles, where the penetration at the toe have been sufficient to resist upward movements o Light steel section or Precast concrete shells may be damaged or distorted by hard driving. o Relatively expensive o Time consuming. Cannot be used immediately after the installation. o Limited length.
  • 38. Advantages and disadvantages of different pile material… 38 Bored/non -displacement piles (advantages):  Length can be readily varied to suit varying ground conditions.  Soil removed in boring can be inspected and if necessary sampled or in- situ test made.  Can be installed in very large diameters.  Can be installed in very long lengths.  Can be installed with out appreciable noise or vibrations.
  • 39. Advantages and disadvantages of different pile material… 39 Bored/non -displacement piles (disadvantages): o Concrete is not placed under ideal conditions and cannot be subsequently inspected. o Enlarged ends cannot be formed in cohesion less materials without special techniques. o Cannot be readily extended above ground level especially in river and marine structures. o Boring methods may loosen sandy or gravely soils requiring base grouting to achieve economical base resistance. o Sinking piles may cause loss of Cohesion-less ground leading to settlement of adjacent structures.
  • 40. Advantages and disadvantages of different pile material… 40 Steel piles-Rolled steel section: (advantages):  The piles are easy to handle and can easily be cut to desired length.  Can be driven through dense layers. The lateral displacement of the soil during driving is low (steel section H or I section piles) can be relatively easily spliced or bolted.  Can be driven hard and in very long lengths.  Can carry heavy loads.  Can be successfully anchored in sloping rock.  Small displacement piles particularly useful if ground displacements and disturbance critical.
  • 41. Advantages and disadvantages of different pile material… 41 Steel piles-Rolled steel section: (disadvantages): o The piles will corrode, o Will deviate relatively easy during driving. o Are relatively expensive.
  • 42. Indian standards: 42 IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 1 : 1979 Driven cast in-situ concrete piles IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 2 : 1979 Bored cast-in-situ piles IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 3 : 1979 Driven precast concrete piles IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 4 : 1984 Bored precast concrete piles IS 2911 : Part 2 : 1980 Timber piles IS 2911 : Part 4 : 1985 Load test on piles
  • 43. Indian standards: 43 IS 5121 : 1969 Safety code for piling and other deep foundations IS 6426 : 1972 Specification for pile driving hammer IS 6427 : 1972 Glossary of Terms Relating to Pile Driving Equipment IS 6428 : 1972 Specification for pile frame IS 9716 : 1981 Guide for lateral dynamic load test on piles IS 14362 : 1996 Pile boring equipment - General requirements IS 14593 : 1998 Bored cast-in-situ piles founded on rocks - Guidelines IS 14893 : 2001 Non-Destructive Integrity Testing of Piles (NDT) - Guidelines
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